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FRONTISPIECE.
1&la.Papinio LAESTRYGONUM. 2.&2.a AAMONA AMATHUSIA.3.£3..A45MONA PEALTI.
Behar. Lal Dosdel.J WM dirext* West, Newman& Co. chr lith
THE
BUTTERFLIES
oF
INDIA,
BURMAH AND CEYLON.
A DESCRIPTIVE HANDBOOK OF ALL THE KNOWN SPECIES OF RHOPALOCEROUS
LEPIDOPTERA INHABITING THAT REGION, WITH NOTICES OF ALLIED
SPECIES OCCURRING IN THE NEIGHBOURING COUNTRIES ALONG
THE BORDER; WITH NUMEROUS ILLUSTRATIONS.
BY
Major G. F. L. MARSHALL, Roya ENGINEERs,
Fellow of the Zoological Society of London ; and Member of the Asiatic Society of Bengal and of
the British Ornithologists’ Union :
AND
LIONEL ve NICEVILLE,
see
Assistant in the Entomological Department, Indian Museum, Calcutta; and Member of the
Entomological Society, London ; and of the Asiatic Society, Bengal,
Ghe Hliustrations
Drawn By Basu Gris CHUNDER CHUCKERBUTTY AND Basu Benart LAtt Dass.
Tue Woop ENGRAVINGS BY GEORGE PEARSON.
Tusa AvuTotyPpE PLATES BY THE AUTOTYPE COMPANY OF LONDON,
THE CHROMO-LITHOGRAPHS BY Messrs. WEST, NEwMan & Co.
Galeutta:
PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY THE CALCUTTA CENTRAL PRESS CO., LD.,
5, CouNncIL House STREET,
1882,
“HOW MUCH KNOWLEDGE 1S LOST BY THE SCATTERED FORMS IN Wittcit 17 1s UsttekuD
INTO THE WORLD! HOW MANY SOLITARY STUDENTS SPEND HALF THEIR LIVES
IN MAKING DISCOVERIES WHICH HAD BEEN PERFECTED A CENTURY
BEFORE THEIR TIME; FOR WANT OF A CONDENSED EXHIBITION
OF WHAT Is KNOWN !””
TQ
HIS EXCELLENCY
The Most Honourable The Marquess of Ripon,
K.G,, G.M.S,I., G.M.LE., &c,, &C,,
ViICEROY AND GOVERNOR-GENERAL OF INDIA,
WHO HAS DEJGNED TO TAKE A KINDLY
INTEREST IN THE PROSECUTION OF THE WORK,
TELES BiOOrrS
BY PERMISSION
MOST RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED.
VOL. I.—Part I,
: Eee Ee ORM CON TEN TS.
0
Page.
GROSSARVEORE DECHNICAT) DER MSiae sscaccacccccessseccccctvsacdsessndescsecandesdeeeccenesvesesecesoctes, 41
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SOPOSTT OOS OOOOH EHS DEES eee Te eres Hes DEDHESEH SESE ESSESESSSESTTS SESE EE SHS SESE SEE EEES RESUS OES ES OG 23
” IDEOPSIS POOP CHET TOOT LETH ESHEETS HEE HESHSEEEOTS SEES TOSSED HESS TESS EES S ES EES HEE Es ESEOES SHES SOOPeeeEE®D 39
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= SSR \<
DANAINA:, SATYRINA, ELYMNIINA, MORPHINA, ACRAIN &
Cover.—Papilio nomits,
FRONTIsPIECE.—Fig, 1, 14, Papilio lastrygonum.
VOE: [
NYMPH AL ED.
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
Part IL—-DANAIN&.
Woopcur.—Danais vulgaris.
D. nicobaricus.
a
”
2, 2a. /Emona amathusia,
3, 34. AB, pealii.
Woopcut.—Danais genutia.
I,—Outline explanatory figures.
PLATE
II.—Typical caterpillars and chrysalises,
III.—Fig, 1, Hestia jasonia,
2, H. cadelli.
3. H. hadeni,
4, Ideopsis daos,
5. Danais melaneus.
6. D. crocea,
7. D. aglea.
8. D, septentrionis,
g. D., nilgiriensis,
Pirate VII.—Fig. 10. Danais chrysippus.
” ” ”
” ” »
” VIII 45
” ”» ”
” ” ”
11. Euploa rhadamanthus,
12. E. sinhala,
13: E. midamus,
Tae Howelisas
15. E. crameri,
Woopcut,—Euploea mazares,
PLATE
» ” ”
LB 02 ”
1X,—Fig. 16. Euploea cores
17. E. alcathoé.
18 E. hopei.
Part I.—-SATYRINZA ; ELYMNIINA ; MORPHINA; ACRAINZ.
> IV, »
” 22 ”
” 9 ”
» ” oy
» 2 2
» Vi. »
» ” Lh)
» ” »?
Plate
X.—Fig. 19. Zophoéssa jalaurida,
”
”
ob]
ba
»
”
XII.
”
”
”
”
”
»
%
”
”
20, Lethe maitrya,
21. Zophoéssa yama,
22, Lethe dyrta,
23. L. verma.
24. L. mekara.
25. Neope pulaha.
26, N. bhima.
27. Melanitis tristis.
28, M. ismene.
29, M. zitenius.
Woopcut.—Parantirrhoea marshalli.
Prare XIII,—Fig. 30. Cyllogenes suradeva.
”»
”
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”
”
.”
s)
»
Bl
5)
yy
”
”
”
»
bh)
”
xiv.
”
31. Coelites epiminthia,
32. Orinoma damaris.
33. Zethera diademoides.
34. Neorina crishna.
35. Anadebis himachala,
36. Ragadia crisilda,
37- CGEneis pumilus. _
38. Rhaphicera moorei.
39. Epinephele davendra:
40. E. pulchella.
41. E. maiza.
42. Erebia shallada.
43. E. mani.
44. Callerebia annada.
PLate XVI.—Fig.
” ” )
” ” »
n » ”
48. Hipparchia lehana.
49. Aulocera weranga,
so. Erites angularis.
51, Culapa mnasicles.
52, Mycalesis visala.
53 M. oculus.
54. M. anaxias,
55. M. blasius,
56. M. runeka,
57. M. junonia,
58. Zipoetes saitis.
59. Elymnias undularis.
60. E. leucocyma.
61. Dyctis vasudeva.
62. Zipoetes scylax.
63. Ypthima nareda.
64. Y. hyagriva,
65. Y. huebneri.
66. Y. ordinata.
67. Y. sakra.
Woopcut.—Amathusia portheus.
af Zeuxidia doubledayi.
” Discophora tullia.
sy D. celinde. ‘
> Enispe euthymius.
” Clerome eumeus.
”
”
45. and 46. Amecera schakra, ”
47. Hipparchia parysatis:
”
Xanthotznia busiris,
Thaumantis diores,
T. camadeva.
Acrza viole.
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GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS.
ABDOMEN, the section of the body behind
the thorax. See p. 10.
ABDOMINAL MarGIN, the inner edge of the
hindwing next the body. See p. II.
AcUMINATE, angled or angular, in contradis-
tinction to rounded. See Pl. XIII, / 30,
@ , apex of forewing of Cyllogenes suradeva.
ACUTE, pointed, less than a right angle.
ADPRESSED. See ‘‘ Appressed.”
AENESCENT, bronzed, (d2éus, of bronze).
ANAL, near or pertaining to the hinder end
of the abdomen, (@zzs, the fundament).
ANAL ANGLE, the angle formed by the
inner (or abdominal) with the outer margin
in the hindwing. See p. 11 and Pl, I.
ANASTOMOSING, the opening of one vessel
or channel into another, (avactomouy, to
furnish with a mouth or opening).
ANNULAR, in the form of a ring,
ANNULATIONS, rings, (azzlatus, furnished
with a ring).
ANNULATED, ringed.
ANTENNA, long, slender appendages of the
head. See p. roand Pl. I.
ANTERIOR MARGIN, the fore margin of either
See p. 11 and PI. I.
APEX, the tip or summit of either wing,
wing.
where the anterior and outer margins meet,
See p. tr and Plt 1.
APICAL, at or pertaining to the apex.
APPRESSED, pressed close, (afprimére, to
press to).
AREOLETS, an obsolete term for the spaces
between the nervules in the wings.
ARTICULATION, connection by joints ; one of
the sections of a jointed series, (ar¢iczilare,
to divide into joints ; articztlus, a little joint,
a knuckle).
ATROPHIED, died away, withered, (atp0$w,
to have no food, to pine away).
0
BAND, a broad, even stripe.
BASAL, at or pertaining to the base.
BASE, of the wings, the part at or near junction
with the body.
BIFID, cleft in two ; opening with a cleft, (dz-
Jindére, to cleave in two).
BIFURCATE, having two prongs
fork,
BIPUPILLED, with reference to an ocellus,
having two central spots or pupils.
BLIND OCELLus, an eye-like mark on the
wing with the central spot wanting.
like a
BLOTCH, a large, irregular marking,
CARINATE, keeled, (cdrzna, a keel).
CARTILAGINOUS,
gristle.
tough, of the nature of
CAUDAL, at or pertaining to the tail, (cada,
a tail).
CAUDATE, tailed ; furnished with an append-
age like a tail.
CELL. See “ Discoidal Cell;” also p. 11 and
Pl. I. Also occasionally used with reference
to the space between any two nervules or
nervures.
CHALYBEATE, steely, (chdlyds, steel).
CHRYSALIS. See p. 9.
CILIA, fine hair-like fringes, chiefly on outer
margin of wing, (c/a, eyelashes).
CINEREOUS, ashy grey, (cézzs, ashes).
CLAVATE, club-shaped, (c/ava, a club).
Cup, the knob at the tip of an antenna.
Cocoon, the case formed by many caterpillars
in which to change into pupee.
CoMMON, when applied to markings as
bands, fascice, &c., means that they extend
to both wings.
COMPRESSED, flattened from side to side, as if
by lateral pressure, in contradistinction to
depressed or flattened downwards.
ii GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS.
CONCAVE, curved inwards, as in the outer
margin of forewing of Celites epiminthia,
Pl. XIII, £ 31; or the scallops in the
margin of hindwing of Papilio lestrygonum,
see Frontispiece.
CONFLUENT, running together, (com/litens,
flowing into).
CONGENERIC, belonging to the same genus.
CONSTRICTED, drawn together, or contract-
ed so as to be narrower or smaller at certain
points like a string of beads at the intervals
between the beads, (constringére, to draw
tight, to strain).
ConTiGuous, touching joining, (coz, with,
zangére, to touch).
CONVEX, curved outwards, as in the inner
margin of forewing of Zuplwa elisa, &,
IDE WAQUE Ave
CONVERGENT, directed towards one point,
(con, with ; vergére, to incline).
CorDATE, heart-shaped, (cor, the heart).
CORIACEOUS, leathery, (cdrizem, leather).
CoRNEOUS, horny, hard, (cornz, a horn).
Costa, the anterior or costal margin, (costa,
arib). See p. 11.
CosTAL, at or pertaining to the costa.
Coxa, the hip, the first joint (see JOINT) of
the leg from the body, projected downward.
See p. 10 and PI. I.
CRENATED, having the edge
notched whether leaving rounded or angular
regularly
projections, (cena, a notch).
CRENULATED, diminutive of crenated, (c7e-
nula, a little notch).
CREPUSCULAR, affecting the twilight, (crépus-
cilum, little night, dim, twilight).
CRETACEOUS, chalky, (cvefa, chalk).
CUPREOUS, coppery, (cuprum, copper).
DENTATE, toothed; used to express the out-
line of a wing or marking when furnished
with projections.
DENTICULATE, small-toothed, (demticzlatus,
furnished with small teeth or prongs).
DIAPHANOUS, transparent, pellucid, (3sc-
galvesy, to let (a thing) be seen through).
DIGONEUTIC, having two broods in the years,
(Bis twice ; y4vos, a begetting).
DIMORPHISM, presenting two different forms
or appearances, (ig, twice ; noppy, shape,
form, appearance) ; thus when the sexes
differ it is sexual dimorphism, and when the
spring and autumn broods differ it is sea-
sonal dimorphism.
Disc, a somewhat indefinite expression for a
portion of the surface of the wing. See
p. 12.
DISCAL, at or pertaining to the disc.
DIscAL SPACEs, the spaces between the
nervules on the disc.
DIsco-CeELLULAR NERVULES, the nervules
closing the discoidal cell of the wing. See
p- 11 and Pl. I.
DiscoripaAL CELL, the part of the wing
enclosed between the subcostal and median
nervures and disco-cellular nervules. See
yy Le
DIsCOIDAL INTERSPACES, the spaces above
the discoidal nervules. See p. 12.
DIscoIDAL NERVULES, the nervules extending
from the disco-cellulars to the outer margin.
See p. 11 and PI. I.
DISCOIDAL STREAK, a streak within the dis-
coidal cell.
DIURNAL, pertaining to the day time, as
opposed to nocturnal, (des, a day).
DIVARICATED, spread asunder, (divaricare, to
stretch apart).
DorsAL, pertaining to the back ; in butterflies,
the upper surface of the thorax and abdo-
men, (dorsum, the back).
DuPpLex, two-fold ; double, divided.
EMaRGINATE, having the margin interrupted
by a notch or segment apparently cut out.
See inner margin of hindwing of Zfinephele
davendra, Pl. XV, f. 39, (2, from or out of ;
margo, a margin).
EMITTED, sent out, (évzit/o, I send forth).
ENTIRE, used with reference to the wings, to
signify that the outline is even and regular.
ERECTILE, capable of being erected or raised.
EXARTICULATE, having no joints.
EXCISED, cut out, (ex, out ; c@do, I cut).
EXSERTED, protruded, (exséro, I put forth, or
thrust out).
GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS
EXTERIOR MARGIN, the margin of the wing
furthest from the body. See p. 11 and PI.\I.
Fa.caTE, hooked or bent like a sickle. See
Pl. XII, £ 29; forewing of Aelanitis zite-
nius, (falx, a sickle).
FaMILY, an aggregate of allied genera.
Fascia, a band.
FASCIATED, banded.
Femora, plural of femur.
FEMuR, the thigh ; the apparent second joint
(see JOINT) of the leg of a butterfly, directed
upwards. See p. 1o and Pl. I.
FERRUGINOUS, dusky red, like iron rust,
( ferrzigo, iron rust).
FILAMENT, a thin thread-like appendage,
(filum, a thread).
FILAMENTOUS, thread-like.
FILIFKOM, thread-shaped, long, slender, and of
equal thickness throughout.
FIMBRIATE, fringed, (A#mbridtus, separated
into shreds or filaments).
FLEXuoUS, bending, winding, or tortuous,
(flexus, a bending).
FOLLICULATE, provided with glands, foldings
or cavities, (fol/iczilus, a small bag or sac).
FULIGINOUS, sooty, (/i#/zgo, soot or lamp-
black).
FULGID, glittering, shining.
FuLvous, tawny, reddish yellow, the colour
of a lion, (/z/vzs, tawny).
FurCATE, forked, (furca, a fork),
FUSCESCENT, inclining to swarthy.
Fuscous, swarthy, dusky.
FUsIFORM, spindle-shaped ; thick in the mid- |
dle and fining down at each end, (/isus,
a spindle).
GEMINATED, double; united; used for ex-
pressing a pair of coalescing spots or ocelli.
See Pl. XVII, f. 64, Ypthima hyagriva,
underside, the ocelli of the hindwing
are geminated; that on the forewing is
bipupilled.
GENUS, an aggregate of allied species.
GLABROUS, smooth, (g/der, without hair).
GLAUCOUS, silvery, bluish grey or pale bluish
green, but always with a sheen, (yAauKos,
gleaming, bright, glancing),
iii
GLOBOSE, spherical or nearly so, (g/dbdsus,
rounded).
GRANULATED, with a rough surface 3 consist-
ing of or resembling grains, (g7dnum, a
small particle).
HAatTcHED, closely marked with numerous
thin transverse lines.
HAUSTELLATE, suctorial, living by suction,
furnished with a haustellum or proboscis,
(haurio, I draw up).
HAUvUSTELLUM, the proboscis. See p, 9 and
Pl. I, (Aaurio, I draw up).
HETEROCERA, moths. See p. 7.
HINDER MARGIN, the outer margin. See
Pp. IE:
HIRSUTE, coarsely hairy, (Airsitus, rough,
shaggy, bristly).
HyAa.ing, glassy, clear like glass, (WaAos,
glass).
IMAGO, a butterfly, the perfect or last stage of
the insect.
IMBRICATE, overlapping, (¢mbrex, a hollow
tile) used in connection with the wing-
scales.
INCISED, cut into, clipped, (¢sczdo, I cut into).
INCRASSATE, thickened, becoming thicker,
(tzcrassare, to thicken),
INNER MARGIN. See p. 11 and Pl. I.
INOSCULATE, to join in mouth to mouth,
(osculor, to kiss).
INTERRUPTED, separated or abruptly broken
through.
INTERSPACE, the space between any two
adjacent nervures or nervules in the wings.
INTERNAL AREA, the space between the sub-
median nervure aud inner margin of fore:
wing. See p. 12.
INTERNAL NERVURE, a
base of forewing, wanting in many butter-
flies,
small nervure at
Seeipalas
INTERNO-MEDIAN AREA, the space between
the
See pares
median and submedian nervures.
IrIDEs, plural of iris.
IRIDESCENT, reflecting rainbow colours, (277s,
a rainbow).
iv GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS.
Irts, the ring in an ocellus or eye-like spot on
the wings, usually bright-coloured, (i775, a
rainbow).
TRRORATED, specked, sprinkled with minute
dots or marks, (zvrdrare, to bedew).
JorntT, used in describing the leg or any
jointed appendage to express the parts
joined together, such as the ‘* femur,”
“tibia,” &c.
LaBIAL, at or pertaining to the under lip,
(Jabium, a lip).
LABIAL PALPI. See p. 9 and Pl. I.
LABIUM, the under lip. See p. 9.
LABRAL, at or pertaining to the upper lip,
(labrum, a lip).
LABRUM, the upper lip. See p. 9.
Lacin1A, one of the divisions which form a
fringe, (/dcinia, a lappet or flap),
LACINIATE, fringed.
LAMIN4&, thin sheets or leaves.
LAMINATED, composed of a series of thin
sheets one on another.
LANCEOLATE, gradually tapering towards one
extremity, (/ancé0/a, a little lance).
LATERAL, on or along the sides.
Larva, a caterpillar in Lepidoptera; the.
second stage of development in an insect.
LEPIDOPTERA, the order to which both
butterflies and moths belong; literally
“scale-wings.”’
DEG Penge
LimacirorM, slug-shaped, (/zmax, a slug).
Lose, a rounded protuberance in form or
outline.
LosuLar, consisting of or furnished with
lobes.
LoBu LATE, lobe-shaped.
LONGITUDINAL, lengthwise, from head to
tail of body, or from base to outer margin
of wing.
LuNuLar, composed of lunules.
LUNULE, a crescent-shaped spot, (/zxa, the
moon).
Lutegous, yellowish, or _ saffron-yellow,
(lateus, dyed with the herb 2a).
MACULA, spot, stain, blot, blotch.
MACULAR, consisting of spots more or less
coalescing. Seep, 12.
MACULATED, spotted.
MANDIBULA, the upper jaws, rudimentary
and inconspicuous in butterflies.
MARGARITACEOUS, pearly,
pearl).
(margarita, a
MARGINAL, when applied to markings on the
wings ; at the outer edge.
MAXILL&, the under jaws; in butterflies
developed into a long tube.
MAXILLARY, pertaining to the under jaws.
MAXILLARY PALPI, the palpi of the lower
jaws.
MEDIAN NeERvurg, the central rib of the
wing-frame, below the discoidal cell. See
p. 11 and Pl. I,
MEDIAN INTERSPACES, the spaces between
the branches of the median nervure,
MEMBRANACEOUS, resembling a membrane,
a thin expanded tissue, (#zemdrana, the skin
that covers the vital parts of the body).
MEMBRANOUS. See “ Membranaceous.”
MESOTHORAX, middle section of the thorax,
See p. Io.
METAMORPHOSIS, change of form, or outward
appearance, transformation ; (wer ay imply-
ing change of condition, (woppn, shape).
METATHORAX,
thorax.
hindermost section of the
See p. 10.
MIMETIC, imitative, apttoimitate, (usjpueio Des,
to imitate). See p. 2.
MONOGONEUTIC, having a single brood each
year, (wovos, alone; ‘yovos, a begetting).
NERVULE, a branch rib or veinlet of the frame-
work of the wings. Seep. II.
NERVURE, a main rib or vein ofthe frame-
work of the wings. See p. II.
NEURATION, the arrangement of the nervures
and nervules of the wings.
OBCONIC, inversely conical, the narrow end
downwards.
OBLIQUE, with reference to bands of colour
on the wing, not. perpendicular to the costa
or axis of length.
OBOVATE, inversely ovate, the narrow end
downwards.
OBSOLETE, almost disappeared, (obsd/étiis, worn
out, old, thrown oft).
GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL\TERMS. v
Ostusg, blunt at the extremity.
OcELLUs, an eye-like spot on the wing
consisting of one or more rings of different
colours with a central spot.
OcHREOUS or OCcHRACEOUS, a pale dull
yellow, (ax poss pale yellow).
OLIVACEOUS, olive coloured, or dark brownish
green, (d/iva, an olive).
ORAL, at or pertaining to the mouth (ds, doris,
the mouth),
OsMETERIA, scent-glands, (ou, 2 smell, a
scent).
OvatTE, shaped like an egg, with one end
broader than the other, (dvum, an egg).
OvipaRous, egg bearing, (dvum, an egg;
pario, I bring forth).
PaGIna, the surface of a wing; upper or
under, (gagina, a page).
PALprl, appendages of the maxillze and labium ;
those of the latter or “ labial palpi” are
largely developed in butterflies. See p. 9
and Pl. I.
PAPILL@, applied to the minute leaf-like
projections at the end of the proboscis,
(papilla, a nipple).
PARENCHYMA, soft cellular tissue, (mapas
beside ; €yxiv, to pour in),
PARONYCHIA, appendages to the claw found
in certain genera of butterflies; more or
less triangular in form, membranaceous,
hairy, sometimes so broad as almost to
conceal the claw, sometimes narrow and
almost linear, (mapa, beside; évug, the
nail).
PaTactiA, shoulder-plates, attached to the
thorax just above the base of the fore-
wings, (pdtigium, the edging on a Roman
lady’s tunic). Seep. ro.
PATCH, a large marking or extent of any
colour.
PECTORAL Leas, the forelegs of a cater-
pillar. See p. 8, (pectus, the breast).
PEDUNCLE, a stem or stalk, (péedunciilus,
diminutive of Zes, a foot),
PELLUCID, transparent.
PICEOUS, pitchy, pitch-black, (picéws, made of
pitch).
PILOSE, hairy, (ft/s, a hair).
PLuMoOsgE, softly feathery, (A/Zma, a small soft
feather ; the downy part of a feather).
POLYGONEUTIC, having several broods in the
courseofayear, (woAds, many; /2v05;
a begetting).
PORRECT, projected forwards, as opposed to
erect, (Aorrectus, stretched out, extended).
POSTERIOR ANGLE, the hinder angle of the
forewing. See p. 11 and Pl. I.
POSTERIOR MARGIN, the outer margin of
the wing, or that furthest from the body.
See p. II.
PRADISCOIDAL CELL, a small space at base
of hindwing, closed by a slender nervule
connecting the costal and subcostal ner-
vures. See p. II.
PRECOSTAL NERVURE, ashort nervure at the
base of the hindwing. See p. 11,
PRIMARY, or PRIMARIES, a term used by
some authors to express the forewing.
PROBOSCIS, a trunk or snout. See Pl. I,
PROCESS, a protuberance, or projecting part.
PRODUCED, lengthened out, elongated.
PROLEGS, the fleshy hindlegs of caterpillars
See p. 8.
PROTHORACIC, at or pertaining to the pro-
thorax.
PROTHORAX, the front segment of the thorax
nearest the head. See p- Io,
PTERYGODES. See “ Tegulz,” and p. 10,
(arépuk, a wing ; eldos, shape).
PUBESCENT, downy, finely hairy.
PULVILLUS, an appendage to the base of the
claws, sometimes elongate and jointed,
sometimes minute, and often wanting alto-
gether, (Pulvillus, a little cushion).
Pupa, a chrysalis.
Puri, a spot in the central part of an
ocellus.
PyriIForM, pear-shaped, (gyram or pirum, a
pear).
QuapRATE, squared, shaped like a square,
(quadrum, a square).
RaDIAL, a term applied to the discoidal ner-
vules. See p. Wand Pl. 1.
RECUMBENT, reclining, settled down.
vi GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS.
RECURVED, bent backwards, turned back, or
curved in two directions like an S.
RETRACTILE, capable of being drawn back,
(re, back ; trdhére, to draw).
RHOPALOCERA, butterflies or club-horns.’’
See p. 7.
SAC, a small bag or pouch.
SAGITTATE, arrow-shaped, (ségit/a, an arrow).
SCALLOPED, having the margin cut out with
concave segments of circles.
ScENT PoUcuH, an organ attached to the
wing or other part of the body of the males
of some genera, secreting odours.
SCUTELLUM, a small triangular portion of
the mesothorax, (sc7z/um, a shield).
SEASONAL DIMORPHISM, having the autumn
or summer broods differing from the spring
brood. See p. 2.
SECONDARY or SECONDARIES, a term used by
some authors to express the hindwing.
SEGMENT, a division of the body, (séo,
T cut).
SEMIHYALINE, somewhat glassy. See “ Hya-
line.”
SERICEOUS, silky, (séricus, silken).
SERIES, a line or row; generally of spots on.
the wings.
SERPENTINE, obscure green, or rich oil-green
of various shades ; like the mineral serpen-
tine.
SERRATED, notched, (ser7va, a saw).
SETA, bristles, (sé#a, a bristle).
SETOSE, bristly.
SHOT, glossed witha surface colour visible
only in certain lights.
SINUATE, wavy, (stmus, a curve),
SINUOUS, wavy. See ‘‘ Sinuate.”’
SPACE, the area between two nervures or ner-
vules or a nervure or nervule and the
margin.
SPATULAR, shaped like a spattle, a roundish
end with a narrow linear base, (spatula, a
spattle).
SPATULATE,
SPECIES, a group of individuals presumably
descended from the same parental stock.
See “ Spatular.”
SPINOUS, furnished with spines.
SPINNERET, a small perforated organ through
which a caterpillar emits its silk.
SPIRACLE, an aperture, a round or narrow
opening on the surface of the body used for
breathing, (spzrac2t/um, an air-hole).
SQUAMOSE, full of scales, (sgudma, a scale).
SQUAMOUS, scaly.
STEMMATIC, a term applied to the simple
eyes of an insect, which are placed on the
crown of the head, and are scarcely visible ;
not to be confounded with the compound
eyes, which are large and protruding, and
which are referred to when the eyes are
mentioned, unless the stemmatic eyes are
specially indicated, (s¢emma, a wreath ; any-
thing to crown with).
STREAK, a narrow stripe.
STRIA. See “ Striga.”
STRIATED, marked with stric, or fine very
short lines.
STRIDULATION, with insects the noise pro-
duced in some species by friction of the
external organs, (strideo, I creak, buzz,
rattle).
STRIGA, a streak, (stringere, to scrape).
Generally a very short streak.
Sup, as a prefix in composition used to denote
near to or approaching to, or somewhat,
(implying diminution), but o¢ under.
SUBANAL, near the anal region; usually
applied to that of the hindwing.
SUBAPICAL, near the apical region. See
“ Apical.”
SUBCGRIACEOUS,
** Coriaceous.”
SUBCOSTAL AREA, the space between the
costal and subcostal nervures.
somewhat leathery. See
See p. 12.
SupcosTAL NERVURE, the rib of the frame-
work of the wing bounding the discoidal cell
on the upper side. See p. II.
SuBCOSTAL NERVULES, the branches of the
subcostal nervure. See p. II.
SUBDIAPHANOUS, somewhat transparent. See
“Diaphanous.”
SUFFUSED, clouded or obscured, tinged, (su/-
fundére, to pour through ; to overspread).
GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS. Vii
SUBFOLLICULATE, somewhat glandular. See
‘*Folliculate.”’
SUBMARGINAL, near to the margin, usually
the outer margin.
SUBMEDIAN NuRVURE. See p. 12 and Pl. I.
SUBULATE, awl-shaped, narrow, narrowing
to a point from a broadish base, (s7dzt/a, an
awl),
SuTURAL AREA, the posterior or inner-
marginal area where the wings overlap,
(stti#ira, a seam),
SYNONYM, a name that has fallen into disuse
from any cause.
Tarsus, the fourth apparent joint (see JOINT)
of the leg in the perfect insect. See p. 10
and Pl. I.
TAIL, a long projection from the outer margin
of the hindwing ; also applied to the anal
extremity of the body.
TEGULA, shoulder-plates on the thorax
at the bases of the forewings, (/égztla, a
tile). See “ Patagia” and p. ro.
TENTACULA, a thread-like or filiform append-
age.
TESTACEOUS, shell-like, (¢esta, a shell).
TETRAPOD, four-footed, applied to butterflies
having the forelegs imperfect, (réccapes,
four 5 70US, a foot).
Tuorax, the middle section of the body to
which all the limbs are attached. See p. 10.
TiBia, the apparent third joint (see JOINT)
of the leg in the perfect insect. See p. 10
and Pl. I.
Tiprets. See “ Tegule” and “Patagia;” also
p. 10.
TRACHEA, the respiratory organs or system
of tubes for the admission of air to the
viscera.
TRANSVERSE, as applied, to markings on the
wing means in the direction of the breadth
of the wing. See p. 12.
TRIARTICULATE, three-jointed (¢7és, three;
articidilus, a little joint).
TRIFID, three-cleft, split into three points,
(¢rés, three ; fizdére, to cleave).
TRIFURCATE,
three directions, (¢7é@s, three ; fuvca, a fork),
three-forked, branching into
TROCHANTER, the joint between the coxa
and the femur. Seep. Io.
TRUNCATE, cut off, or appearing as if cut off
at the top, (@rwncus, maimed, cut short)
TRUNK. See ‘‘Proboscis.”
TUBERCLE, a small warty projection or knob,
(tader, a hump or knob).
TUBERCULATE, furnished with tubercles.
UNGUES, claws, (#guis, a nail or claw).
UNDERSIDE, the surface exposed when the
butterfly’s wings are closed.
UNDULATE, wavy, (#da, a wave).
UNICOLOROUS, of one uniform colour.
UPPERSIDE, the surfaces in contact when the
butterfly’s wings are closed.
Veins, the main ribs of the frame-work of
the wings. See ‘‘ Nervures.”
VEINLETS. See “Nervules.”
VILLOSE, very shaggy with soft hairs, covered
with fine hairs, (vé//ws, shaggy hair).
VILLous, hairy.
VIOLACEOUS, inclining to violet ; pale violet.
VITTA, used to signify a short streak, (vita,
a ribbon, fillet).
VITTIFORM, shaped like a Vitta.
PREFACE,
O
InpIA, the land of sunshine, is a land of Butterflies ; for, though in the arid plains of
the north insect-life languishes during the dry months, it revives marvellously when the periodic
rains set in ; and in the moister parts of the country, especially to the east and south, and in
the warm valleys of the hilly regions, the amazing numbers of Butterflies and other beautiful
insects cannot but strike the most unobservant. In one of his charming essays on tropical nature,
Professor A. R. Wallace has remarked that, although in tropical countries individual flowers
attain to a size and brilliancy of colouring unknown in temperate climates, it is merely in the
individual flower, and not in general effect, that the products of tropical climes excel. There
is nothing in tropical landscapes, for instance, that can compare with the heather and gorse of
our own country, or with the gorgeous carpeting of the alpine valleys, ever moist with the
melting snows. But in insect-life it is otherwise ; both in size and beauty of individuals, and
in prolific luxuriance of numbers, the tropics easily bear off the palm; the largest and most
beautiful of European Butterflies sink into insignificance beside the Osithoptera, Morpho,
and Thaumantis of the tropics; while, perhaps, few sights in nature are more strangely
beautiful to the traveller in these Eastern valleys than the patches of damp sand which may
be found in torrent-beds in the forests literally carpeted with Butterflies of every hue, closely
packed together, busily inbibing the moisture from the sand, and, again, as startled by the
approach ofan intruder, they rise expanding into a cloud of gorgeous colours of every hue:
The difficulty in securing rare species is, in such localities, literally the difficulty of singling
them out of a crowd.
The large size, the quaint shapes, and the dazzling brilliancy of the colouring of many of
the Indian Butterflies have made them favourite objects of observation and often of collection ;
but, though collections are frequently made or purchased, comparatively little has been done
here towards investigating the life-history of these beautiful creatures, or towards improving
the opportunities offered by such a study of gaining light on the scientific questions and
problems of zoology.
The study of Entomolgy is not merely an interesting recreation for those who can find
leisure and opportunity to pursue it, but, even when restricted to Butterflies only, it offers a
field for scientific enquiry of the highest importance, in connection especially with the origin
of species and other cognate questions. Putting aside the various stages of egg, caterpillar,
and chrysalis, through which all Butterflies pass, and in which opportunities for study are ample,
the perfect insect, as it emerges from the chrysalis, exhibits variations at least as numerous and
important as those of other classes of living organisms, while the short duration of its life, and
the quickly succeeding generations, offer facilities for tracing the course of such variations, and
thus deducing the causes which govern them, perhaps unrivalled in the whole field of nature.
These variations, though possibly traceable ultimately to the same causes, may be grouped
under several heads. It must not be forgotten that variety is in a certain sense universal, for no
two individuals are really absolutely alike ; but numerous individuals are to be found so closely
resembling each other that, to the naked eye, no difference is traceable ; or, if traceable, the differ-
ences are so slight as to leave no room for doubt, even if other evidence were wanting, that the
individuals are derived from the same parental stock ; or, in other wurds, belong to the same
pecies. It this close similarity of individuals were constant in each species, there would be no
2
2 PREFACE.
difficulty in discriminating and identifying insects, though, at the same time, the scientific value
of the study would be largely reduced ; but it is not so. First we find that in some species the
sexes are differentiated—the females differing from the males either in colour or style of markings,
and even in form and outline of the wings, these differences being constant in each sex. Again,
we find that in different climates Butterflies, apparently the same in general character, present
constant differences in colour or style of marking of more or less importance, but frequently
sufficient to justify the description of each form under a separate name. Again, in different
localities, even where the differences of climate are inappreciable, such as notably the various
islands of an archipelago, and in a lesser degree disconnected valleys of a mountain range, the
Butterflies of each locality often present constant and well marked differences, particularly in
the size and extent of markings, thus forming what have been termed “‘ geographical’ varieties
in contradistinction to ‘‘ climatic ” varieties ; and yet, again, we have the most interesting and
important variation of all occurring among Butterflies which have two or more broods in the
year; andin which the summer and autumn broods differ from the spring brood more or
less, sometimes so widely in colour and markings that, until the question was conclusively set
at rest by breeding Butterflies of the one type from the eggs of Butterflies of the other, the
two forms were described and universally accepted as representing two distinct species.
Thus we have “sexual,” “climatic,” ‘ geographic,” and ‘‘seasonal” variations, each of
which can be referred more or less confidently to known external causes; but, in addition to
these, the study of the subject is complicated by individual variations, which appear to be
guite irrespective of external conditions ; such variations are exhibited in different species in
different degrees, or possibly the tendency to vary may pass through more or less active or
dormant stages at different epochs of the history of each group. At the present time some
species, notably among the Yumonias, are wonderfully constant to the type; others, again,
differ so universally among themselves that scarcely any two specimens, even from the same loca-
lity, are alike. Of such variations the under-surfaces of the wings in Mfelanitis leda and MM. ismene,
and in the great ‘‘ oak-leaf’”’ Butterflies of the genus Ka//ima, are noteworthy instances ; also
the numbers and size of the ocelliin many genera of the Satyrine : and, again, instead ofa
single typical form, with minor differences in each individual, we sometimes find, as in the case
of Papilio polytes or P. memnon, that there are several distinct types, described by the earlier
authors as distinct species, but which in reality spring promiscuously from the same stock—
a single batch of the eggs laid by a single female having been found to produce two or more
of the different forms. And, lastly, we find that specimens aberrant from the type occur singly
and casually here and there from time to time, and coexisting in the same localities with speci-
mens of the normal form. It may easily be conceived that among insects with such manifold
tendencies to variation and such brief periods of existence, the clue to the laws which govern
such developments may most readily be found.
The phenomenon of “ mimicry,” too, is deserving of the closest scientific observation.
One of the earliest puzzles met with by the observer of Butterflies liesin finding males and
females in company, apparently belonging not only to different species, but different genera,
and even families; but closer examination reveals that the female in reality belongs to the
same species as the male, although its coloration and markings are excellent imitations ofa
totally different Butterfly, generally of a much commoner Butterfly, and almost always ofa
Butterfly less subject than its own species to destruction by birds and reptiles. The subject is
too extensive to enter on here, but it is one that should never be lost sight of in investigating
the life-history of insects.
The field for observation offered by the British Indian Empire is as varied as it is vast.
We have every climate, from the eternal snows to the tropics—and all the most interesting
PREFACE. 3
phenomena of Entomology may here be studied in life—yet little has been done beyond
attaching a name to each different form or species ; and even in this preliminary ground-work
the greater portion of the labour has been carried on, not by Englishmen, but by foreigners.
The larger number of our Indian species have been named by French, German or Russian
naturalists, while not one per cent. have been named by English naturalists in this country.
The few among our countrymen out here who have taken up the study have worked under
difficulties sufficient to dishearten the most ardent student ; and the usual result has been that
their laboriously collected observations and notes have either been lost altogether, or rendered
comparatively useless owing to difficulties in identification of the species observed, or to omis-
sion of some detail, the importance of which could only be known to skilled zoologists.
The reason for this state of affairs is obvious. No attempt has hitherto been made to bring
the study of the science within the reach of the public in this country. The published
information regarding Indian Butterflies is scattered over numerous works, many of which are
out of print, and are either not to be bought at all, or else only at prices beyond the means
of private individuals. The older books deal with Butterflies from all parts of the world, and
the more recent papers regarding the Butterflies of particular localities, such as the “ Butterflies
of Malacca,” by Butler, the ‘‘ Butterflies of Tenasserim,” of the ‘‘ Andamans and Nicobars,”
of ‘‘ Bengal,” of the ‘* North-West Himalayas,” &c., by Moore, consist of bare and incomplete
lists of names, with descriptions of a few new species ; and, while amply fulfilling the special
object with which they were published, are of no use whatever to the general public, except to
the few who, having access to good museums and libraries, have at hand the means of supple-
menting for themselves the informatior given.
It has been well nigh impossible under such circumstances for collectors of Butterflies
in this country to name their own specimens, and our knowledge of Indian Butterflies has
been limited to the contents of such of the more important collections as have been from
time to time sent to the Museums of Europe for study and description; but the contents
of the smaller collections have, for the most part, been left unrecorded. It is probable that
there are, comparatively, few species in this country still unnamed ; but that something in this
direction still remains to be done is proved by the fact that, since it became known about
a year and a half ago that this book was under preparation, nearly fifty new species have
been discovered by naturalists in this country—a number far exceeding that of all the species
hitherto named by working naturalists in India,
But in the matter of scientific observation of habits and life-history we repeat that very
little has been done. To get this we must be mainly independent of foreign help—we must
depend on our own exertions. No one collector, however zealous, and no single observer,
however accurate and persevering, can exhaust the subject even ina single locality. It is by
the combined efforts of the many that progress will be secured. The study in this country
has hitherto, as we have shown, lacked the stimulus and interest that a knowledge of the
nomenclature, and a record of what had previously been discovered, would have supplied ;
anditis to supply this want, and to secure the co-operation of all those who take an
interest in the matter, that a descriptive handbook is required. It has been no small
encouragement to us to find that, in the comparatively short time that has elapsed since
this work was commenced, we have received hearty sympathy and help from naturalists
all over the country, who have not only redoubled their exertions in collecting and observ-
ing, but have generously assisted us with specimens, notes, and valuable advice, while several
gentlemen, not previously interested in the subject, have undertaken to collect in various
localities. Professor J. Wood-Mason, Deputy Superintendent of the Indian Museum,
Calcutta, has also in view of this publication thoroughly re-arranged and investigated the
4 PREFACE.
national collection, and published numerous papers and local lists of the greatest value, besides -
assisting us most kindly in discriminating the species. Owing to his exertions the national
collection has been more than doubled since this book was begun.
From Burma we have received specimens of almost every species hitherto recorded ;
also of numerous species new to the country, and of several new to science, through the
kindness of Captains C, T. Bingham and C. H. E. Adamson, and Messrs. Eugene Oates and
‘T. C. Hill. To Captain Bingham’s exertions the discovery of Zophoéssa dura, Neope bhima,
Penthima binghami, Papilio clare, the male of Zeuxtdia masonz, the female of Thaumantzs louisas
and many other new and interesting forms is due. From the Andamans and Nicobars, Colonel
T. Cadell, V.C., and Mr. A. R. de Roepstorft have kindly sent numerous specimens, including
many species new to science. We have also been aided from Eastern Manipur by Mr. A. O.
Hume ; from Assam by Mr, C. Donovan and Surgeon-Major G. R. Johnson ; from Sikkim by
Messrs. Otto Moller and W. Davison ; from Western Bengal by Messrs. W. E, Brooks and C. J.
Marshall ; from Naini Tal by Mr. E. T. Atkinson ; from the North-West Himalayas by Lieute-
nant-Colonel A. M. Lang, R.E.; Mrs. Deane, General Macintyre, Mr. Robert Ellis in Pangi ;
Mr. A. Grahame Young in Kulu ; Major C. H. T. Marshall in Chumba ; the Rev. A. W. Heyde
in Ladak; and Major J. Biddulph in Gilgit; from Agra by Mr. C. A. R. Crommelin ;
from Sind by Major C. Swinhoe ; from Bombay by Mr, E. H. Aitken; from Poona and
Ratnagiri by Mr. G. Vidal; from the Wynaad by Mr. Rhodes Morgan; from Travancore
by Messrs, Ferguson and Bourdillon. To Mr. Ferguson, especially, we owe the discovery of
Mycalesis oculus, and of that remarkable insect Parantirrhea marshall ; and from Ceylon
we have been assisted by the Hon’ble F. Mackwood ;—to all these gentlemen our thanks
are due for the welcome aid afforded us in this laborious task, but most of all we are indebted
to Captain C. T. Bingham, who not only is a most skilful collector, but most generously has
placed at our disposal the whole results of his labours.
This book does not attempt a life-history of each or any of the insects, The time has
not arrived for such a work ; the details required for a life-history cannot be gathered until
a knowledge of the nomenclature is far more widely diffused. It is simply designed as a hand-
book of reference, as complete as possible in itself, for the convenience of naturalists in the
field who have no access to libraries. Where necessary full extracts from other works, not usually
available, are given ; and where possible and advisable, the description of species are given in
the words of the original describers, supplemented by any further details needed to complete
them, For the genera the admirable descriptions by Westwood (in the Genera of Diurnal
Lepidoptera) have been followed as closely as possible.
The book will comprise detailed descriptions of every genus and species known to occur
within the limits of India, British Burma and Ceylon ; and short descriptions will be added
in smaller type of species from neighbouring countries on the border, such as Malacca, Siam,
Yunan, Thibet, South Turkestan, Afghanistan and Beluchistan, which, though not yet
recorded from within Indian limits, may very probably subsequently be found to occur within
our border,
The absence of coloured illustrations is a great drawback, especially to beginners ; but
coloured illustrations are expensive ; and, as the great object in issuing the book at all is to
give it as wide a circulation as possible, it has been thought expedient to confine the illustra-
tions for the most part to uncoloured engravings, and to restrict the number to what will
be sufficient to indicate the more typical forms and to supplement the written descriptions.
At least one illustration of each genus, and generally of each sub-genus, will be given, as mere
description fails to convey to any, except to the practised Entomologist, a sufficiently clear
conception of the forms, especially in outline; and a glance at the plates will usually be
PREFACE, 5
sufficient to guide the beginner as to the place where the description of any particular species
may be found.
After the book is published, and if the circulation it attains appears to warrant it, coloured
illustrations will be published in continuation.
No pains have been spared to render this hand-book as complete as possible : and, in
judging of the result, we trust that the public will remember the difficulties under which
works of this nature are necessarily undertaken in this country : and that the compilation has
been carried on, not in the quiet and leisure of a studio, but in the intervals of a busy official
life,
ia.
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INTRODUCTION.
Danais (Salatura) GENUTIA, Cramer.
Class —INSECTA.
Order.—LEPIDOPTERA.
Sub-order._-RHOPALOCERA.
TuE insects of this order are distinguished from other insects by their having the wings
more or less densely covered with minute scales of various colours, whence the name Lrri-
DOPTERA, (AemIs, a scale ; wTepsy, a wing).
The order, which comprises an enormous number of different species, is divided into two
sub-orders—HETEROCERA, or Moths, and RHOPALOCEXA, or Butterflies : the insects of the latter
sub-order are alone treated of in this book. The distinction between the sub-orders is primarily
based on the structure of the antennz as expressed in the terms Rhopalocera (pomeAoy, a
club ; Képas, a horn), and Heterocera (Erepoc, different ; Kepas, a horn), the antennz
of Butterflies being more or less uniform in structure and clubbed at the tip, while those of
Moths exhibit great variations of structure among different genera and species, and even in
the different sexes of the same species,
But there are several other characteristics by which Butterflies can generally be distinguish-
ed from Moths. Butterflies are never nocturnal in their habits. Some few species fly at
twilight, but with very few exceptions they fly only in the day-time, and, as a rule. are active on
the wing only during sunshine ; the eyes of Butterflies too are larger as a rule and more promi-
nent than those of Moths: again the antennz of Butterflies, which are straight, filamentous and
more or less clubbed at the tip, are always held erect or extended in front of the head, and
are never either twisted or folded away by the insect. On the other hand the antennz of
Moths are highly flexible, and during repose are almost invariably folded backwards along the
body and concealed under the wings. Again, the division between the thorax and the abdomen
is strongly defined in Butterflies, while in most Moths the division is inconspicuous ; and,
lastly, Butterflies may be distinguished by the position of the wings in repose being, among
them, more or less erect over the back and never folded close along the body; or, in other
words, Butterflies when in repose usually exhibit the under-surface of the wing ; Moths in repose
have only the upper surface visible.
None of these distinctive features taken singly will always suffice to distinguish a Butterfly
from a Moth ; perhaps the surest test of all is the erect posture or otherwise of the antenne. If
8 INTRODUCTION.
the antenne are folded under the wings in repose it may be at once safely concluded that
the insect is not a Butterfly, even though it may fly by day, or holdits wings partially erect.
In some genera of Butterflies the club at the end of the antenna is almost obsolete, but still the
antennz are straight, erect and never folded back or concealed. On the other hand, many of the
Moths are day-fliers, many have slender bodies, and in many the shape of the wings and
general appearance present great similarities to the appearance of Butterflies, but in such
cases the structure of the antennz will serve to determine the affinities. *
Butterflies, as well as Moths, are oviparous, and pass through four stages of development—
the egg, the caterpillar, the chrysalis, and the imago, or perfect insect. The usual extreme
period of existence extends to one year, during which all four stages are accomplished ; but in
numerous instances, especially in warm climates, where the winter is short and the summer
long, one or more intermediate broods occur, in fact in some cases there is a continuous
succession of broods throughout the year, while occasionally, under unfavourable circumstances,
the egg or the chrysalis may lie dormant through more than one season.
The EGGS of Butterflies are deposited either singly on in groups, on the leaves or bark of
trees asa rule ; sometimes on the calyx of a flower, as in some of the Zycenide, but always
on or near to the food-plant of the caterpillar. In form and pattern the eggs are strangely
diversified, far more so than among birds ; but for each species the eggs are uniform in shape,
colour, and structure, sothat the species to which any particular egg belongs can easily be
identified : at the same time the eggs of closely allied species often differ widely, so that
among Butterflies the eggs afford little or no indication of the affinities of the perfect insect.
The laying season varies according to the habits of the species—some kinds passing the
winter or “ hybernating ” in the egg state, some as caterpillars, some as chrysalises, and some,
again, in the perfect state.
The CATERPILLARS of Butterflies are usually elongate, and more or less cylindrical in
shape, (see Plate II). They consist of thirteen segments, the first of which forms the head and
is furnished with twelve microscopic eyes, situated near the mouth, six on each side, and gener-
ally arranged inacircle. These eyes are highly convex, only enabling the caterpillar to see ob-
jects when close against its mouth ; the head varies in shape very much, and is generally furnish-
ed with two short, sometimes retractile, antennz, and two feelers, which usually emerge one
on each side from the apex of the underlip, and appear to correspond with the labial palpi
of the perfect insect ;and occasionally with other protuberances of various kinds. The mouth is
furnished with a pair of strong, horny, toothed jaws or mandibule, working sideways, and a lower
pair of jaws of a softer consistency termed maxz//@ ; these latter are furnished with a pair of
small jointed organs corresponding to the palpi. Near the summit of the labium or under-
lip, is a small orifice through which issues the silken thread which caterpillars produce. The
legs are sixteen in number, arranged in pairs on the second, third, fourth, seventh, eighth»
ninth, tenth, and thirteenth segments ; the front three pairs, or the true legs, which correspond
to the legs in the perfect insect, are horny, jointed, and terminate in a strong claw; the last
five pairs are very different in structure, being wide, fleshy and broadened at the base, and
are termed ‘‘prolegs” or “claspers”; the last pair of claspers are termed the “anal”
claspers, and the remaining four pairs the “ abdominal ”’ claspers. The true legs in front are
also sometimes called the ‘‘ pectoral” legs. Caterpillars are also provided with eighteen
‘‘spiracles” or breathing holes arranged in rows along their sides—one row on each side
of nine spiracles, one to each segment, except the first, third, fourth, and thirteenth, on
which they are wanting. These spiracles are the mouths of air-tubes which constitute
the respiratory system. Besides these regular structural features, they are often furnished
with remarkable appendages, (see Plate II). The caterpillars of 4¢iyma and some other genera
are provided with erect processes, more or less spiny towards the tip. Some caterpillars, such as
those of A4dolias, have lengthened procumbent appendages on each side, fringed with long hairs ;
* In some aberrant genera of American Moths the antenna are clubbed, But no Indian Moths, so far as
we know, exhibit this feature,
INTRODUCTION. 9
those of Alymnias and Me/anitis have two lengthened appendages on the hinder segment and
two short ones on the head ; those of Chavaxes have four projections on the head and two short
ones on the hinder segment ; in the Hesferide the head is usually large and the neck narrow,
while in the Prerzne the head is small. The outline, though typically cylindrical, varies from
fusiform among the slug-like caterpillars of the Zycenidz, to an almost uniform lengthened
cylinder among the Pier’ne. Caterpillars are often nocturnal feeders, and escape observation
by lying concealed during the day-time.
The CHRYSALISES too vary much in shape, colour and ornamentation, (see Plate IT) ;
the colour usually being adapted to that of the surface to which the chrysalis is attached. The
only peculiarities on which it is necessary to touch in this short introductory notice, are
in the matter of positions selected for transformation, and the methods of securing the
chrysalis from disturbance during the state of torpor. There are five typical methods adopted
for this purpose: first, the suspension of the chrysalis by the tail only from the underside of a
leaf or twig or other object ; this is the usual practice with the Mymphalide, (see Plate II,
Athyma leucothoé and Adolias lubentina) ; second, the suspension of the chrysalis in a horizon-
tal position, or with the head inclined upwards, attached by the tail and also bya thread
passed round the middle of the body and secured at both ends: this position is adopted by
many of the Zycenide, (see Plate II, Amblypodia timoleon) ; third, the suspension of the
chrysalis by the tail vertically, head downwards, but girt in addition by a thread round the
middle of the body: this method is of frequent occurrence among the Pzevine, (see Plate II,
Hebomoia glauctippe); fourth, the attachment of the chrysalis by the tail, but in an erect
position with the head upwards, and further secured by threads, either passing round the middle
of the body, or attached on either side: this is the usual posture among the Pafilionide, (see
Plate II, Papzlio folytes*) ; fifth, with the chrysalis free, but enclosed either in the rolled-up
edge of a leaf, or between two or more small leaves drawn together by silky threads, This
method is typical among the Hesferide, (see Plate II, Zsmene edipodea). In the genus Parnas-
stus (Papilionide) the chrysalis is enclosed in a loose silky web on a leaf; the chrysalis of the
** Grayling” (&ipparchia semaile) is described by Newman as being placed beneath the surface
of the soil, and there are doubtless many other exceptions ; but the five postures and methods
described above are typical of the five great divisions of Butterflies.
The IMAGO or perfect state is the most highly developed, and a knowledge of the structure
of its various organs is essential to the comprehension of the divisions into families and genera.
Plate I. shows the principal features, and explains the names, which have been used to describe
the different parts. A careful study of this plate will render the descriptions of the species
intelligible to the reader. The perfect insect has always fuur wings and six legs, the latter
sometimes not all fully developed ; the body is in three sections—the head, the thorax, and
the abdomen ; and the head is furnished with antennz, eyes, and oral appendages, Butterflies
derive their nourishment from liquid substances, and the structure of the mouth is adapted to
thisend. The under jaws are developed into along flexible tube called the “ proboscis” or
‘*haustellum,” which, when not in use, is curled up closely under the face; the under lip (or
labium) is furnished with two processes, called the ‘labial palpi” or “palpi” (see Plate I.)
projected forwards, or upwards, one on each side of the mouth ; the upper jaws and upper lip
(or /aérum) are rudimentary and scarcely discernible.
The PALPI consist of three joints, the middle one usually the longest, the basal and
terminal joints being often very short. They are covered with scales or hairs, varying much
in length and texture. The very long hairs of the palpi are distinctive of the family Satyrine ;
they also vary much in size and form, and occasionally, asin Zzbythea, and in some of the
Lycenide, are very largely developed ; in some cases the palpi are separated throughout their
length ; in others they meet at the tip, forming a sort of beak in front of the head.
_ ~ The position shown in the figure of the chrysalis of Pafilio polytes in Plate II, is not typical. The abdo-
minal half of the chrysalis and the stem to which it is attached should be at least vertical, if not leaning slightly
over ; the upper half of the chrysalis extending outwards nearly horizontally.
2?
2
io INTRODUCTION,
The Eves of Butterflies are large, immovable, compound and convex ; sometimes smooth,
sometimes hairy, and consist of a great number of separate lenses. Butterflies also are said to
possess two extremely minute simple or “stemmatic” eyes, placed on the crown of the head and
scarcely visible, but the existence of these latter has been disputed.
The ANTENN#, which project from the forehead between the eyes, are of moderate length,
being from one-half to seven-eighths, usually about two-thirds, the length of the body, and
consist of a great number of segments, which increase in diameter more or less gradually
towards the tip ; the knob thus formed at the tip varies considerably in shape in different
families, and affords useful distinctive characters. Typically the antennz are straight, but in
some genera they are hooked at the tip ; they are always erect and never concealed during
repose.
The THORAX forms the middle part of the body between the head and the abdomen ;
to it all the wings and legs are united, and it contains the muscles by which all the limbs are
actuated. It is shorter than the abdomen, and consists of three segments, so closely united as
to appear to form asingle piece. The first nearest the head is called the frothorax, and bears the
fore pair of legs; the middle one, the esothorax, which bears the middle pair of legs and
the forewings ; and that nearest the abdomen, the mefathorax, which bears the hindlegs and
hindwings.
To the mesothorax, just above the wing joints, are attached a pair of triangular scales,
like epaulets, which have been called “‘¢egule ” or ‘‘ patagia” or “ pterygodes” ox ‘* tippets.”
The surface of the thorax is covered with hairs of greater or less density and length.
The ABDOMEN is united to the thorax by a narrow link. It consists of nine segments, and
is of a softer consistency than the thorax: the only appendages to the abdomen which require
notice at present are the large anal valves, which are found in the males of some species of
Papilionide.
The LEGS are six in number, but in a large number of species the fore pair of
legs is imperfect, unfitted for walking, and held drawn up close to the sides of the
thorax, and partially concealed by its hairs, the Butterfly appearing as if it had only
four legs. The characters of the legs are of great importance, and on the extent of
development of the forelegs the primary divisions of Butterflies into families usually rests,
The perfect leg consists of the following parts:—(1), the coxa, which is attached to
the body, corresponds with the hip, and is directed vertically downwards ; (2), the short joint
connecting the femur with the coxa, called the trochanter, is counted as the second section of
the leg ; (3), the femur, which is jointed to the coxa, corresponds with the thigh, and is
directed upwards ; (4), the ¢¢éza or shank, which is jointed to the femur, and directed downwards ;
the joint between the tibia and femur being the most elevated point of the leg in repose ; (5),
the ¢avsus, which is jointed to and directed in prolongation of the tibia ; the tarsus in all perfect
legs consisting of five joints. The coxa and femur are often hairy, and in imperfect forelegs the
tibia and tarsus are likewise often more or less densely fringed with hairs; the tibia of the
foreleg in Papilionide and Hesperide has a spur about the middle, which is present in no other
family of Butterflies. The tibia of the hindleg has also one pair of moveable spines in most of
the Papilionéde, and two pairsin many of the Hesperide. The tarsus in the perfect leg is termi-
nated by two claws, which are sometimes entire or simple, and sometimes bifid ; at the base of
the claws the tarsus is also furnished in some families with other appendages, called paronychia
and pulvilli (see Glossary of Terms) ; the development of these appendages when present varies
a good deal in the different genera.
The WINGs are larger among Lepidoptera in proportion to the body than in any other
order of insects, and among Butterflies form the most conspicuous parts of the whole insect, The
usual shape of the forewing is triangular, and that of the hindwing rounded, but the outline,
though usually similar in allied species and often affording specific and even generic characters,
is subject to great variations. These variations often mark sexual distinctions, but occasionally
individuals of the same species and sex differ widely in outline, as in the case of the females of
INTRODUCTION. It
P, memnon, some of which have a large spatulate tail to the hindwing, while in others no sign
of a tail is visible. The wings consist of a fine translucent membrane, permeated by a number
of ribs, like the veins of a leaf or the rays of a fish’s fin, and the whole covered more or less
densely, both above and beneath, with tiny scales in which the colours of the wing lie. These
ribs have been styled by various authors as ‘‘nervures’” and “ nervules,” or “veins” and
**venlets,” or ‘frays.” In this book the former terms are adopted, the mervares signifying the
main ribs, and the ewveles, the branches which they throw off. In describing the wing of a
Butterfly (see Pl. I.), the junction of the wing with the body is called the dase (A); the
margin nearest the head from the base outwards is called the costal margin, or costa, or the
anterior margin (A B); at the end of the costal margin, furthest from the body, is the afex (B);
the margin furthest from the head from the base outwards is called the zzner or interior margin
(A C), and in the hindwing the abdominal margin (A D); at the end of the inner margin
furthest from the body is the &zzder or posterior angle (C), and in the hindwing the anal angle
(D) ; and, lastly, the margin between the apex and the hinder angle is called in this book the
outer ox exterior margin (A Cand C D); this latter margin has been termed also by some authors
the afical margin. The term hinder (or posterior) margin has been used by authors with
reference both to the outer and inner margins. In accordance with these terms the
adjacent parts of the wing are referred to severally as the basal or sub-basal, costal or sub-
costal, apical or sub-apical, anal or sub-anal, &c.—the prefix ‘‘sub” being used to denote
“near to,” as basal, at the base—sub-basal, near the base. When ¢he margiz alone is men-
tioned, as in describing marginal lines or rows of spots, the outer margin alone is signified, The
wings are said to be ev¢ive when the margin is not serrated or incised in any way.
The zeuration, or arrangement of the nervures and nervules, follows the same general plan
in all Butterflies, though the diversities in detail are numerous and of great value in discriminat-
ing families and genera (see Pl, I.) ; the costal nervure (a) starts from the base nearest the head
and extends just below the costal margin, ending in that margin usually at some distance shoit
of the apex. The costal nervure of the forewing is always simple, but in some of the
Morphine it appears to throw off one or more branches towards the costal margin ; in the hind-
wing there is also usually a small nervure called the precostal nervure (7), close to the base
and between the costal nervure and the costal margin, it is short, recurved and
sometimes bifid ; immediately below the costal nervure is found the szdcostal nervure
(4), which is continued to the outer margin a little below the apex ; this nervure throws off two
branches or nervules in the hindwing and three, four or five in the forewing (1, 62, 43).
All the branches of this nervure are invariably thrown off on the upper side towards the
costa, and either end in the margin near the apex, or coalesce with the costal nervure. They are
numbered in order aS thrown off from the base—that nearest the base being the first sudcostal
nevvule, the next the second, and so on. In the Z/jmmniine@ and some others there is a short
slender nervule connecting the subcestal with the costal nervure near the base; the space
thus enclosed is called the prediscoidal cell, Below the subcostal nervure is a wide space (4)
owing to the discoidal nervure which should follow, being either wholly or partially wanting.
This space, which is usually closed by short transverse nervules, is called the ced? or discoidal
cell; the short transverse nervules (g g) closing the cell are termed the disco-cellular nervules,
and are three in number (upper, middle, and lower) in the forewing, and two in number (upper
and lower) in the hindwing, the ‘‘upper’’ being the one nearest to the subcostal nervure.
From the points of junction of these disco-cellular nervules with each other, the dscoidal
nervules (cl, c2), two in the forewing and one in the hindwing, extend to the outer margin,
these discoidal nervules being considered as branches of a discoidal nervure, which, as noted
above, is either partially or wholly wanting ; the discoidal cell on its lower edge is bounded
by a strong nervure (7), termed the median nervure. This nervure has three branches, both in
the fore and hindwings (d1, dz, @3), called the median nervules, which in this case are all
invariably thrown off on the underside towards the outer margin, and being numbered in
order as they are thrown off from the base, they reach the outer margin in inverse order, the
first ending nearest the hinder angle, and the third nearest the apex. The lower disco-cellular
nervule (when present) closes the cell by junction with the median nervure ; below the median
12 INTRODUCTION.
nervure is another nervure extending from the base of the wing to near the hinder angle,
and without branches, called the swbmedian nervure (c). This nervure is occasionally (especi-
ally in the Papilionide and Morphine) joined to the median nervure near the base, by 2
short connecting nervule, termed the z¢erno-median nervule (not shown in the plate). Lastly,
between the submedian nervure and the inner margin is occasionally found a short nervure
from the base, often not extending to the inner margin, and called the zzternal nervure (f).
This net-work of branches greatly facilitates exact description of the distribution of the
colours and position of the markings, and of the various sexual appendages which are found on
the wings of Butterflies, the latter chiefly in the males. When the names attached to the various
margins, nervures, and nervules are impressed on the memory, the terms denoting the various
areas will be readily understood. Broadly speaking the wing is divided, for purposes of de-
scription, into the following areas:—(1), the costa’ area, between the costal nervure and costal
margin ; (2), the szdcostal area between the subcostal and costal nervures ; (3), the @/sco¢dal cell ;
(4), the zzterno-median area between the median and submedian nervules ; (5), the ternal area
between the submedian nervure and the inner margin; (6), the dasal area comprising the
portion of all the above areas nearest to the base ; (7), the afzcal area near the apex ; and (8),
the marginal area along the outer margin. The remaining portion of the wing between the
discoidal cell and the marginal area is often loosely called the dsc or discal area ; but for
greater accuracy it is usual to define the interspaces between each pair of nervules. Thus, the
space between the first and second median nervules is termed the first median interspace ; that
between the second and third, the second median interspace ; that between the third median
and lower discoidal nervules, the ¢iivd median interspace ; that between the lower and upper
discoidal nervules, the lower déscoidal interspace ; and that between the upper discoidal and last
subcostal nervules, the «per discoidal interspace, and so on,
The following expression used in describing also require some explanation. When the
term doth wings is used it refers to the fore and hindwings of one side, not both forewings or
both hindwings. The /ength of a wing is measured from the base to the apex ; the breadth
from the hinder angle to the costa ; the exfamse is usually taken as twice the length of the
forewing plus the breadth of the body. A band or stripe of colour is said to be longitudinal
when itis in the direction of the length of the wing, and ¢rvansverse when it is in the direction
of the breadth of the wing, whether fore or hind: thus a transverse band on the hindwing
can be nearly parallel sometimes to a longitudinal band on the forewing: a macular band is a
band evidently composed of coalescing spots, and a /unular band is one evidently composed
of coalescing lunules.
The classification of Butterflies is not of course based on the features of the perfect insect
only. The egg, as has been noted above, affords no indication of the affinities of the perfect
insect, though, judging from analogy, it is possible that further investigation may remove this
apparent anomaly ; but the other stages of caterpillar and chrysalis furnish important, and
perhaps even more critical, tests of actual affinity than the last or final stage does. In a hand-
book of this sort the distinctive characters of the perfect insect are more prominently put
forward in any case, on account of the perfect insect being more accessible to beginners in the
study ; and in this particular instance the characters of the earlier stages of Indian Butterflies,
being so little known comparatively, it would be premature to attempt to give them the first
place, but it is essential to note that the classification, though based nominally on the perfect
insect, must be considered as open to revision, when it is found that it entails anomalous group.
ing of the earlier stages. Generally speaking it will be found that this is not the case, and
that the genera, as now defined, group together caterpillars and chrysalises of the same general
types and habits.
The sexes of Butterflies differ frequently in colouring, and almost always in outline of wings
and size ; the female being usually the larger, and having the wings, especially the forewing,
broader and more rounded than in the males. But independently of colouring and outline, and
also of internal structure, which can only be investigated by dissection under a microscope, there
are in most instances external structural features by which the sexes can, with certainty and ~
INTRODUCTION. 13
, without much difficulty, be discriminated. Throughout the families in which the forelegs
are more or less imperfectly developed, including the Danxaine, Satyrina, Elymniine, Morphine,
Acreine, Nymphaline, Libytheine, Nemeobiine, and Lycenide, the structure of the tarsus of
the imperfect foreleg differs in the male and female. These differences vary in the different
genera, (see Pl. I, dissections of ¥unonia asterie, Elymnias undularis and Melanitis leda, figs.
e. and #) and are detailed in the generic descriptions. In addition to the * foreleg” test the
sexes of many species belonging to the above families may be recognised by marks on the
wings, which occur in the male sex only. Such are the pouches on the hindwing of many species
of Danais, the patches of silky appressed scales on the forewing of many species of Zuflwa,
the erectile tufts of hair on the hindwings of A/ycalesis and of the A/orphina, the raised
stripes along the median nervules of the forewing in some species of Argynnis. In
the Pierine the sexes almost invariably differ in colour, and the outer margin is more
rounded in the females than in the males; but, with few exceptions, as for instance, the
eretile tufts on the hindwings of Caéofsilias, there are few prominent external features to
distinguish the sexes. In the /afilionine the sexual distinctions, irrespective of colour and
outline, are very various. P. folyctor, and some of its allies, have raised stripes along the median
nervules of the males, as in Argynnis; in Leptocivcus and in many species of Papilio,
such as P. saleucus, P. nox, and its allies, the abdominal margin of the hindwing is
broadly folded back on to the upper surface in the males, In Ornithoptera, and in some Pafilios
males have a pair of conspicuous corneous valves on the last segment of the abdomen; while in
Parnassius the females are furnished with a corneous pouch on this segment. In TZeinopalpus
the male has one tail on the hindwing and the female has three. Among the Hesferide, the
only remaining family, the discrimination of the sexes is often a difficult matter. According
to Westwood in some groups* the fore-margin (costa) of the forewing is recurved in the males,
the enclosed space being thickly clothed with pale coloured down ;in others the males have a
large velvety patch near the base of the forewing ; in others the males have a thickened oblique
ridge in the middle of the forewing ; and in others the form of the club of the antenne differs in
the sexes. In life the females are as a rule less active than the males, and less frequently seen
on the wing. It often happens that, when males are common in collections, females are
rare or even unknown, as from their more sedentary habits they are more likely to escape
observation,
The powers and style of flight vary much in the different genera, so much so that a prac-
tised observer will generally readily distinguish the different genera on the wing.
The genera in many cases contain a large number of species which can be grouped under
several types. Some of the largest of these genera, such as Danais, Euplea, Lethe, and
Mycaiesis have in recent years been divided up into numerous groups, based chiefly, if not en.
tirely, on the characters of the male insect. The generic value of these sub-divisions is doubtful,
but their usefulness as aids to correct arrangement and identification of the species is unquestion-
able. In order to retain the names of these sub-divisions, many of which will probably be
adopted as generic divisions in future works, but which at present we do not feel justified
in using to the exclusion of the name of the larger and more completely defined group,
of which they form sections, we have usually added in brackets after the generic name, the
name of the minor group where it has been separately characterised.
With regard to species and varieties, we have found it convenient to describe, where there
is any room for doubt, under its own distinctive name, every form that has been separately
characterised. The question whether any particular form represents a species or a variety of
a species can at present be decided in most instances in this country only as a matter of con-
jecture, fora knowledge of the life-history in all its stages is essential to the authoritative
settlement of such questions ; at the same time the evidently, or apparently allied species, are
carefully grouped together, and the nature of the variety is indicated as closely as our present
knowledge will allow.
_ erie SS SS, Tarr
* Exclusively American.
14 INTRODUCTION.
Thus a species, say margarita of Euplewa, belonging to the group which has been discri-
minated as Sa/pinx, is entered as Euplea (Salpinx) margarita, and such species as expromfpta,
nicobarica, and vulgaris, which are all conjectured on very fair grounds to be merely local or
geographical varieties of Daxazs similis (of China) are entered as Danats exprompta, Danais
nicobarica, &c., but grouped together in consecutive order with their apparent affinities
indicated.
The great importance ofa correct record of exact localities cannot be too strongly insisted
on. The vague localities used by the earlier writers, such as “ Hast Indies,” which may mean
any portion of India, Malayana or the Malay Archipelago; or ‘* North India,” which
may mean anything from the snows of Kashmir to the hot, moist, forests of Assam and
Eastern Bengal, are useless for scientific purposes, and should be scrupulously avoided. Such
localities have necessarily often been quoted in this book, for in some cases the Butterflies have
not been captured since the original description was published, so that the exact localities of
capture are still unknown. It is difficult to record on labels any full details, but in addition to
the actual locality, the name of the province, and, if in a mountainous district, the approximate
elevation above the sea, should invariably be noted. The date of capture too is a most valuable
record, not only for information of future collectors in quest of the insect, but as a clue to
whether the insect belongs to a spring, summer, or autumn brood. Doubtful localities, such as
“ Darjeeling,” for a butterfly purchased at Darjeeling, should be always carefully distinguished
from the accurate records of places of capture. The necessity for care in this matter will
be understood when it is considered how the Indian Empire is situated. There is a fairly typical
“Indian ” fauna, as represented by the central portions of Continental India andthe Peninsula,
but on the West Coast, stragglers from the African and South Paleearctic fauna may be found.
In the North West, and also in the higher ranges of the Himalayas, the Eastern Palzearctic
forms occur ; on the east the Indo-Malayan fauna is largely represented, and many of the
typical Malayan forms occur ; and it is of great importance to ascertain, as accurately as
possible, the extreme ranges to which the various types extend.
COLLECTING AND PRESERVING.
To start with, a net is the first essential required. In England apparatus for collecting is
to be obtained at any of the established Naturalist’s shops; in India one has to depend
a good deal on one’s own ingenuity to supply one’s wants inthis respect. The main point to
aim at is lightness, so far as is compatible with rigidity, of the frame and handle, on which
the handiness of the net largely depends. Probably, the simplest form of net is somewhat oval
in shape, and made of three joints, which can be riveted together or not at the discretion of the
user. For this kind of net all that is required is to have made by any bazar blacksmith a brass
Y and two ferules. The Y should be made of three tubes, the lower one somewhat larger and
longer than the other two that form the branches. In the lower one a strong, rzgid.
stick is fitted, and for general collecting the stick should not be less then five or six feet in
length, though for collecting small ‘* Blues,” &c., a shorter stick will be found much more
handy. Again, for taking insects that fly high and settle on the upper branches of trees, a pole,
20 or 30 feet in length, may be required. The framework of the net should be in three pieces ;
the two side pieces (fitting at their bottom ends into the two upper branches of the Y) should
be of very tough rigid wood. On their further ends the two ferules are fixed, one end of
each being fastened with a rivet, so precluding any chance of the ferule falling off and getting lost.
The top of the net may be made of a piece of rattan cane. ‘The circumference of the net when
fitted together should again depend upon circumtances. One fifty inches round is a good sized
general net, but will be found much too small, unless very skilfully used, to catch the large, fast-
flying Fapilios, &c. Probably a net 70 to 80 inches round will be found the most
generally useful, particularly in rich localities, where the larger insects abound. Nothing is
more annoying than to lose a large, fine insect, which may be very rare, because one’s net is an
inch or so too narrow! For a small pocket net one made with the joints folding like the old
fashioned parasol, the handle of which doubles up in the middle, will be found very useful.
INTRODUCTION. 15
The framework should be made of four pieces of rattan cane, each piece bent by steaming
into a quarter circle, the two end ones fitting, as in the larger net, into a Y-piece. This is a
capital net for small insects, and has the great advantage of being easily put together and being
“ carriable” in an inside pocket, The net itself is a simple bag ; a broad hem made of very
coarse cotton cloth ismade for the framework to run in, the bag being made of any length
thought advisable. For the larger net four feet is not too long ; about three feet will suffice
for the smaller net, the framework of which should not exceed a yard in circumference.
Common mosquito netting is a good material for the net ; green gauze is better, but is more
difficult to obtain ; the flimsier the material used, the less is the risk incurred of injuring the
insects.
A collecting box is the next essential. It should be made of zinc, and have pieces of sheet
cork fixed to the lid and bottom inside by clamps. The box should be made to fit an
outside pocket. When starting ona day’s collecting, the cork should be well wetted, so that
the specimens pinned into it remain limp till they are ready to be set. If the cork
is not damped, specimens will get as dry asa chip in an hour or two under the hot sun of
India, and require to be relaxed to be set. During a journey, when specimens cannot be set
the same day, or when specimens are required to be sent long distances, either for custody
or exchange, it is best to put them at once into paper cases. For this purpose a supply of
paper should be kept ready, cut into oblongs of various sizes, a little longer than they are
broad, Thin Serampore paper, or the thinnest printing paper, answers best ; each paper should
be folded diagonally once, with the two ends projecting, so that by folding over the right
hand edge to the right, and the left hand edge to the left, a closed triangular pocket is
formed, in which the Butterfly can be placed. Great care should be taken that the ends
fold over the reverse ways, for then the pocket can be easily opened without damage to the
Butterfly inside. Only one Butterfly should be put in each paper, and when putting it in
the wings should be folded together over the back, and the antennz put back carefully
against the wings. Care should always be taken to prevent injury to the legs and antennz
if the species are to be of any value for scientific purposes. On each paper should be roughly
noted the date and place of capture. Specimens thus packed can be safely kept and transported,
and can be relaxed at any time. For relaxing two methods are available—first, a zinc box lined
with cork well damped inside; second, an unglazed earthen ghurra fitted with a top, and
containing about two inches of well damped sand. The mouth of the ghurra should be wide.
The insects to be relaxed should be laid on the damp cork or sand and then closed up, the
eghurra, if one is used, being wrapped with damp cloths. In a few hours the specimens will
be found ready for setting.
Pins are next required. By sending a Post Office Money Order to Messrs. D. F. Taylor
& Co., New Hall Works, Birmingham, England, fora sovereign, and specifying the sizes of pins
required, a supply will be sent by overland parcel post which will last an ordinary
collector for five years. Nos. 11, (large, for Papz/ios, &c.), 12 (medium sized, the pin most
wanted), and 6 (small size for “ Blues,”’ &c.), will be found a good selection.
Setting boards are required to spread out the insects on when caught and before placing
in the collection. They can be easily made out of Semz/ or other soft wood, and should havea
groove for the body, regulated in size according to the size of the bodies of the Butterflies
intended to be set on them, and a smaller groove in the centre of the Jarger one
for the reception of the pin. In making these boards great care should be exercised in making
the pin groove in all the boards of equal depth, which should be one-third of an inch from
the bottom of the body-groove. If this is not attended to it will be found that, when the
insects are taken off the boards and placed side by side in the store-box or cabinet, being
at different heights on the pin, they present a very irregular appearance, all up and down,
no two insects at the same level. Uniformity in setting adds greatly to the beauty of a
collection. Boards should be made of all sizes—from half-an-inch broad for the tiniest ‘‘ Blues”
to eight inches for the gigantic Ornzthopteras. The boards should also gently slope downwards
on each side from the centre groove, not too much, say about 10°, and the slope in all the
boards should be the same.
16 INTRODUCTION.
Lastly, places in which to store the insects, when caught and set, are required. The best
are English-made mahogany cabinets, the drawers eighteen inches square, and about two inches
deep, with a glass cover to each drawer, and a camphor cell round each. Such cabinets cost
from £1 to 41-5 a drawer in England, so are very expensive ; but there is nothing like them for
preserving the specimens. The next best things are cork-lined store boxes with a single cam-
phor cell, and fitting very closely, Any good native carpenter can turn out such boxes, and
instead of cork, so/a pith can be used ; cut into strips and pasted on the top and bottom of the
box, with a double layer of moderately thick paper over it, it answers all purposes. The most
useful size for store boxes is eighteen inches long, twelve broad, and three deep. If the boxes
are all made of the same size, they can be packed very easily into a larger outer box, which is
an additional security against mites and mould, the two great enemies to the collector in India,
Such store boxes donot require glass covers. The supply of camphor in each box should
be kept up most carefully, or else mites will destroy in avery short time the results of
one’s labors, and as an additional protection, if the insides of the boxes are occasionally painted
over with a few drops of oil of aniseed, lemon, grass oil, or any ‘‘essential” oil to be
obtained at a chemist’s, mites will never shew themselves. Should they do so, a few
drops of benzine or benzine collas dropped on the specimens affected, will destroy
every mite without injuring the specimens in the least if the benzine is pure, but the
benzine should first be tried on a commom specimen to ascertain its purity, or rare specimens may
be injured. Very often an insect will go greasy. To remedy this one has only to immerse
the specimen bodily, pin and all, in a bath of benzine; take it out after a few minutes
and leave the benzine to evaporate, and it will be found that, not only has the specimen
not been injured at all, but that the grease has entirely disappeared, and the specimen is
restored to all its original beauty. While the benzine is evaporating, and until the colours
return, the specimen should be kept in a separate box in which the air can circulate.
Each specimen, when caught, should have a small label with the exact locality where
caught, and date when captured, placed, face downwards, on the pin beneath it. A collection
should be arranged in rows, one specimen behind another; the males at the head of each
row, the females following, and the name of the species ending each row. When a
collection embraces specimens from various localities, it isan advantage to place a label at
the side of and below each specimen, shewing where it was taken. This does away with
the necessity of taking up each specimen to read the label beneath it, when its place of capture
is required to be known, but under no circumstances should the label beneath the specimen
be dispensed with, since from every point of view, a collection of insects with the specimens
all properly ‘localized’ is worth far more than one in which the localities of the specimens
have not been retained.
For further useful information on these, and on all other matters connected with the
collection of insects, including the collecting ard management of eggs, caterpillars, and
chrysalises for breeding, we would recommend collectors to obtain Dr. H. Guard Knaggs’
“ Lepidopterists’ Guide for the use of the young collector,” published by John Van Voorst,
1, Paternoster Row, London, E.C,, the new illustrated edition of which can be bought
for one shilling.
SYNOPSIS OF THE FAMILIES AND SUBFAMILIES.
RHOPALOCERA.
FAMILIES.
I.—NYMPHALID.A, with the Foreiecs very feebly developed in both sexes, short,
imperfect, and unfitted for walking. FOREWING with the subcostal nervure emitting four
branches exclusive of terminal portion.
I.—DANAIN: Bony, long, slender; ANTENN#, not half the length of forewing, gradually clavate;
PALPI, short, divergent, erect, very slightly compressed, clothed with dense short porrect hairs; WINGS,
entire, rather lengthened, never dentate or caudate ; CELL, closed in both wings; FOREWING, nervures
never dilated at base, upper disco-cellular minute or wanting, internal nervure slender, running into the
submedian near its base; HINDWING, discoidal nervure appearing as athird subcostal nervule, no
prediscoidal cell.
IL—SATYRINE: Bopy, short, weak; ANTENN#, short, slender, club usually slender but variable in
shape; PALPI, moderately long, divergent, erect, very much compressed, and clothed in front with long
porrect hairs ; WINGS, broad, sometimes rounded, often dentate, occasionally falcate in forewing and
slightly caudate in hindwing; CELL, closed in both wings ; FOREWING, with the nervures generally
dilated at base; HINDWING, with no przdiscoidal cell.
1II.—ELYMNIIN: Bopy, rather robust; ANTENNA, short, slender, with long, slender, gradually formed
club; paLpi, dong, divergent, porrect, nearly straight, only slightly compressed, clothed with short
appressed hairs longer on the back edge ; WINGS, dentate, or angled ; CELL, broad, generally closed in
both wings by long, slender, much curved nervules; FOREWING, with the costal nervure only slightly
dilated at base ; HINDWING, furnished with a prediscoidal cell,
IV.—MORPHINZ:: Bopy, robust, seldom elongate; ANTENN#, long, slender, with aslender club;
PALPI, small, wide apart, erect (elongate and porrect in Amathusia and Zeuxidi2), front edge
narrowed and sharp, clothed with scales or scaly appressed hairs, the back edge often hairy; WINGS
large, broad, ample, sometimes rounded, sometimes witha short broad tail; cg&Lt, in forewing broad,
closed—in hindwing open ; FOREWING, with the nervures not dilated at base (except in Clerome), the
costal nervure sometimes appearing as if branched ; HINDWING, with no prediscoidal cell.
V.—ACREINZE: Bony, long, rather stout; ANTENN#, Short, abruptly clavate, the club obtuse at tip ;
PALPI, long, divergent, erect, hairy, the second joint somewhat swollen ; WINGS, long, narrow, entire,
never dentate or caudate; CELL, closed in both wings; FOREWING, nervures not dilated at base ;
HINDWING, with no prediscoidal cell, zot channelled to receive abdomen; NEURATION asin Danainag,
VI.—NYMPHALIN&E: Bopy, robust ; ANTENN#, long, with a broad elongate distinct club ; PALP1, large,
protruding, wide apart, scaly, the front edge broadly dilated; wiNGs, large, triangular, but varying
much in outline ; CELL, sometimes closed in both wings, often open in hindwing, and sometimes open in
forewing also ; FOREWING, nervures not dilated at base, (except inafew genera, Ergolis, Eurytela,
&c., in which the costal nervure only is dilated), the second subcostal nervule emitted before end of
cell ; HINDWING, channelled to receive abdomen, no prediscoidal cell.
4
18 SYNOPSIS OF THE FAMILIES.
II.—LEMONIID.ZS, with the Forevecs small, slender, imperfect, but more developed
than in the Wymphalide ; those of the males brush-like and clothed with long hairs, the tarsus
without joints or claws ; of the females, longer, slender, scaly, tarsus with the joints longer and
more distinct than in the Mymphalide. FOREWING, subcostal nervure generally with only
three branches, the disco-cellulars very slender. All of small size.
I.—LIBYTHAIN#: Bopy, robust; ANTENN#&, short, stout, incrassate, or gradually clavate ; PALP!,
very long, protruding, united at tip, forming a long conical beak ; CELL, in both wings, closed; FORE-
WING, very falcate, upper disco-cellular minute.
1l.—NEMEOBIIN: Bony, slender, or somewhat robust; ANTENN#, moderately long, slender, and
abruptly clubbed ; PALPI, very small and slender, scarcely advanced in front of the face, the last joint
nearly naked ; CELL, in both wings, closed ; FORRWING, with the upper disco-cellular obliterated ; HIND-
WING, very variable in shape, slightly channelled to receive the abdomen.
IIT.—LYCZSNID.2B, with the Forevecs slender and evidently smaller than the rest,
but nearly alike in the sexes, used for walking, scaly ; tarsus of the male long, exarticulate,
that of the female jointed like in the hindlegs. Formwinc, with the subcostal nervure
emitting only two, or three, branches ; the discoidal cell generally narrow owing to the distance
between the costal and subcostal nervures. All but one or two of small size. Bopy, rather
slender; ANTENNA, short, often ringed with white, with an elongate distinct club ; PALPI,
elongate, terminal joint, slender, horizontal, and nearly naked. HINDWING, scarcely channelled
to receive the abdomen, often with one or more slender tails ; precostal nervure apparently
wanting.
IV.—PAPILIONID.Z, with att six Leos perfect. WunGs, with the discoidal cells
always completely closed ; some of the subcostal nervules of the forewing emitted beyond the
end of the cell.
I.—PIERIN/& : Bopy, slender, or moderately robust ; ANTENNA, elongate, with an ovate club, or short,
incrassate and truncate ; PALPI, rather long, porrect, often hairy; FOREWING, with lower discoidal
nervule manifestly distinct from the median nervure ; HINDWING, channelled to receive the abdomen ;
Trera of foreleg without any spur in the middle.
11.—PAPILIONIN~: Bopy, short, somewhat robust ; ANTENNA, gradually clavate, club elongate, some-
times tapering; PALPI, short (except in Tcinopalpus), pressed close to the face, densely clothed with
scales and hairs; FOREWING, w7th the lower discoidal nervule united to the third median, and appears
ing like a fourth median nervule ; HINDWING, never channelled to receive the abdomen; T1B1A of fore-
leg, with a stout spur about the middle.
V.—HESPERID.ZS, with at six ixcs perfect. Wines, with the discoidal cell
of hindwing slenderly, and often incompletely closed, subcostal nervure of forewing always
with four branches, all four emitted before end of cell. Of small size, very robust build and
rapid flight. Bopy of all but a few very robust ; ANTENNA, wide apart at base, with a thick
club, or strong curved hook at tip ; PALPI, short, very broad, closely pressed against the face,
densely squamose. HINDLEGS, generally with a pair of moveable spines at the tip of the tibia,
and another pair in the middle ; MIDDLE LEGs with a pair of moveable spines at the tip of the
tibize.
The foregoing table is drawn up in accordance with the arrangement adopted in Kirby's
‘**Synonymic Catalogue of Diurnal Lepidoptera,” that being the only complete catalogue of the
suborder yet published ; but there are many points on which the arrangement is open to revision,
and possibly improvement, when the life-history of exotic Butterflies becomes more fully known.
The position of a few genera has already been altered.
The primary divisions into families are based, as regards the perfect insect, mainly on the
structure of the legs, and especially on the extent of development of the forelegs.
SYNOPSIS OF THE FAMILIES: 1g
The secondary divisions into subfamilies are far less clearly marked, and it is difficult to
find distinctive characters of sufficient importance to maintain some of these divisions. The
characters given in the table are merely a few of the more important, the remaining characters
being detailed in the body of the work.
In the subfamilies of the Mymphalide the most important test is the structure and clothing of
the labial palpi, but even the palpi are not uniform throughout the genera of each subfamily ; each
division naturally may be expected to embrace, in addition to the more typical genera, aber-
rant forms showing approaches to other types, and with these there is sometimes consider-
able difficulty in determining their affinities. The characters given in the table, takenasa
whole, will usually be sufficient for identification.
The Danaine form a well-marked group, and, as far as the Indian genera are concerned,
no doubt has ever been raised as to the propriety of retaining each and all of them in their
present places ; their nearest allies are the American subfamily He/éconine, which latter have
no representatives in Asia.
The Satyrineg, too, form a well-marked group, mainly distinguished structurally by the
long hairs of the palpi. This character is not fully developed in all the genera, but no genera
are included among the Indian Satyrinve, the position of which in the present subfamily has
been considered doubtful. One or more of the nervures of the forewing are often, if not
always, much dilated at the base ; the dilation of the costal nervure occurs also in Zlymuias
and in some genera of Nymphaline, but the dilation of the subcostal and median nervures is,
where it occurs, characteristic of the Satyrin@. The Satyrine are found in all parts of the
world, but are most numerous proportionally in temperate climates.
The Zlymuiing in this arrangement are restricted to two very closely allied genera, which,
with the exception of a very few east African species, are entirely Asiatic, and the bulk in-
habit the Malay Archipelago. They are very closely affined to the Satyrixe, but differ
in the clothing of the palpi, and in the presence of a praediscoidal cell in the hindwing.
Westwood included them with Zurytela, Ergolis and Hypants, (which also have the costal nervure
dilated at base) as a separate subfamily under the name of Lurytelide, and there is a
good deal to be said in support of this arrangement; the latter genera are now included
among the NMymphaling, and they form a link between that subfamily and the Satyrine
and Z£lymniine.
The Morphine include several genera (dmathusia, Zeuxidia, Enispe, and Discophora)
which were included by Westwood among the A'ymphaline, and also one genus, Xanthotenia,
which Kirby even now includes among the Vymphaline. The genera which should compose
this subfamily, and even the right of this to the rank of a subfamily at all, have been frequently
disputed. Horsfield and Swainson grouped it with the Satyrtx@; some of the American
group have a prediscoidal cell, showing affinity for the Zlymniine, and some American
genera have the discoidal cell in the hindwing closed. These American forms are included in 2
separate subfamily, Brassoline, which has no representatives in India. But the characters given
in the table wiil define the Indian genera, and, though numerous divergencies in structural detail
exist even among these, the group is clearly a natural one.
The Acreine contain only two Indian species, which were formerly considered to represent
different genera, but now are included in a single genus. About fifty species are found in
Africa, one in the Malay Archipelago, one in Australia, and between twenty and thirty in
America. So far as the Indian species are concerned, this group is abundantly distinct.
The American He/iconine are closely related to this group.
The Aymphaline embrace the widest differences of form, outline, and even structure,
the long and distinctly clubbed antennz and the protruding dilated palpi being the most constant
20 SYNOPSIS OF THE FAMILIES.
features. As arranged in this work they exclude, as stated above, certain genera now in-
cluded among the Morphing, and they include other genera which are equally closely allied
to the Elymniine. The minor structural differences to be found within this group will be
detailed further on.
The remaining groups, Libytheine, Nemeobiine (or Erycinine of Westwood), Lycenida,
Pierine, Papilionine, and Hesperide need no remark ; the characters are well defined, and
the allocation of the genera composing the groups is undisputed.
FAMILY 1.-—NYMPHALIDZ.
This family includes the whole of the great division of Butterflies in which the forelegs
of the perfect insect are undeveloped, having the tarsus rudimentary in doth sexes. As thus
defined it includes all genera in which the chrysalis is simply suspended by the tail
and not girt about the body by a thread, (see Plate II, Athyma leucothoé and Adolias
lubentina), with the single exception of the genus Zzdythea, which forms the link between
the Mymphalide and the next family, Lemoniide. Libythea is a very distinct form; it was
placed as a separate family by Westwood, and is still retained as a separate subfamily by
Kirby ; it is classed with Zemoniide rather than with Mymphalide, on account of the struc-
ture of the forelegs.
It also includes two distinct types of caterpillar :—the “‘ Scolopendriform” (see Plate II,
Athyma leucothoé), and the ‘‘ Thysanuriform”’ (see Plate II, Adolias garuda), sections of
Horsfield’s classification of 1857.
In the aspect of the perfect insect, the Wymphalide vary greatly; in shape from the
long wing of Hestia to the short deep wing of allima; in colour from the sombre
Satyrine to the brilliant Zuf/wa and Afpatura; in size from the tiny YVthima to the
gigantic Thaumantis ; in structure from the weak Zredia and the delicately formed Cyrestis
to the strong and rapid Charaxes; in habit too there is an equally wide divergence, from the
shade-loving, sometimes crepuscular JZelanitis to the Vanessa, which basks in the hottest
sunshine ; but throughout the family the small undeveloped foreleg folded closely against
the thorax is a constant and well-marked feature.
SUBFAMILY I.—DANAIN.Z5,* Bates. (PLatTEs III To IX INCLUSIVE.)
Danaine, Bates, Journ. Ent., vol. ii, p. 176 (1864); Danaide, Felder, Wien. Ent, Mon., vol. vi, p. 74 (1862);
Danaide, Doubdl.,Gen, D, L., p. 84 (1847).
HEAD, round. yes, oval, prominent. Ladial palpi, divergent, ascending, scarcely rising
above the forehead, distinctly triarticulate; the basal joint short, stout, curved; second
double the length of the first, subcylindric, slightly curved, rounded at each extremity ;
third minute, about one-fifth the length of the second, obovate, slightly pointed. Antenne,
gradually clavate. Thorax, moderately stout. FOREWING, elongate, the ce// closed; the
subcostal nervure always with four branches exclusive of the terminal portion; the first
nervule thrown off before the end of the cell, generally distant, at its origin, about one-fourth
the length of the cell from the disco-cellular nervule, the second thrown off at the end of the
cell or very little before it, the third rather more distant from the second than from
the fourth, the fourth about midway between the third and the apex. Upper disco-cellular
nervule very short, or altogether wanting ; mdd/e and /ower, about equal in length ; én/ernal
nervure slender, running into the submedian, causing the latter to appear as if double at its
* In his recently published ‘‘ Lepidoptera of Ceylon,” Mr. F. Moore alters the name of this subfamily
to Eufpleine with the following remark : ‘‘ Linnzus’s name of Danaus having been adopted in a generic
sense by Esper in 1777, and also by Panzer in 1801, for species of Pievine, its use—as applied by Latreille
in 1809, cannot be retained in this group of Butterflies.’’ Possibly this may be strictly correct ; but as the
name of Daxais has been in general, if not universal, use in connection with the present subfamily for upwards
of seventy years, and as its use in this sense cannot possibly be misunderstood, we have deemed it advisable
to retainit here. It is so interwoven withthis sense in all entomological literature that it seems-a pity to
have disturbed its claim to acceptation on account of an objection founded solely on works which are
practically obsolete.
22 NYMPHALID. DANAINE.
base. HINDWING obovate, the cell closed; the discotdal nervure always appearing to be
a third subcostal nervule ; addominal fold mostly ample. LeEGs, (except the forelegs) rather
stout and long; forelegs imperfect, varying in the sexes; middle and hindlegs with the tibie
spiny ; the sfines not strikingly developed; the ¢avsé with the basal joint long; second,
third, and fourth progressively shorter; fifth longer than the second; all spiny at the
sides below ; claws simple. ABDOMEN, rather slender, nearly as long as the abdominal margin
of the hindwing.
CATERPILLAR.—Stout, cylindrical, smaller towards the head, furnished on one or more of
the anterior segments with a pair of long, slender, flexible, fleshy tentacula, not retractile ; and
with a similar, but often shorter, pair on the penultimate segment (Westwood). The anterior
pair of these processes in all Damais, and almost certainly in all Hestéa, are articulated and
freely moveable at the base and function as antenne (J. Wood-Mason).
CHRYSALIS.—Suspended, short, smooth, somewhat ovate, contracted near the middle
(Doubleday), often with brilliant metallic colouring.
The Danaine are insects of large or moderate size, of slow flapping flight when undis-
turbed, and of fearless demeanour. They include some of the very commonest of Indian
Butterflies, and the commoner species are not only wide-spread, but they occur in most parts
in very great numbers. Their fearlessness is evidently the result of the freedom that they
enjoy from the attacks of insectivorous birds and reptiles, which they owe to the presence of
a pungent semi-aromatic odour pervading the juices of their bodies ; these juices, when exuded
by pressure, stain the skin yellow and leave a distinct odour; their bodies are moreover very
tough and leathery, and they have great tenacity of life, so that any individual which might be
accidentally seized and afterwards dropped by a bird, has a good chance of escaping with
immunity when more delicately framed insects would be killed or hopelessly maimed.
The males often bear curious sexual marks on the wings, and have besides the power of
extruding and expanding two long brushes of yellow hairs from their anal extremity which
have been thought to disseminate the odour with which the insects are furnished. In
connection with the immunity from persecution which these insects enjoy, it is worthy of note
that many species belonging to widely different genera, such as Elymnias, Hypolimnas,
some of the FPierine, Papilioninea, &c., which altogether lack this kind of protection, are
found to closely resemble in outward appearance and style of colouration certain species of
Danaine which frequent the same localities at the same periods; such genera are termed
“ mimetic,” with reference to this habit of mimicry, which is a subject of great interest and
importance for investigation. Regarding the gregarious habits of these insects, Dr. Thwaites*
writes from Ceylon: ‘ Ona fine sunny day, when calm or nearly so, amazing numbers of one
or more species of Zufl/ea may often be observed wending their way in one direction, as if
floating upon the air a few feet from the ground, with an apparently sluggish movement of their
wings, though really making rapid progress.” Captain C. H. E. Adamson also writes that,
on one occasion near Moulmein, on the 12th June, he found hundreds of Zug/ee of numerous
species, all congregated round a single flowering tree in the jungle, at a time when scarcely a
single Zxflwa was to be found elsewhere in the neighbourhood. Mr. Harold Fergusson
has observed much the same habit in Hestia Lynceus, and every one who has paid attention to
the subject in this country must have observed the swarms of the common Danais chrysippus,
D. genutia, and Euplea core to be found from time to time in various localities, All the
Danaine have the costal and subcostal nervures of the forewing rather widely separated ;
also the peculiar structure of the internal nervure noted above. They are found in all the four
continents and in Australia, though as a rule confined to tropical and sub-tropical regions.
The Indo-Malayan region, where the species are very numerous, appears to be the head-quarters
of the subfamily. The distinctive characters of the Indian genera are shown in the following
table :—
* “ Lepidoptera of Ceylon,’’ by F, Moore, F.Z.S.
NYMPHALID:. DANAIN&. . HESTIA. 23
J
Key to the Generaof DANAINZE.
A, Antennz almost filiform, scarcely perceptibly clavate. Of large size; wings elongate, diaphanous, white
with black or blackish spots and marks ; no sexual pouchon hindwing of male. Claws furnished with
paronychia and pulvillt,
: I,—HEstTI1A,
B. Antennz distinctly clavate.
a. Claws without paronychia or pulvilli.
a', With xo sexual spot on hindwing of male. Smaller than Hestsa, but similar in form and
colouration.
: 1I.—Ipgopsis.
5, Generally with sexual spot or pouch on hindwing of male. Wings yellowish brown, or bluish
or greenish white, bordered and more or less streaked with black. ioe
.—Danals.
4, Claws furnished with paronychia and pulvilli. The sexual marks, usually on forewing of male;
wings various shades of velvety-brown or black, often brilliantly glossed and spotted with
blue, and often with white spots near the outer margin.
IV.—Evpra@a.
The genera of Danais and Euplea have been further subdivided into minor groups, based
mainly onthe form and position of the sexual marks in the males; these subdivisions are
indicated under each generic head, but the generic names, as defined above, are retained, as
they alone appear to have full generic value,
Genus 1.—HESTIA, Hiibner. (Prates III & IV).
Hestia, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett., p. 14 (1816); Double., Gen. D. L., p. 94 (1847) 5 Butler, Trans. Ent.
Soc. Lond., series iii, yol. v, p. 467 (1867) Monograph ; Idea, Fabricius, Il]. Mag., vol. vi, p. 283 (1808); Latr.,
Enc. Méth,, vol. ix, p. 10 (1819) ; Mowe. Spec. Horsfield, Cat. Lep. E. I. C., pl. iii, n. 28 a, b, c, d (1828).
ANTENN&, more than half the length of the body, slender, almost filiform, scarcely
thickened at the apex. FOREWING, ample, elongate, somewhat oval ; the outer margin some-
times sinuate, especially in the males. Costal nervure and first subcostal nervule anasto-
mosing ; upper disco-cellular nervule short but distinct. H1INDWING, elongate, obovate ; the
abdominal fold almost wanting in the MALES, distinct in the FEMALES, FORELEGS, clothed
with scales ; the femur and zzdza of about equal length; the ¢arvsws of the MALES about one-
third the length of the tibia, cylindrical, tapering towards the apex, sometimes showing
indications of being four-jointed, sometimes constricted near the base, without any signs of
articulations. Zarsus of the FEMALES clavate, four-jointed, each joint, except the fourth,
armed at the apex witha spine on each side. MIDDLE and HINDLKGs, of moderate length ;
tarsi, long, with the last joint dilated. CLAaws, curved, rather short. PARONYCHIA with
the outer lacinia strap-shaped, longer than the claw; inner lanceolate, more than half as
long as the claw. PuLviLtus jointed, nearly as long as the claw, the second joint broad
and corneous.
CATERPILLAR.—Unknown. CHRYSALIS.--Typical as in the subfamily. A chrysalis of
Hestia belia, Westwood, is figured in Horsfield and Moore’s Cat. Lep. E. I. C., vol, i, pl. iv,
fig. 12 (1857), from Java.
The Hestias are remarkable Butterflies, of large size and with elongate wings ; they are
essentially tropical insects. About fifteen species are known, all from the Indian or Indo-
Malayan regions. Within our limits they seem to be confined to Ceylon, the south of the
peninsula and along the western Ghats to the south Concan, reappearing on the east in
Burma and the Andaman Islands. The texture of the wings is delicate, and the colour
throughout the group is semi-transparent white or greyish white, sometimes pure, sometimes
powdered with blackish scales, with the nervures and numerous spots and marks black. They
fly slowly over the tops of bushes and trees, often at considerable height from the ground, but
when within reach are not difficult to capture. They are essentially forest-loving insects, and
frequent the neighbourhood of pools and streams. Locally they are known by various trivial
names, often very appropriate, such as “floater,” or ‘‘silver paper fly,” or “ Sylph,” in
Ceylon ; “spectre” or “ ghost ” in south India ; ‘‘ widow”’ in Province Wellesley, &c.
The Ceylon species, H. jasonia, has been placed by Moore in his recent work on the
Lepidoptera of that island under the genus Nectaria, of Dalmann, which embraces a section
24 NYMPHALID. DANAIN. HESTIA.
of the genus Hestiaof Hiibner. The characters of this genus, as extracted below from Moore’s
work,* accord well with those of the Indian species, except that these latter have the disco-
cellulars of the hindwing bent inwards, not outwards, but the two form an outward angle at
their junction.
Eey to the Indian species of HESTIA.
A. With the white ground-colour reaching the margin of the wings between the marginal spots and
markings.
a. With the black band across the forewing consisting of a patch above anda distinct patch
in the cell ; the subapical spots small and separate.
at, Of large size (Exp. 5°5 to 6"5 inches) ; ground-colour typically grey.
x. H. Lynceus, Travancore to Mysore. .
H. 1pga, Malayana.
5%. Of smaller size (Exp. 4°5 to 5*5 inches); ground-colour pure diaphanous white.
2. H. MAvasBarica, Western Ghats, Concan.
H. cintTBata, Malacca.
é. With the patch in the cell large and confluent with the black costal patch above ; the subapical
spots elongate and coalescing.
a‘. With the inner margin white below the submedian nervure.
3. H. yasonta, Ceylon.
$1, With the inner margin entirely black below the submedian nervure,
4. H. aAGAMARSCHANA, Andamans, Mergui.
B. With the black marginal spots coalescing on the border, the white ground-colour especially on the hind-
wing not reaching the margin.
a. Withthe border spots only partially coalesced ; the ground-colour white irrorated with black
scales.
5. H. caps, South Andamans.
é. The border spots all completely coalesced ; the ground-colour pure fleckless white,
6. H. HapBnI, Bassein, British Burma.
Many of the species are very closely allied, and the specific differences require further
study, especially with regard to geographical distribution. The Mergui specimens of
H. agamarschana approximatejto H. jasonta in the presence of the second interno-median
spot on the hindwing. The coalescing of the spots on the apical half of the forewing and along
the margin of both wings in A. cade//i show an approach to A, hadent of Burma rather
than to A. jasonza of Ceylon. A. jasontia, too, appears to be distinct; but between
H. lynceus and A. malabarica there appears to be no constant difference except size,
unless the white specimens from ‘Travancore, as large as H. Lynceus, are really
Hf. malabarica, in which case the sole difference is in tone of ground-colour, as the mark-
ings are absolutely identical. Out of a large series of Mestzas from the south Concan sent
by Mr. G. Vidal, C. S., there is not a single large or grey specimen, all belonged
to the small and white type; and again out of six or seven specimens sent by
Mr. Harold Fergusson from the Ashamboo range in Travancore, there were none of
the small kind, all were very large; but while none were as grey as the typical . lynceus,
some were almost as white as typical A. malabarica. The most typical specimens of
* Nectaria, Dalm., in Billb. Enum. Ins., p. 76 (1820). “Wings semi-diaphanous, large; forewing lengthened,
triangular ; costa slightly arched ; apex quite convex ; exterior margin very oblique, waved ; posterior margin
short, slightly concave in middle ; costal nervure extending to half the length of the wing ; subcostal with
first branch emitted at some distance before end of the cell, and anastomosed to the costal near its end ; second
branch from near end of the cell ; third and fourth at equal distances beyond ; the fourth terminating above
and the fifth below the apex ; cell long ; upper disco-cellu'ar inwardly oblique and slightly angled near subcostal,
lower outwardly convex; first radial from angle of the upper, and second from near upper end of lower disco-
cellular ; three median branches wide apart ; submedian very recurved. Hindwing lengthened, oval ; costal
margin curved ; apex convex and more or less prolonged ; exterior margin slightly waved, anal angle convex ;
costal nervure short, with a basal forked spur ; subcostal branches wide apart, first very short ; disco-cellulars
bent outward at their middle, the radial emitted from the angle ; median branches wide apart ; submedian and
internal nervures slightly recurved. Body long, slender ; palpi porrect, pilose above and beneath; tip pointed ;
legs long, slender; antenne slender,” (JZoore, |. c.)
NYMPHALID2&. DANAIN. HESTIA. 25:
H. lynceus are from the Wynaad, from whence they were sent by Mr. Rhodes Morgan,
although numerous specimens in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, from the Kadur District,
Mysore, are equally typical as regards the dark-grey ground-colour, though somewhat smaller
in expanse. The large Travancore race has been retained for the present as H. lyncezs, but
the point requires further investigation. A. Aadenz with its very broad pure black border is
the most distinct of all the species.
1. Hostia lyncous, Drury.
Papilio lynceus, Drury, Ins., vol. ii, p. 12, pl. vii, fig. i (1773) 3 Hestia lynceus, Doubl, and Hew., Gens
D. L., p. 95 (1847), Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. C., vol. i, ps 134 (1857).
HasiratT : South-west peninsular India ; and Malayana,
EXPANSE : 5°3 to 6°3 inches.
DeEscRIPTION : “ UPPERSIDE, all the wings appear almost transparent and of a glassy hue,
having a great number of black spots like velvet on them, of different shapes and sizes,
some being round, some oblong, and others like streaks, there being on each forewing twenty-
eight distinct ones, besides those placed near the anterior edges, which are not easily ascertained
from their running into one another ; the Aindwing has thirty-three distinct spots like those
onthe forewing, whereof some appear double. UNDERSIDE, exactly similar to the upperside,
The edges of both wings plain and even.” (Drzry, 1. c.)
The above somewhat quaint description is taken from the original by Drury 3 it is not
very definite, but an examination of the plate, though the colouring is overdone, leaves no
doubt that the large Hestéas from the Wynaad are identical with A. lyzceus, Drury, the
expanse of which is 6°3 inches.
The following is a detailed description of the Wynaad species. Forezéwg, with the space
between the costal nervure and the margin black for about one-third the length of the wing
from the base, then merging into a black spot extending from the margin to the subcostal
nervure ; beyond this the costal margin is alternately striped white and black, In the cell are
three black streaks, the upper one starting from the subcostal nervure, the two lower united
towards the base which they do not quite reach ; beyond the middle of them is an irregu-
Jar black patch usually not reaching the nervure on either side; at the end of the cell the
disco-cellular nervules are broadly defined with black ; a discal series of seven black spots, of
which the three nearest the costa are parallel to the end of the cell, and the next four parallel
to the outer margin ; within this row is an irregular black patch on a black stripe between
the median and submedian nervures, and a round black spot between the first and second
median nervules ; beyond the discal series is a submarginal row consisting of pairs of conical
spots placed by the nervules, one on each side of each, and coalescing, and a marginal series,
consisting of a conical spot on each nervule with the base outwards and the apex coalescing
with the submarginal row, and between each pair of nervules an elongated spot ;a narrow
black marginal line extends completely round both wings. Onthe /zndwing, the markings
correspond with those on the forewing ; the marginal, submarginal and discal series are
similar in style and arrangement, but within the cell there are only two black streaks, the
upper one witha short branch near the end. The ground-colour of both wings is semi-trans-
parent white, covered with minute black irrorations giving ita greyish tone. The FEMALE
differs from the male in being somewhat larger, the forewing broader and less emarginate,
The Tranvancore specimens correspond entirely with the above in markings, but the ground-
colour is purer and more opaque white, the black irrorations being confined to the outer
half of the wing, or in some cases entirely wanting.
Hestia lynteus appears to be fairly common in the hilly districts of Travancore, but is
rather local. Mr. Harold Fergusson writes: ‘‘ On one occasion, on the 16th February, in
a patch of heavy forest at about 3,500 feet elevation, I saw numbers of this Hestza. There
must have been at least a hundred floating about the trees some twenty feet from the ground.
I had seen none before this in any of the other forests, so I should think that they must
5
26 NYMPHALID. DANAIN#, HESTIA.
be local.” * * * “* Later on during April they were not uncommon, but seldom numerons
* * * and throughout May they were common in the hills in suitable localities.” They seem
to occur only on the hills, not lower than 1,000 feet elevation, and to frequent forests. In the
Kadur District, Mysore, at about 2,500 feet elevation, it has been found common in
August, October, and November, by Mr. G. H. Kearney, a correspondent of the Indian
Museum.
In Malacca, and possibly extending up into Tenasserim, is found a variety of this species
figured by Doubleday in the Gen. D. L. (plate xiii, fig. i) as A, lynceus vax, idea; it is
smaller than the typical specimens, of equally grey ground-colour, the wings narrower and
more elongated, and all the markings smaller, and with no tendency to confluence at the apex
of the forewing. Expanse, 5°6 inches.
2. Hoestia malabarica, Moore.
H. malabarica, Moore, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., fourth series, vol. xx, p. 46 (1877).
HABITAT: South Concan, Malabar, South India.
EXPANSE: 5 to 5°5 inches (Moore) ; 4°3 to 5°0 inches (Marshall).
DESCRIPTION : “ Allied to A. belia”* [from Java] “ but differs on the forewzng in the
costa being black-streaked, the cell-spot more compact, there being also a contiguous but
distinct spot situated outside the cell nearer the base, and between the costal and subcostal
nervures ; the discal series of spots turns to the costa more abruptly and nearer to the end of
the cell; these spots are more conical, and have nocontiguous patches on the veins. The
marginal series of vein-marks are on long peduncles. On the hindwing the spots are somewhat
smaller. Aédomen above with a broad dorsal black band.” (AZoore, 1. c.) The FEMALE differs
from the male in being rather larger, the forew7vg less emarginate outwardly, broader and more
rounded ; the Aindwing is also rounder. All the markings are larger and a deeper black,
and the ground-colour not quite such a pure clear white. As the markings of this species are
precisely similar in every detail to those of 4. Lynceus, there is no occasion to repeat them.
‘© ‘Found in woody places on the western coast, especially on the thick-wooded mountain
passes up the Western Ghats and Nilgiris.’” (4/oore, 1. c.) The Hestia found in the northern
portions of the Western Ghats in the south Concan, and on the Goanese frontier, is much smaller
than the dimensions given by Moore. Of nine specimens captured by Mr. G. Vidal, none
reached 5 inches in expanse, and the smallest was only 4°3 inches ; but there can be no doubt
that they belong to the species described by Moore. Whether or not it is distinct from
H. lynceus appears still open to doubt ; but ifthe two species are distinct, the name A, malabarica
would apply to the smaller northern race. It appears to be common towards the end of
March on the wooded passes in the south Concan; a number of them were found on the
Onomed and Coessi passes at about I,600 to 1,700 feet above the sea, in that month,
Another species of this group, Hestia linteata,t+ Butler, has been recorded from Malacca.
EE ee
*Hestia belia, Westwood, Cab. Or. Ent., p. 75, pl. xxxvii, fig. 2 (1848). Habitat: Javae Expanse: 5°5
inches. Description : ‘* Wings oval, snow-white, with the veins and spots black ; the rather small spot of the
discoidal cell scarcely extending into the subcostal area, and with a row of black oval spots beyond the
middle of the wings, parallel with the apical margin, which is alternately marked with oblong-oval spots
between the nervules, and clavate ones placed on the nervules ; the inner false vein in the discoidal cell of
the Aindwing is marked in the middle of its outer edge with a black spot ; the apical margin of the wings is
rather irregular.” (Westwood, |. c.)
H. belia differs from all the Indian species by the purer and more opaque ground-colour of the wings, the
more rounded outline, the neatly, sharply-defined and rounded character of the spots, and lastly by the discal
series on the /orewing being parallel to the outer margin throughout its length, giving a neater and more regular
appearance to the style of the markings. The chrysalis is suspended freely by the tail from the back of a leaf
as figured in Horsfield and Moore’s Cat. Lep. E. I. C., vol. i, pl. iv, fig. 12 (1857).
+ Hestia linteata, Butler, Trans, Linn. Soc. Lond., second series, vol. i, Zoology, p. 536, pl. Ixix, fig. 6.
Habitat; Malacca. Expanse: 5°5 to 6°7 inches. Description: ‘‘ Nearly allied to H. delia, Westwood, but
much larger, the veins less broadly black-bordered ; spots larger, excepting towards the costa of the forewing
at apex; discoidal spot of hindwing very large; clavate markings terminating the nervules much longer,
more slender in the middle.” (But/ez, 1. c )
The species seems to be the Continental representative of 47. deZia, which as yet has only been recorded
from Java,
NYMPHALID. DANAIN &. HESTIA. 27
3. Hestia jasonia, Westwood, (PLaTe III, Fic. 1 3).
H, jasonia, Westwood, Cab, Or. Ent., p. 87, pl. xlii, fig. i (1848), #a/e; Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.
third series, vol. v, p. 470 (1867) ; Nectaria jasonia, Moore, Lep, Cey,, p. 3; pl. i, fig. i (1880),
HasitaT: Ceylon.
EXPANSE : 4°75 to 6 inches.
DescripTIon : ‘MALE and FeMALe.—/Vings semichyaline, fuliginous-white ; nervures
black. Upepersip&.—/orewing with a black basal costal border, an oblique irregular broad
band across the middle of the cell, a short streak on the middle of the costa, a streak through
the disco-cellular nervules, a large spot between the base of the two lower median nervules,
a crutch-shaped mark extending to the base above the submedian nervure, a discal series of
seven angulated-oval spots, a submarginal series of duplex spots terminating in a thickened
streak at the end of each nervule, and a marginal row of spots. Azzdwing with a black, round
spot in the middle of the cell, two small spots below it, a discal series of eight angulated-oval
spots, two of which are between the costal and subcostal nervures, a submarginal series
of duplex spots terminating in a thickened streak at end of each nervule, anda marginal row
of spots. Head and thorax spotted with white ; thorax above, palpi and femora beneath,
streaked with white. <Addomen black above, white beneath, UNDERSIDE of both fore- and
hindwings marked as above, Some specimens are darker coloured than that above
described, being blackish fuliginous ; others, again, havea slight ferruginous tint pervading
the wings.” (dZoore, 1. c.)
Horsfield and Moore, in the Catalogue of the Lepidoptera in the Indian Museum, p. 135
(1857), record a specimen of this species from Canara (South India), but all the Hestzas we have
yet seen from peninsular India belong either to A. lynceus or to H. malabarica, and with the
solitary exception noted above the present species appears to be confined to Ceylon, A variety,
also from Ceylon, has been discriminated by Butler, as having ‘‘ the wings smaller, fuscescent,
especially towards the apex, with the spots more approximating to the external margin.”
“* Hestia jasonia affects the glades of woods, and is notable for its graceful flight, rising and
descending almost like a gossamer in the air, and well deserving the name of ‘ the Sylph’ which
is commonly given to it.” (Dr. Zhwattes.) ‘* It is found only in the deep shade of the damp
forest, usually frequenting the vicinity of pools of water and cascades, about which it sails
heedless of the spray, the moisture of which may even be beneficial in preserving the elasticity
of its thin and delicate wings that bend and undulate in the act of flight.” (7Zement.) ‘“In
the forests, and especially about waterfalls in the western, central, and southern provinces,
this Butterfly may be found all the year. It hasa very slow floating flight, often poising
nearly motionless, and is very easily caught.” (Hutchzson).
The plate is taken from a male specimen from Ceylon, in the Indian Museum, Calcutta ;
the upperside only is shown; the underside is similar to the upper. In the FEMALE the
wings are broader in proportion to their length, but the markings are similar.
4. Hestia agamarschana,” Felder.
H. agamarschana, Felder, Reise Nov., Lep., p- 351, pl. xliii, fig. 7 (1867) ; Wood-Mason and de Nicéville,
Journ. A. S. B., vol. |, pl. ii, p. 244 (1881); #. jasonia, var. a, Kirby, Syn. Cat. D. L., p. 2, n.9 (1871).
HasiraT: Andaman islands, Mergui.
EXPANSE: 4°6 to 5‘1 inches.
DescriPTion : ‘© MALE.—/Wings pellucid white, with the nervures black, the cellular folds,
coniform spots on the nervures along the margin, with two confluent spots above and oval ones
between, an interrupted costal band on the forewing, a large confluent spot in the cell, three
large spots below the cell, a small subapical band, a disco-cellular series of spots elongated
and confluent towards the costa forming an irregular black band, and the internal margin,
also on the Azndwing the cellular spot and eight other round ones besides the marginal series,
dusky black ; on the UNDERSIDE the spots are paler and smaller.” (Felder, 1. ¢.)
\ ) 3 ‘
*«°2© Agamarsena’ from yawns € unmarried,’ and, apony, ApTEVvOsS ‘male,’ in allusion to the fact
that the describer was ignorant of the opposite (female) sex.”
28 NYMPHALID#. DANAIN. HESTIA.
According to Dr. Felder’s figure the markings on this species are very similar in style to
those of the south Indian /estéas, but far more boldly developed. The discal series of spots
are much elongated towards the costa, where they are almost completely confluent, forming a
wide subapical black band. It has been considered by some authors as asmall local variety of
H. jasonia, but “it obviously differs from /. jasonia, Westwood, by the wings being shorter
in the inner and longer in the outer margin, by the more concave outer margin of the forewing,
and by the longer and narrower discoidal cells.” (Felder, 1. c.). It is further distinguished
from that and from all the other Continental types by the conspicuous subapical black band,
and the wide black inner margin to the forewing. Quite recently (December, 1881, and
January, 1882) three males and a female, which evidently belong to this species, have been taken
for the Indian Museum in the Mergui Archipelago; these differ from the type in being a little
larger, and in having the black spot near the middle of the streak in the interno-median area of
the hindwing. The FEMALE differs from the male in the forewzg being wider and less emargi-
nate externally ; and in all the black markings of both wings being smaller, leaving a greater
extent of the pure white ground-colour. See remarks on the following species, H, cadellt.
5. Hestia cadelli, W.-M.&de N. (PLare IV, Fic. 2 3).
Hestia cadelli, Wood-Mason and de Nicéville, Journ. A. S. B., vol. xlix, part ii, p. 225, pl. xiii, fig. i
(1880), male ; id., vol. 1, part li, p. 244 (1881), female.
HapitatT : Port Blair, South Andamans.
EXPANSE: 5 inches ; length of forewing, 2°45 inches.
DescripTION: “MALE: Allied to A. agamarschana, Felder. Wings above pure
subpellucid white, clouded, especially on the outer halves, with minute black scales, and’
marked and veined with intense black ; all the markings larger, more or less coalescent,
and blurred or paler at the margins; the nervures more broadly black-bordered, and
the marginal spots completely run together, so that the wings are all, especially the
hindwings, distinctly bordered externally with black. Forewing relatively narrower and
longer, being more than twice as long as broad, with the discoidal cell equal in length to the
submedian nervure, that is to say, tothe inner margin, and all but as long as the outer
margin measured in a straight line from the extremity of the submedian nervure to that of
the subcostal ; with the anterior discal spots more elongated and more completely coalesced,
the fspot between the first and second median nervules alone constantly free, and the large
rounded one internal to it in the same interspace coalescent with the enlarged extremity of
the cellular mark (which fills the cell nearly to the level of the origin of the second median
nervule, and is divided at the base of the wing by three indistinct longitudinal clouded white
streaks), and the large mark in front of the submedian nervure larger, triangular, and united by
a black streak to the discal black spot beyond it. Azzdzwing shorter and broader, with the
outer margin more broadly rounded off, the cell and the interspaces beyond it broader, the
spot init larger, and all those around it free, though exhibiting a tendency to coalesce with.
the black margins of the nervules. UNDERSIDE, dirty-white, of a dull opalescent tinge, with
fuscous-black markings and nervures. FreMALE: Both wings broader, with the markings
of the same shape, situation, size, and shadeas in the male, from which, in fact, the female
differs in the proportions of the organs of flight just in the same manner as does H. hadenz, 2-
from H. cadelli, 8” (vide PI. IV).
In describing this species Professor Wood-Mason and Mr. de Nicéville recorded the fol-
lowing note : “ This specimen does not agree with Felder’s figure and description of H. agamars-
chana, the only species of the genus hitherto recorded from these islands, either in the extent
and relations of the black markings or in the shape and proportions of the wings : the former
being larger, MORE on less coalescent generally, and completely run together at the outer margin
so as to form a distinct black border to each wing, the hindwing being broadly rounded off at
the extremity, and consequently not presenting the peculiar egg-shaped outline so characteristic
of these organs in all the hitherto described Indian Hes¢zas, e.g., H. lynceus, H. jasonia, &c.,
with the latter of which Felder compares his species ; the specimen apparently also differs
from H. agamarschana in having the white of both wings everywhere more or less clouded
NYMPHALID, DANAINZ, HESTIA. 29
with minute black scales. 7. agamarschana, it is true, to judge from Felder’s figure of it, has
the hindwing a little less pointed, the anterior discal spots on the forewing obviously more
elongated, with more black in the cell and behind it, and the markings generally larger than in
H. jasonia, and it is, as might have been expected, more closely related to the present speci-
men than to any other species ; but, large series of specimens having shown us how extremely
constant the different species or local races of Hestéa are, we cannot unite the two, and we
think that the differences they present are in all probability dueto a difference of station, and
that Helfer may have obtained the specimen that formed the type of Felder’s species on a
different island. All the Lepidoptera received of late years from the Andamans have been
obtained in the immediate vicinity of the settlement at Port Blair, in an area therefore which
is a very small fractional part indeed of the Andaman group of Islands, which extends through
nearly four degrees of latitude. * * * The specimens of //estéa which Hewitson, in his list of
Butterflies from the Andamans (Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., fourth series, vol. xiv, 1874,
P- 356) considers to be specimens of 7, agamarschana remarkable for their dark colour, doubt-
less belong to the species now described.”
The type specimen, which was obtained by Colonel T, Cadell, V.C., is inthe Indian Museum,
Calcutta. Another specimen, taken subsequently by Mr. A. R. de Roépstorff, also in the
vicinity of Port Blair, on the 16th April, is in Major Marshall’s collection. There are also a
large series of both sexes of this species, collected by Mr. de Roépstorff, in the Indian
Museum ; they shew no variation whatever from the type, except in one or two specimens
having an additional spot on the black streak in the interno-median area of the hindwing,
The plate shews the upperside only of a male specimen in the Indian Museum, Calcutta,
6. Hestia hadeni, W.-M. &de N. (PLATE IV, Fic. 3 ¢).
H. hadent, Wood-Mason and de Nicéville, Journ. A. S. B., vol. xlix, part ii, p. 242, pl. xiii, fig. 2
(1880), female.
HaBiraT: Bassein, British Burma.
EXPANSE: 5°18 inches ; length of forewing, 2°54.
DESCRIPTION : “ FEMALE : Closely allied to H. cade//¢. Wings, above pure fleckless white,
marked and veined with black of a fuscous tint, with the marginal, submarginal, and all but
the two posterior (which are subcoalescent with the marginal band) of the discal series of spots
in the forewing, but with the marginal and submarginal series only in the hindwing completely
run together, so that only the inner portions of the outlines of the innermost series of the
coalesced spots are in either case still discernible, and so as to form a very broad outer border
of black to both the wings. Forew7ng, broader and shorter, being less than twice as long as
broad, the extreme length of the cell bearing the same relation to the submedian nervure and
to the less deeply emarginate outer margin; with the spot at the base of the second median
nervule smaller and free of the nervules, as also is the discoidal cellular spot at its posterior
extremity ; the curved club-shaped mark in the interno-median area much as in H. agamars-
chana, but not connected by a black streak with the subcoalescent marginal spot beyond it ;
the outer black border witha clouded white spot in the first median interspace more or
less distinctly separating the second discal black spot off from the band ; and the black inner
marginal space longitudinally streaked with clouded white. AMxdwing broader, with its un-
dulated outer margin still more broadly rounded ; the spot in the discoidal cell smaller, and
the spots around it also rather smaller and free of the black outer border, though exhibiting a
tendency to coalesce with it in front of the second median nervule. UNDERSIDE of a less pure
white than above, marked and veined with fuscous. Zorax more conspicuously marked with
greyish-white than in 4, cadel/z, in which these marks are almost effaced, but this character, as
also the differences in the proportions, and the less obvious emargination of the outer margin of
the wings, may be sexual.” The MALE is as yet unknown.
Two specimens, both females, agreeing in every respect with one another, were obtained
by Mr. Algernon Haden at Bassein; no other instance of its capture is on record. The type
specimen is in the Indian Museum at Calcutta ; the figure of it shews the upperside only..
For the use of this well-executed plate, on which the two preceding species are represented, we
go NYMPHALID. DANAINZ. IDEOPSIS.
are indebted to Mr. J. Wood-Mason, Natural History Secretary of the Asiatic Society of
Bengal, in whose Journal it first appeared.
Genus 2.—IDEOPSIS, Horsfield. (PLATE V).
Ideopsis, Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I, C., vol. i, p. 133 (1857) ; Danais, sect. 4, Doubl., Gen. D. L.,
P. 90 (1847).
“ Closely resembles Mes¢za in form, colouring, and texture of the wings, and to which it
has another resemblance in the absence of the sexual spot on the hindwing. Like some
species of Danazs, and like the genus /Yes¢éa, it has the first subcostal nervule anastomosing
with the costal nervure. Like most species of Hestza the genus /deopsis has the wings some-
what diaphanous, white ; the outer margin, nervures, nervules, two or more vittz in the cell, anda
series of dots between the nervules, sometimes coalescing, all fuscous; but notwithstand-
ing these points of resemblance, it may always be known from estéa at first sight by its
distinctly clavate antennz, and on closer examination by its claws devoid of paronychia and
pulvilli.” (Doudleday, |. c.)
The Butterflies belonging to this genus were for a long time included under Danazs, and
form section iv of that genus in Westwood’s Genera of Diurnal Lepidoptera. They are a
fairly well-marked group, and are distinguished from all species of Danazs by the Hestza-like
style of their markings and colouring, and from all except the first group Radena by the
absence in the males of the sexual spot or pouch on the hindwing. Six species are known,
all from the Indo-Malayan region, only one species extending into the Indian limits in Tenas-
serim ; the same species occurs also in China, the other five are insular and local,
7 Ideopsis daos, Boisduval. (PLATE V, Fic. 4 ¢).
Idea daos, Boisd., Sp. Gén., vol. i, pl. xxiv, fig. 3 (1836); Hestia eudora, Gray, Lep. Ins. of Nepal, p. to,
pl. ix, fig. 3 (1846) ; Jdea diardi, Voll., Tijd. Ent., vol. iii, p. 44, pl. ii, fig. 4 (1860) ; Hestia daos, Doubl., List.
Lep. Brit. Mus., pt. i, p. 52 ; Zdeopsis daos, Horsfield and Moore, Cat, Lep. E. I. C., vol. i, p. 134 (1857).
HaBiTaT: Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula, China.
EXPANSE: 4'0 to 4°4 inches.
DESCRIPTION : MALE: Both wings white, thickly irrorated with grey scales, semitrans-
parent, markings black, and also the nervures, which are more or less broadly bordered with
the same colour. A narrow black line extends round both wings; cz/éa very short, black,
white at the interspaces. /orewzng with the whole of the costa black, and containing a basal
streak about one-third the length of the wing, and three spots gradually decreasing towards
the apex and equidistant from each other, white. Three black streaks in the discoidal cell,
the anterior onei mmediately behind the subcostal neivure ; the other two in the middle of the
cell, joined about midway and not quite reaching the base of the cell. A large irregularly-
shaped spot occupies the outer end of the cell and extends a little beyond it. A discal series
of six spots parallel with the outer margin between the nervules, the apical three small and
conical, the point inwards, the lower three larger and circular. A marginal series of large
spots placed on the nervules, between each pair of which on the folds are a pair of small
marginal spots. A streak between the median and submedian nervures. Aéndwing with a
large spot occupying the outer extremity of the cell, from which issue two streaks united to-
wards the base of the celland which they do not reach. A discal series of six oval spots, the
third and sixth from the apex the smallest, placed between the nervules. A marginal series
of spots on the nervules, and between them a series of more or less pear-shaped spots, their
points resting on the margin. The submedian nervure is widely bordered with black ; between
it and the first median nervule is a black streak (Penang specimen). The FEMALE differs from
the male in the wings being shorter and broader, and the forewzng not being emarginate. The
ground-colour is also pure diaphanous white, all the markings smaller and clearer. It has also
an additional spot on the forewing between the discoidal nervules (Singapore specimen).
UNDERSIDE in both sexes, as above.
The caterpillar and chrysalis of Jdeofs7s daos were discovered by Captain Hamilton on the
Tenasserim coast ; and are figured by Horsfield and Moore (Cat. Lep., E. I. C., vol. i, plate iv,
figs, 11, 11a), The CATERPILLAR is about two inches in length, furnished with four pairs of
NYMPHALID&. DANAINZ. DANAIS. 31
long fleshy tentacula upwards of half aninch in length, the first pair on the second segment
projected horizontally forward over the head, the other three on the third, fifth, and twelfth
segments projected upwards and backwards. It is dark ringed between the segments, and has a
row of six large oval red spots in the spiracular region on the fifth to tenth segments, both
inclusive. The CHRYSALIS is 1"1 inch in length; it is simply suspended by the tail. In
general outline it closely resembles the chrysalis of Hestza de/ia, but the tail is more pointed.
The figure is taken from a specimen from Penang in the Indian Museum, Calcutta; the
upperside only is shown, the underside being similar in markings to the upperside.
Genus 3.—DANAIS, Latreille. (PLates V to VII).
Danais, Latreille, Enc, Méth., vol. ix, p. 10 (1819); Boisd, and Lec., Lép. Am. Sept., p. 133 (1833) 5
Doubl., Gen. D. L., p. 89 (1847); Butl., Proc. Zool. Soc, Lond., 1866, pp. 43, 171, Monograph ; Danaida,
Latr., Hist. Nat. Crust. Ins., vol. xiv, p. 108 (1805) ; Danaus, Latr., Gen. Crust. Ins., vol. iv, p. 201 (1309).
‘* ANTENNA, about one half the length of the body, gradually but distinctly clavate.
FORELEGS, with the femora and tibize about equal in length ; the tarsi shorter. 7Zarsz of the
MALES sometimes obscurely two-jointed, the basal joint subcylindric, rather stoutest at the
apex ; the second joint about one-fourth the length of the first, more or less pointed ; some-
times without any indication of joints, subcylindric, tapering towards the base and apex.
Zarst of the FEMALES four-jointed, the last joint often indistinct, all, except the last, with a
stout spine on each side at the apex. MIDDLE and HINDLEGS with the tarsi very spiny ; the
claws long, slightly curved ; the pulvilli and paronychia obsolete.”
‘© CATERPILLAR.—Subcylindrical, tapering towards the head; furnished with a few long
fleshy tentacula, not retractile, placed in pairs, usually on the third and last segments. They
are mostly white, tinged with green or purple, marked with tranverse bands or narrow rings
of black, the space between them often marked with yellow dots. They feed chiefly on
ASCLEPIADE.”
‘© CHRYSALIS.—Suspended by the tail, ovate, contracted about the middle ; the abdomen
very short. They are commonly of a beautiful transparent green, spotted with black, and banded
and spotted with gold, sometimes altogether of the most brilliant golden colour.” (Westwood.)
Danais is distinguished from #zwflea by the want of paronychia and pulvilli, as well as
by the style of the sexual mark in the males, when present. This genus comprises several well-
marked groups, and has a very wide range ; some species are to be found in the warm latitudes
of every part of the globe. The perfect insects generally appear within fifteen days after the
chrysalis form has been assumed. They are of slow flapping flight, but often sailing high in the
air with their wings expanded ; most of the species are numerous and abundant where found.
The Indian species of Dazazs come under the following groups :—
A. The males having the anterior tibie and tarsi covered with short scales and fringed with thinly
scattered long hairs ; colours fuscous, with whitish or hyaline markings,
a, Males with no scent-pouch on the hindwing.
I, Rapena, Moore.
%. Males with two scent-pouches on the hindwing, marked on the underside by dilatation of
the first median nervule and submedian nervure,
II, Parantica, Moore.
c. Males with two scent-pouches on the hindwing, marked on the underside by dilatation of the
submedian and zzterna/ nervures,
IlI. Cuirtrra, * Moore.
d, Males with one scent-pouch between the first median nervule and submedian nervure
protruding on the underside as a prominent sac.
IV, Tirumava, Moore.
B, The males having the anterior tibize and tarsi covered with long, hair-like, not appressed scales,
colours tawny brown with black and white markings.
a. Males with onescent-pouch placed as in 7%7#sa/a, but with the sac not nearly so prominent.
VY. Savatura, Moore,
* This group contains two types, very distinct in form and style of markings ; the first has the wings
elongate narrow, and with the hyaline markings greatly predominating (type D. t¢ytia). This is probably the
type separated as CapuGa by Moore, but we have been unable to obtain any diagnosis of Caduga, and therefore
cannot assign the name with certainty ; the second has the wings shorter and broader, and the hyaline markings
much reduced and narrow, This latter is the true Chit¢iva of Moore (type, D, taprobana),
32. NYMPHALID&. DANAIN&. DANAIS.
First Group—RADENA. “ Forewing moderately long, triangular ; first subcostal nervule
emitted at about one-third before end of the cell, and anastomosed to the costal in the middle ;
second nervule emitted before end of the cell. Azzdwing broad, somewhat triangular ; costal
margin long, nearly straight ; abdominal margin long ; costal nervure very convex from the
base, and then extending straight along the edge of the margin; cell broad, long; subcostal
and median nervules very wide apart. No scent-pouchin the male. Avene longer than in
allied genera, and with a more gradually thickened and blunt club. Larva (A. juventa)
with two pairs of fleshy filaments. Type, 2. simz/is, Linnus, from China.” (Afoore, Lep.
Ceylon, p. 3, 1880).
Only three species of this group occur within Indian limits ; another occurs in Siam
(D. persimilis), and another in Java (D. juventa), and it is possible that these may one and
all be merely fixed geographical varieties of the type D. sémz/’s, The absence of the sexual
spot in the male is a very distinctive feature found in no other group of Indian Danazs, and
linking this group with the foregoing genera. In the absence of the sexual spot the males
can be distinguished by the pointed tip of the tarsus of the imperfect foreleg, which in the
females terminates in a brush ; and by the narrower and less rounded wings.
Key to the Indian species of Radena.
A. a. Males with no scent-pouch on the hindwing; both wings blackish, with subhyaline markings.
a‘. The white streaks from the base narrow ; no defined black border to the wings.
8. D. (Radena) vuLGaRis, Burma.
51, The whitish spaces on the basal area greatly predominating, leaving a well-defined dark border
beyond. :
a*- The cell in the hindwing with two broad black streaks.
g. D. (Radena) ExrromprTa, Ceylon.
1 D. (Radena) PERSIMILIs, Siam.
62, The cell in the hindwing almost entirely hyaline,
1o. D.(Radena) NicoBarica, Nicobars.
8. Danais vulgaris, Butler.
D. melissa, Doubleday (nec Cramer), List Lep. Brit. Mus., vol. i, p. 49 (1844); Gen. D, L., p. 92, n. 28
(1847) ; D. vulgaris, Butler, Ent. Month. Mag., vol. xi, p. 164 (1874); Moore, Proc. Zool, Soc. Lond., 1878,
p. 822.
HasiTaT : Burma, Mergui, Singapore, Borneo.
EXPANSE : 3'3 to 3°7 inches,
Description: “ Allied to D. similis, altogether smaller, with all the spots paler and’
smaller, and all the streaks narrower ; the second and third ee of the postcellular series
smalier.” (Butler, 1, ¢.) ;
NYMPHALID®. DANAIN. DANAIS. 33
This is the original description, but in the absence of description or specimens of D. séme/is
which does not occur in India, and which has been but lately correctly discriminated, somewhat
more is necessary to render it intelligible.
MALE. forewing black; astreak in the discoidal cell from the base, followed by an
irregular outwardly indented blotch near the end ; a subcostal streak, followed by three decreas-
ing subcostal spots, one between each pair of the nervules; an inwardly pointed streak above
the first discoidal nervule ; an oval spot touching the cell and an outwardly dentate spot some
way beyond it between the first and second discoidal nervules ; a similar pair of spots, but
closer together between the second discoidal and third median nervules ; a single large spot in
each of the median interspaces near the base ; two lengthened streaks starting from the base
between the median and submedian nervures ; a submarginal row of seven increasing spots, one
between each pair of nervules, the apical one minute; an incomplete marginal row from the
hinder angle of minute spots, two between each pair of nervules, and a short streak from the
base below the submedian nervure—all subhyaline bluish-white. Mindwing brown, darker
towards the apex ; a spot at the base, a short streak above the costal nervure, and a longer one
below it ; two lengthened streaks in the cell joined at the base, with a short streak between
them from the end; five streaks outside the cell, one in each interspace; two lengthened
streaks from the base below the cell, (the inner one tinged ochreous,) and one on each side of the
internal nervure (also tinged ochreous) ; an irregular submarginal row of small elongate spots,
coalescing with the streaks at the anal angle ; and an incomplete marginal row of minute round
spots evanescent at the apex—subhyaline bluish-white. UNDERSIDE : forewing cupreous brown,
blacker on the middle of the wing, Azzdw7ng of a paler and uniform tint ; all the subhyaline
markings in both wings as on upperside.
Danais vulgaris is recorded by Butler from Nepal, Assam, Bengal, Moulmein, Singapore,
Borneo, and Java; but if it really does occur anywhere west of Burma it is extremely rare.
Limborg met with it at Ahsown, Moulmein to Meetan, and the Houngduran source in Upper
Tenasserim; Mr. A. Haden has takenit at Bassein; Captain C. H. E. Adamson has taken
specimens in the neighbourhood of Moulmein in March, June, October and December ;
Captain Bingham took it in the Thoungyeen forests in May. It iscommon at Rangoon; Dr. J.
Anderson has taken it at Mergui in December; and there are two specimens in the Indian
Museum, Calcutta—one from Malacca, the other from Borneo. It is apparently not uncommon
in Upper Tenasserim throughout the year, and is probably frequently overlooked ; but we
know of no instance of its occurrence as yet even in Pegu or Arakan. The true D. sémzdis,
which is a native of Formosa and China, only really differs from D. velgaris in being
somewhat larger. The figure is taken from a male specimen from Malacca, in the Indian
Museum, Calcutta, and shews the upper and underside.
9. Danais exprompta, Butler.
D. exprompta, Butler, Ent. Month. Mag., vol. xi, p. 164 (1874) 5 Radena expronpta, Moore, Lep. Ceylon»
Pp. 4, pl. ii, fig. 1. (1880), female.
HABITAT: Ceylon.
EXPANSE: 3°25 inches (Butler) ; 2°75 to 3 inches (J/o0re).
DESCRIPTION : “Allied to D. sémzlis, much smaller, the pale spots and streaks broader
at base of wings, and in the series bounding the cell of Azndwing ; the second and third spots
of the postcellular series in forew?ng considerably smaller ; the long cuneiform spot of the
outer discal series nearer to apical margin. UNDERSIDE, altogether paler and less coppery
in tint.” (Buztler, 1, c.)
The above is the original description ; the following more detailed description is taken
from Moore’s ‘* Lepidoptera of Ceylon ” :—
“MALE and FEMALE: UppersipDE blackish-brown ; abdominal margin pale brown.
Forewing with a pale blue narrow discoidal streak, and a Jarge sinuous quadrate spot beyond
it ; a slender costal streak ; two streaks below the cell, and a slender basal streak on inner
margin ; two large discal spots, three small upper spots, and five subapical spots, the upper
three of which are slender; a submarginal regular series ofseven small spots, and a marginal
row of minute spots. Hindwing with pale blue, broad, basal streaks, large discal spots, an
6
34 NYMPHALID. DANAINZ. DANAIS.
irregular submarginal and marginal row of small spots. Head, thorax, and palpi white
spotted. femora beneath streaked with white. 4ddomen, brown above, paler beneath.
UNDERSIDE : Forewing dark brown ; hindwing umber-brown ; markings as above, but paler.”
* Common in Kottawa forest, but have not seen it elsewhere.” (Wade). It appears to
be confined to the island of Ceylon ; no record of its occurrence elsewhere has been made.
A closely allied species belonging to this group has lately been described from Siam
under the name of D. Zersimilis.*
10. Danais nicobarica, W.-M. & de N,
D. similis, var. nicobarica, Wood-Mason and de Nicéville, Journ. A. S. B., vol. I, pt. ii, p. 225 (188:).
HABITAT : Great Nicobar.
EXPaNSE: Male, 3°1 inches ; female, 3°2 inclies.
DESCRIPTION : “ MALE and FEMALE: Nearest to D, exprompta, Butler from Ceylon, from
the figure t of which species (probably that of a female, though the sex is not stated) it differs, in
the forewing in having the streak in the base of the interno-median area broader, occupying all but
the entire breadth of the space, shorter, and marked along the middle by a linear streak
(instead of being divided into two long and narrow streaks connected at the base only) ; and,
in the Aindweng, in having tke cell entirely subdiaphanous greenish or bluish white, except for
two excessively fine and faint longitudinal and apically-divergent dusky lines much as in
D. juventa (instead of being divided by two very broad and black ones into two streaks, the
posterior of which is strongly recurved atits free end) ; the discal series of bluish streaks
immediately beyond the cell much narrower and shorter ; and the ground-colour around them
consequently of greater extent and giving to this portion of the wing a much darker appear-
ance, again much as in D. juventa. The MALE differs from the female in the bluish markings
of both wings being of a much deeper shade, and, with the exceptions to be stated, larger ;
in the forewing being narrower and externally slightly emarginate (instead of well rounded),
with its outer submarginal series of spots reduced to small specks, and the three posterior
ones of its inner series externally distinctly tridentate; and inthe Aindwing being also
apparently somewhat narrower and less rounded externally, with both series of submarginal
spots much smaller,—with its two posterior veins margined on both sides with fuscous
of a far lighter and duller tint than the rest of the ground,—and with the submedian one
of them more prominent, with the wing membrane on each side of it raised into a slight
fold, and the two light streaks that bound it dirty whitey-brown : the male of this species
is, in fact, provided witha distinct, though little-specialized, sexual mark or scent-gland.”
* Danais persimilis, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 136. Hasirat: Petchaburree, Bankok
District, Siam (April 12th, 1875). Expanse: 2°37 inches. DescripTion : ‘‘ Nearest allied to D. exprompta,
Butler (the Ceylon form of D. juventa), but is much smaller in size. The markings are similar; but those
from the base of the wings are very much more attenuated and shorter, and the discal spots also smaller, the
markings on the Aindwing being more attenuated than those in D. grammica.” (Moore, |.¢.), D. agleoides is
probably referred to here.
+ Moore, ‘ Lep. Ceylon,’ pl. ii. fig. 2, 1880, female,
NYMPHALID. DANAINZ. DANAIS. 35
“ One male and three females, the latter agreeing exactly with one another, from Great
Nicobar.” No notice of its occurrence elsewhere has been recorded. The figure shews the
upper and underside of a female in the Indian Museum, Calcutta.
Second Group.—PAaRAntica. “ Forewing long, narrow ; inner margin lengthened ; first
subcostal nervule emitted at one-fourth before end of the cell and touching the costal nervure
near its end ; the second emitted immediately before the end of the cell; cell long, narrow.
Hindwing somewhat elongated ; exterior margin very convex; abdominal margin short ;
costal nervure arched from base and thence extending along edge of the margin ; cell very long
and narrow. MALE with two spatular-shaped scent-pouches, one (the largest) being on the
first median nervule, the other (about one-fourth its size) on the submedian nervure, near their
end, each being visible on the underside by the slender swelling of these nervures at that part.
Antenne with lengthened slender tip, Larva with two pair of fleshy laments, Type, D. ag/ea,
Cramer.” (AZoore, ‘ Lep. Ceylon,’ p. 7.)
This group is further divisible into two sections, the first of which has for its type
D. cleona, Cramer ; the Butterflies of this section comprise the smallest species of the genus, and
are distinguished from all other species of Danazs by having beautiful pure yellow tints on the
hyaline markings of the wings; they are Malayan Butterflies, and within Indian limits are
extremely rare. Four species are included in the Indian list, but the claims of two of them
for inclusion rest on somewhat obscure data, especially those of D. asfasta, which is recorded
from south India. The Butterflies of the second section, type D. ag/ea, are rather larger in
size, and have no trace of the pure yellow tints ; their head-quarters tooare in Malayana, but
they extend over the greater part of India, and some of the species are common where they
occur. Ofthe five Indian species, one is found in Ceylon only ; another, which is doubtfully
distinct from the Ceylon species, occurs throughout peninsular India ; another in north India
extending into Burma ; another in Burma extending to the Nicobars ; and the last is confined to
the Andaman Islands. They are all comparatively delicately-formed Butterflies, with rather
elongate wings, and having the hyaline markings usually preponderating over the blackish
ground-colour.
Eey to the Indian species of Parantica.
A. 4. Males with two scent-pouches on the hindwing, visible on the underside by dilatation of the /rs¢
median nervule and submedian nervure. Wings blackish, with hyaline markings,
a’. Of small size ; some of the hyaline markings tinged with pure yellow.
a?, With yellowish tints on both wings.
a>, With only one, or two, very small discal spots between the third and
second median nervules.
11. D.(Parantica) cLeona, N. India (?), Java.
63, With two spots, the inner one filling the base of the interspace.
a*, Outer margin of forewing convex and scarcely emarginate;
the streaks between the discoidal nervules short and broad,
12. D. (Parantica) pHILOMELA, Nepal (?), Java.
6+, Outer margin of forewing highly emarginate; the streaks
between the discoidal nervules long and narrow.
13. D. (Parantica) crocEA, Burma, Java.
57, With yellowish tints on hindwing only.
14. D. (Pavantica) aspasia, Tranquebar (7).
6. Of rather larger size ; no pure yellow tints. : : ’ A
a*, Deep black, with pure hyaline white markings ; hindwing with the black streaks
very fine and white spaces wide.
15. _D. (Parantica) MELANOLEUCA, Andamans,
62, Fuscous, with dull hyaline bluish-white markings. ui
a*®, Forewing with the hyalinestreak between the discoidal nervules almost
touching the disco-cellular nervule.
16. D. (Parantica) aGLEA, N. India, Burma,
4%, Forewing with the streak between the discoidal nervules not nearly reach-
ing the disco-cellular nervule.
a‘, Forewing lengthened and emarginate on outer margin,
hyaline markings large, prominent.
17. D. (Parantica) cEYLANICcA, Ceylon.
18. D. (Parantica) GRaMmica, S. India.
6*, Wings comparatively short and rounded; all the hyaline
spots small, and the streaks narrow.
19. D. (Parantica) aGLEoIpEs, Burma, Nicobars.
36 NYMPHALIDE. DANAIN#. DANAIS,
D. ceylanica is precisely similar to D. grammica, except that its tone of colouration is
somewhat darker, and the hyaline markings are rather less prominent ; they are very doubt
fully distinct as species,
11. Danais cleona, Cramer.
Papilio cleona, Cramer, Pap. Ex., vol. iv, pl. ceclxxvii, fig. F (1781) ; Herbst, Pap., pl. exxvi, fig. i (1793) 3
Danais cleona, Godt., Enc. Méth., vol. ix, p. 190, n. 47 (1819) ; Blanc., Voy. au Pédle Sud, vol. iv, p. 386,
pl. ii, fig. 3 (1853) ; Danazs lutescens, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 172, D. 5; P» 1739 fig. 3, /emale.
Hasitat : North India (apud Westwood and Butler), Java, Borneo.
EXPANSE: 3'0 to 3'5 inches.
DESCRIPTION: The following description is taken from Cramer’s plate :—MALE : UPPER-
SIDE: Forewing black, with a short basal streak and beyond it an oval spot, both in the cell ;
three submarginal spots along the costa, below which are a short and broad streak below
the subcostal nervure, a longer one between the discoidal nervules; a large spot above and
asmall one below the third median nervule; two spots below the second median nervule,
the inner one large and completely filling the base of the interspace ; and the space between
the median and submedian nervules from the base to rather more than half the length of the
wing—all hyaline tinted with pure yellow. A submarginal series of spots one between
each pair of nervules, and a marginal row of smaller spots not reaching the apex, two
between each pair of nervules—both series white. Aindwing also black; the entire discoidal
cell, a series of spots round it between the nervules, a double streak joined at the base
below the median nervure, a single streak below the submedian (and probably another near
the abdominal margin) hyaline, tinted with pure yellow. A submarginal and marginal row of
white spots as on forewing, except that in the hindwing there are two spots between each
pair of nervules in both series, The usual black sexual marks, The FEMALE from Ceram and
Borneo has been described by Butler as a separate species under the name of D, Jutescens, and
is stated to be “closely allied to D. cleona of Cramer, from which it differs chiefly in its
pale colouring, more rounded and shorter wings, and larger spots,” (Sztler, 1. c.) His
figure agrees exactly with Cramer’s, except in the outline of the wings being more rounded,
and in the discoidal cell of the forewing being entirely hyaline. Blanchard’s figure of a female
(apparently) from Ceram in the “ Voyage au Péle Sud” shows a second very small spot inwardly
between the third and second median nervules, which is absent from both Cramer’s figure
ofa #, and Butler’s of a Q, thus showing an approach to D. phz/omela and D. crocea.
Atkinson (Ent. Month Mag., vol. iv, p, 60, 1867) records having taken D. cleona at
Jounpur, North-Western Provinces, in July. This record at any rate goes to prove that at
least one species of this group of Danazs still occurs in Continental India, but as far as we
know there is no specimen of D. c/eova now in any collection in this country.
12. Danais philomela, Zinken-Sommer.
Euplea philomela, Zinken-Sommer, Nava Acta Ac. Nat. Cur., vol. xv, p. 184, pl. xvi, fig. 17 (1831).
Hasitat : Nepal (apud Butler and Azrby), Java.
ExpaNnse: 6, 2°53 2, 2'9 inches.
DESCRIPTION : MALE UPPERSIDE : Forewing black: with the discoidal cell ; two spots
between the third and second median nervules; two larger spots between the second and
first, the inner one of each pair entirely filling the base of the interspace ; the entire space
between the median nervure, first median nervule and the submedian nervure to within a
fourth of the length of the wing from the outer margin—pure hyaline yellow. Three subcostal
oval spots, one between each pair of the subcostal nervules ; two streaks below these, the
lower the longest ; an outwardly indented spot between the second discoidal and third median
nervules ; a submarginal series of increasing spots, one between each pair of nervules ; a
very incomplete series of smaller marginal spots, two between each pair of nervules—white.
The discoidal cell has near its middle a dusky streak, and the median nervure is widely
bordered on both sides with black. /2dwing also black; with two small spots at the base ;
a very short streak above the costal nervure ; a long one below it ; the entire cell; a streak
NYMPHALID, DANAIN. DANAIS. 37
below the first subcostal nervule ; a longer and broader one below this ; a spot between the
discoidal and the third median nervules ; another between the third and second, with a small
round spot beyond it; a broad streak between the second and first, filling the base of the
interspace, also with a small round spot beyond it ; two broad streaks connected at the base,
between the median and submedian nervures; a streak between the submedian and internal
nervures—pure hyaline yellow. A small spot at the end of the streak below the costal
nervure ; a spot beyond the streak between the first and second subcostal nervules; an
irregular, submarginal row of small spots interrupted at the black sexual mark 3a regular
marginal series ; both series with two spots between each pair of nervules—white. The streak
between the internal nervure and the abdominal margin almost white, but faintly tinged with
yellow. UNDERSIDE as above. Described from a Javan specimen in the Indian Museum,
Calcutta. The figure of a FEMALE given in the “ Nova Acta” differs from the male in the
forewing being broader, rounder, and but slightly emarginate; in having only the broad
space below the median nervure tinged with yellow ; and the submarginal series of spots on
the Azxdwing complete from the absence necessarily of the male sexual spot.
Butler writes (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond,, 1866, p. 456) -—“‘ Zuplea philomela of Zinken-
Sommer, hitherto placed asa synonym of D, cleona of Cramer, must be kept separate from it.
This species, excepting in form, bears a more general appearance to my D. crocea; it is
intermediate between the two species ; and the male, two specimens of which I have dis-
covered in the [British] Museum collection, is of the same form as my D. gloriola,$. It may
be easily distinguished from D. crocea, not only by its different form, but by the male having
the entire basal portion of the forewzng yellow, and the subapical streaks much broader and
shorter. Habitat: Java, Nepal.” It is included in the Indian list on the strength of the
above quotation. If it does really occur in North India, it is rare; it was not met with
in Tenasserim either by Limborg or Captain Bingham.
13. Damnais crocea, Butler, (PLATE V, Fic. 6 ¢).
D. crocea, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc, Lond., 1866, p. 57, pl. iv, figs. 5, 6.
Hasitat: Nepal?, Assam ?, Burma, Penang, Malacca, Singapur, Java, Borneo.
EXPANSE: 6, 2°5 to 3123 9, 2°62 to 3:19 inches.
DEscrIPTION : ‘* Allied to D. c/eona, Cramer, from which it differs in having the cell of
fore- and the costa of hindwings unclouded ; the subapical and submarginal spots more
numerous, and white, not yellow ; an additional yellow spot below the base of the third median
nervule, the nervures not so broadly margined with brown, and the wings more transparent.
UNDERSIDE the same as above. Vofe.—In some specimens the whole transparent portion of
the forewing is clear white, with a slight tinge of yellow at the base.” (Bzéler, 1. c.)
‘Occurs at Penang in August and September.” (W. ZL. Distant.)
The figure is taken from a male specimen in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, from Kyouk
Phyoo, Burma, and shows both upper and underside. This specimen differs from Butler’s
description as given above, in that the cell of the forewing is decidedly clouded, but it corre-
sponds exactly with his figure No. 5—the real point of diference between this species and
D. cleona being the absence in the latter, or very minute size if present, of the inner spot
between the second and third median nervules of the forewing. Dr. Anderson took two
male specimens of this species at Mergui in December, and one in March.
14. Danais aspasia, Fabricius.
Papilio aspasius, Fabricius, Mant. Ins., vol. ii, p. 15, me 145 (1787).
HasitaT : Tranquebar.
EXPANSE: (not given.)
DeEscrIPTION : “ Wings oblong, entire, black with hyaline streaks and spots. Aindwing
yellow at the base ; 4ead and thorax black, spotted with white ; abdomen fuscous, Forewing,
38 NYMPHALID&., DANAIN&, DANAIS,
black, the base streaked and the apex spotted with hyaline. AHindwing, yellow at the base,
with the veins black, the margin black, with hyaline spots.”
The above is the original description by Fabricius ; there does not appear to be any
recent record of the occurrence of this species, but the description is sufficient to admit of
identification if the Butterfly should again be found.
15. Danais melanoleuca, Moore.
D. melanoleuca, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 581, pl. lviii, fig. 3.
HABITAT: South Andamans (Port Blair).
EXPANSE: 4, 2°3 to 2°8; 2, 2°6 to 3°3 inches.
DESCRIPTION : “ MALE and FEMALE: Black. Forewing, with white space within the cell,
two-thirds of space between first median nervule and submedian nervure ; four discal spots, an
indistinct costal basal streak, three costal spots before the apex, two lower elongated streaks,
followed by a dentate spot, and three smaller rounded submarginal spots ; some marginal white
dots near the posterior angle, and a small spot below the apex, the space within the cell
with short, narrow, dusky streaks from its end, and a median dusky line within the space
below the median nervure. [In the numerous specimens in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, the
submarginal spots are five to seven in number]. Aindwing, with white space within the cell and
between the nervures to one-third from the outer margin, the upper spaces concave, and the
lower conical externally ; an indistinct dusky lunule crossing the end of the two lower median
spaces, a prominent black bifid streak within the cell, and a line between first median nervule
and submedian nervure ; a submarginal series of small white spots, two between each pair
of nervules (two being obsolete in the male on the sexual mark), anda marginal series of
seven smaller spots from anal angle. Head and thorax with white spots and streaks. Addomen,
cinereous brown above, white beneath. emora and ¢zbie, white streaked.’ (JZoore, 1. c.)
On the UNDERSIDE the markings are similar, but the marginal and submarginal series of
spots are larger and complete on both wings. In the forewzug the white space in the cell is
sullied ; and the two streaks beyond the cell and the spots below them are extended
towards the submarginal spots, and very concave externally. In the Azudwing the
lower median white spaces, and the subcostal space are shortened, while the discal white
spaces are lengthened, making the black border much more irregular in width than on the
upperside.
D. melanoleuca is only as yet known from the Andamans, and is probably a local, insular,
though very well marked, species, nearly allied to D. vitrina, Felder. It appears to be
common at Port Blair, where it is on the wing throughout the year.
16. Danais aglea, Cramer. (PLATE VI, Fic. 74 2).
Papilio aglea, Cramer, Pap. Ex., vol. iv, pl, ccclxxvii, fig. E (1781), ale 3 Herbst, Pap., pl. cxxv,
fig. 5 (1793) ; Danais similis, Godart, Enc. Méth., vol. ix, p. 190, n. 46 (1819) ; Danais aglea, Moore, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 822.
HABITAT: Sub-Himalayas, Assam, Burma, Tenasserim.
EXPANSE : 3‘0 to 3°8 inches.
DESCRIPTION: MALE. Forewing, swarthy black; the discoidal cell, a narrow sub-
costal streak from the base nearly to the first subcostal branch, beyond this three decreasing
spots between the subcostal branches, behind these spots a streak in front of the first discoidal
nervule, and a longer one between the discoidal nervules ; one spot above the third median
nervule outwardly concave; two between the third and second, and two between the second and
first, the inner of each of these pairs filling the base of the interspace ; the entire space between
the median and submedian nervures to within one-fourth of the length of the wing from the outer
margin; a submarginal row of seven increasing spots, one between each pair of nervules ;
and a marginal row of two smaller spots between each pair of nervules disappearing towards
NYMPHALID&. DANAIN. DANAIS. 39
the apex—bluish subhyaline white ; two dusky streaks from the end of the cell uniting towards
the middle and not reaching the base, and a dusky streak in the middle of the hyaline space
below the median nervure. Aindwing also swarthy black ; the discoidal cell subhyaline, with
a bifid blackish streak not reaching the base ; two spots at the base ; a streak above the costal
nervure ; an elongated streak below the costal nervure ; five broad streaks round the end of the
cell completely filling the interspaces at the base; the two in the median interspaces crossed
near the end by a black bar not always complete ; two broad streaks connected at the base,
between the median and submedian nervures ; and a single broad streak on each side of the
internal nervure ; a marginal and a submarginal row of spots two between each pair of nervules
in each row—hyaline bluish-white. The submarginal row interrupted at the sexual mark.
UNDERSIDE lighter, the bluish white markings similar but more prominent ; none of the
submarginal or marginal series of spots obsolete. The sexual spot on the first median nervule
of the Azndwing is deep intense black, and divided by a very narrow white streak on each side
of the black nervule, which is slenderly dilated. The submedian nervure alsois white and
slenderly dilated in that portion adjoining the sexual spot. On the forewing the lower white
streak between the discoidal nervules and the discal spot below it are extended in a crescent
shape, half encircling the submarginal spots beyond. On the kixdwing the white interspaces
on either side of the discoidal nervule extend to and coalesce with the submarginal spots
beyond, forming a prominent white patch on the border. FEMALE: Similar to the male,
except that the wings are somewhat broader and the forewing less falcate. The sexual mark
on the Azzdwing is of course absent. so the submarginal row of spots on that wing is complete
and uninterrupted. Cz/éa black, spotted with white at the interspaces. Head and thorax spotted
and streaked with white. Addomen swarthy above, chalky white beneath.
D. agilea inhabits the region of heavy rainfall in north-east India, extending along the
submontane tarais to the Sutlej, but common only towards the east. There is only one record
of its occurrence so far west as Simla. A single specimen was taken by Mr. de Nicéville in
a garden about 1,000 feet below Simla in July. Three specimens were taken in November,
1880, at Naiashahr in the Saharanpore district by Mrs. Deane ; and there is a specimen from
Mussoorie in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, but in the north-west Himalayas it is decidedly
arare insect. In Kumaon there is no record as yet of its occurrence ; in Sikkim it was
taken in November by Mr. Otto Moller in the Great Runjit Valley at 1.200 to 3,500 feet
elevation 3 and in the Darjeeling tarai and up to 6,000 feet elevation in the hills Mr. de
Nicéville found it plentiful in October. In the Khasi hills it occurs in November ; in Tenas-
serim Limborg took it in the winter at 3,000 to 6.000 feet elevation ; and Captain C. T.
Bingham found it there commonly in February up to 1,500 feet elevation, and again in August
to November. Dr. J. Anderson took it at Mergui in December.
The figure shows the upperside of male and female from specimens from Sibsagar, Assam,
in the Indian Museum, Calcutta.
17. Danais ceylanica, Felder.
D. ceylanica, Felder, Verh. zool.-bot. Gesellsch. Wien, vol. xii, p. 479, n. 90 (1862); Parantica ceylonica,
Moore, Lep. Cey., p. 8, pl. ii, figs, 2, 2a, larva and pupa (1880).
Hapirat : Ceylon.
EXPANSE : 3 to 3°25 inches.
DESCRIPTION : “ MALE and FEMALE. UPPERSIDE, dark fuliginous-brown. Forewing
with a bluish-white narrow discoidal streak, above which are two parallel contiguous slender
lines, two lengthened streaks below the cell, five discal spots, two upper slender streaks, and
three costal spots, a submarginal row of small mostly cordate spots,and a marginal row of
more or less indistinct smaller spots. Hzdwing with broad bluish-white basal streaks, regular
series of discal quadrate spots, the two lower of which have a contiguous or continuous outer
spot, an irregular submarginal and marginal row of small spots. The two scent-pouches [as
usual] in the male. ead, thorax, and palpi, white-spotted, a dorsal streak on the thorax,
and the femora beneath, white. Addomen brown above, white beneath. UNDERSIDE brown,
markings clearer, Forvewzng with the discoidal streaks more distinct ; above the cell is a
40 NYMPHALID&. DANAIN 4, DANAIS.
slender line, and the upper discal spot and the streak are concave externally, Aindwing with
a black pouch area [as usual] in the male.”
“*LarvVA, cylindrical, reddish-purple, two black fleshy filaments on third and two on
twelfth segment ; two dorsal rows of round chrome-yellow spots, and a lateral row of broken
chrome-yellow spots, with intervening white dots on each segment. Head and /egs black, white
spotted. Pupa green, much constricted below the thorax, with blue and golden scattered
dots and black raised dots on upper segments, Feeds on Cryftolepis, &c.” (Moore, 1. c.)
In his original short description of this species Felder remarks: “A local variety of
D. aglea from north India ntermediate between it and D. agleotdes ; the Ceylon form differs
from both by its less sharply defined white markings and from D. agéeotdes also by its much
broader streaks.” It appears that both Felder and also Moore in his more recent works must
have overlooked D. grammica, which was figured by Boisduval so long ago as 1836. JD.
ceylanica is really a local form of D, grammica, which is the common south Indian species,
and only differs from it by its generally darker colour, owing to the greater preponderance
of the swarthy ground-colour ; some specimensfrom Trevandrum are indistinguishable from
D. ceylanica, although those from the Western Ghats are notably paler as they extend north-
wards, and it is doubtful whether the name cey/anica should not be suppressed and the Ceylon
species be included under the name grammtca.
“Found everywhere all the year in open or partially cultivated places, but not often in
forest. Flight slow and heavy. Perhaps the commonest Butterfly in Ceylon.” (Hutchison).
18. Danais grammica, Boisduval.
D. grammica, Boisd., Sp. Gén., Lép., vol. i, pls vi, fig. 10 (1836).
HaBITaT: South India.
EXPANSE: 2°7 to 3'4 inches.
DESCRIPTION : Boisduval’s original figure, which unfortunately shows only the under-
side, and the costal margin of the forewing of the upperside, is the only authority for indentify-
ing this species, neither locality nor description being given. The figure corresponds exactly
in markings with D. ceylanica, except that the outer of the three subcostal spots on the upper-
side of the forewing is wanting in D. grammica. The south Indian Danazs of this type also
corresponds in markings with D, ceylanica, but in a specimen from Belgaum the third sub-
costal spot is wanting, and the similarity with Boisduval’s figure is complete. We have, there-
fore, even though this character is utterly inconstant, retained Boisduval’s name for the south
Indian species.» The only points by which it can be distinguished from D. ceylanica are
that it is slightly less black in general colouration, and-on the upperside the marginal series
of spots on the forewing is almost always complete to the apex in D. grammica, whereas
in D. ceylanica it is seldom, if ever, complete ; but if the localities were unknown it would be
hardly possible to distinguish accurately between the species. There is little doubt that the
Ceylon and south Indian species will eventually have to be united under the name
D. grammica.
Moore records this species from Java and the Nicobars, and Butler records it from
Moulmein, Malacca, and Java ; but it is probable that D. agleotdes is the species referred to
in both cases, for out of the numerous collections we have received from Burma and the
Nicobars, we have not found a single specimen approaching to D. grammica, while numerous
specimens of 2. agleoides have been sent. (See Journ, A. S. B., vol. 1, part ii, p. 224, 1881).
D. grammica has been taken in Travancore by Messrs. Bourdillon and Fergusson ; in
August in the hills near Trevandrum ; and in the Ashamboo range in May. In Calicut it
has been taken in September ; at Bangalore in August and November. A number of speci-
mens were taken by Mr. G. Vidal, C.S., in the south Concan ; on the Ghats and on the
Goanese frontier at 1,500 to 1,700 feet above the sea at the latter end of March; and in
Belgaum it is common in October, A single specimen was also taken at Mahableshwar at
NYMPHALID. DANAIN#, -* DANAIS. 4a
Christmas by Mr. E. H. Aitken, and there is a specimen from Poona in the Indian Museum,
Calcutta; but there is no record of its occurrence further north. This species is well
distinguished from D. ag/ea so far as our present knowledge goes, and the geographical
ranges of the two species seem to be widely separated; no species of this group occurs
north of the Bombay Presidency, where D. grammica occurs, till D. ag/ea is met with in the
N.-W. sub-Himalayas on the West. Our knowledge of the East Coast fauna is very limited
at present, but as yet D. ag/ea has not been recorded from any place south of Assam in India
proper, while D. grammica is not known to extend further north than Madras. If specimens
should ultimately be found extending northwards along the East Coast, as is not improbable,
it will be interesting to discover what approach, if any, they make to D. aglea.
19. Danais agleoides, Felder,
D. agleoides, Felder, Wien. Ent. Mon., vol. iv, p. 398, n. 17 (1860).
HasiratT: Burma, Malayana, Nicobars, Java.
EXPANSE : 2°7 to 3°2 inches.
DESCRIPTION : ‘* MALE: Wings swarthy. /orew7zg with a costal streak and another internal
one narrow, four wider discal ones, three costal spots, below the second of which a pair of
elongated spots, then five in the disc and others external and marginal arranged in series, sub-
hyaline ; the apex above fuscous. Azzdwing with seven streaks from the base, eight diversely
formed discal streaks, and others placed irregularly in a double external row, subhyaline.
Approximates very closely to Davazs aglea, Cramer, but the wings are shorter and broader.”
(Felder, 1. c.)
The above is a translation of Felder’s short original description. The subhyaline mark-
ings on the upperside of the forew?ng are similar to those in Danais aglea, except being
smaller, and the cell being divided along almost its whole length into three bluish-white
streaks, which are joined at the base, the upper one being exceedingly narrow ; and the interno-
median area being occupied by two basally-joined streaks, the upper one much angled where
the first median nervule is given off, the lower one straight. The Azdwing has in the cell
three hyaline streaks, the upper and lower ones joined at the base, the middle one short and
lying outwardly between them, UNDERSIDE marked as above, but paler, wherein it differs
much from D. aglea. As compared with D. aglea, D, agleotdes isa much more compact and
blacker insect, all the hyaline streaks being very narrow and the spots small. It is a very
constant and well-marked species. The FEMALE only differs from the male in the absence of
the sexual mark and the broader and more rounded outline of the wings.
It occurs commonly at Rangoon in January, July and September, and probably at other
seasons also. On Nancowry Island, Nicobars, Mr. A. de Roépstorff took many specimens in
August and September, and on Great Nicobar Island in October. It also occurs at
Sambelong, Nicobars (Moore). Dr, J. Anderson took it very commonly in the Mergui Archi-
pelago in the cold weather. There is a specimen in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, labelled
‘*Dukhun,” “ Sykes ;” but the locality is probably erroneous, as D. agleotdes appears to be
confined to the east of the Bay of Bengal.
Third Group.—CHITTIRA: “ Male with two scent-pouches, one spatular-shaped on the
submedian nervure, accompanied by the dilated or swollen nervure, the other being the
internal nervure dilated, but without any adjacent spatular patch.” (JZoove, Lep. Ceylon,
p- 8). This includes two distinct types as regards style of markings and outline of the wings ;
the first group is represented by two species only in India, which are confined to the Himalayas,
Assam and Burma; they have the wings elongate, especially the forewing, and the hyaline
markings greatly predominating at the base of the wings; the second group also contains
only two Indian species, one peculiar to Ceylon, and the other to the hills of south India ; they
have the wings comparatively skort and broad, and the hyaline markings narrow ard much
reduced, the colours generally being far more opaque.
7
42 NYMPHALIDZ. DANAIN #. DANAIS.
Eey to the Indian species of Ohittira.
A. ¢ Males with two scent-pouches on hindwing, marked by dilatation of the submedian and internal
nervures. Colours black or brown, with hyaline markings.
a’, Forewing, elongate ; hyaline markings broad and extensive, occupying almost all the basal
area of the wing. Of large size.
a*, With the margin of hindwing broadly ferruginous.
20. D. tTytT1A, Himalayas, Burma.
67, With the margin of hindwing broadly swarthy, always with whitish minute
marginal spots.
21. D. MELANEus, E. Himalayas, Burma.
5, «Forewing somewhat short and broad; costal margin much arched, inner margin long;
hindwing broadly oval, very convex externally. Antennz with a tolerably thick club.”
(Chittira as restricted by Moore). Hyaline markings reduced, narrow.
a?, With white basal streaks on hindwing below the cell; anda brown streak
in the whitish space on forewing below the cell.
22. D. (Chittira) NILGIRIENSIS, South India.
52, With no white basal streaks on hindwing below thecell; and with no brown
streak in the whitish space below the cell in forewing.
23. D. (Chittira) TAPROBANA, Ceylon.
20. Danais tytia, Gray.
D. tytia, Gray, Lep. Ins. Nepal, p. 9, pl. ix, fig. 2 (1846); Doubl. Hew., Gen. D. L, pl. xii, fig. 4
(2847); Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 822; Danais sita, Koll., Hig. Kasch., vol. iv, p. 424, ph. vi
(1848).
HasiITAT: Himalayas, extending into Tenasserim.
EXPANSE: 3°5 to 4°4 inches.
DESCRIPTION: “Forewing black, with white semi-transparent spots between the
nervures. Aindwing brownish-red, with the centre of the nervures near the base, and
spots semi-transparent white, also a black spot at the anal angle.” (Gray, ].c.) MALe:
Forewing with the discoidal cell; three elongated decreasing spots along the costa ; two
streaks below these, the lower the longer; a spot below the end of the latter ; two large
spots between the second and third median nervules; two larger ones between the first and
second, the inner one completely filling the angle made by the junction of the median
nervure and first median nervule ; the entire space between the median and submedian nervures
to within one-fourth of the length of the wing from the outer margin ; a narrow streak below
the submedian nervure extending from the base half the length of the wing ; a submarginal row
of seven increasing spots, one between each pair of nervules ; and an incomplete row of very
small marginal spots not reaching the apex, two between each pair of nervules—hyaline bluish-
white. Aindwing bright ferruginous ; the disco-cellular and first and second median nervules
black towards the margin ; the discoidal cell hyaline, generally with a bifid streak within, not
reaching the base ; a small streak above the costal nervure at the base ; am elongated streak
below the costal ; five spots around the end of the cell, one between each pair of nervules ;
two broad streaks connected at the base between the median and submedian nervures ; anda
single broad streak on either side of the internal nervure—hyaline bluish-white. A few sub-
marginal bluish-white spots from the apex and faint traces of a marginal series. The usual
sexual marks near the anal angle blackish. Cz/éa black, spotted with white at the interspaces,
Head and thorax black, spotted with white. Abdomen ferruginous, streaked with white
below. UNbgRSIDE with the markings generally similar to the upperside; the apex of
forewing ferruginous ; the marginal series of spots complete to the apex; and also complete,
large and conspicuous on the Azndwing, FEMALE: Similar to the male, except that the
marginal and submarginal rows of spots on the upperside of the Aindwing are more apparent,
and the sexual mark is absent,
D. tytiais one cf the largest and most striking species of the genus, the wings are
much elongated, and the forewing is somewhat falcate, especially in the male. It is found
NYMPHALID&. DANAINA. DANAIS. 43
throughout the Himalayas from Kashmir eastwards extending into Tenasserim; to the west
it is comparatively rare, getting commoner towards the east. According to Col. Lang
it is a forest-loving insect, frequenting in the Western Himalayas, wooded glens, at 6,000 to
7,000 feet altitude, with a high and soaring flight. In Kulu “ it is not uncommon ; it has
four broods—the first brood appearing in April at the lower altitudes ; the second brood
appears in June at about 6,000 feet elevation ; a third brood appears in August and the first
week in September ; and the fourth, which is much the smallest in numbers, appears late in
October. It is strong on the wing and a high flier ; the long pendant flowers of the hill coon
(Cedrela serrata) are much affected by it.” (4. Grahame Young). Near Simla it appears to
be rare. Mr. de Nicéville, who has carefully explored the surrounding hills himself, only found
D. tytia on the wing once, in a wooded glen near Theog on the Hindustan and Thibet road ;
and though it is said actually to swarm in the Simla hills in some years, it has not done so
to his knowledge since 1876. From Mussoorie specimens were brought by Herr von Hiigel,
In Kumaon, according to Mr, E. T. Atkinson, it is common about Naini Tal and Almorah from
September to November, It has been reported also from Nepal and Bhutan. In Sikkim it is
common ; in the Khasi hills it is found in the autumn, and in the hilly districts of Burma it is
common during the cold weather, It has also been found in Western Yunan,
21. Danais melanous, Cramer. (PLATE V, Fic.5 d ¢).
Papilio melaneus, Cram., Pap. Ex., vol. i, pl. xxx, fig. D (1775) ; Herbst, Pap., pl. cxxiii, fig. 5 (1743) ;
Hestia ephyre, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett., p. 15, n. 74 (1816) ; Danais melane, Codart, Enc, Méth,, vol. ix:
P. 192, n. 53 (1819) ; Danais melaneus, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 822.
Hasirat: The Eastern Himalayas, extending through Burma to Malayana and Java.
EXPANSE : 3°I to 4°4 inches.
DESCRIPTION : Forewing marked spot for spot as in D. ¢ytéa, but differs from that
species in being less elongate and falcate ; the 4zzdwing also is shorter and rounder. The
ground-colour of the Azzdwing is swarthy instead of bright ferruginous, and the bifid streak
in the cell, whichis generally present in D. tytéa, is never seen inthis species ; the marginal
and submarginal series of small spots are, however, more distinct. The UNDERSIDE agrees
exactly in markings with D. ¢y/za, but the ground-colour of the Aindwing differs in the same
way as it does on the upperside.
D. melaneus is found in Sikkim, Sylhet, and the Khasi hillsin November. In October
also Mr. de Nicéville found it in profusion in the Sikkim tarai and as high as 6,000 feet
in the Darjiling hills. In Tenasserim it was taken by Limborg in the cold weather at
Ahsown, Mouimein, and Meetan. Captain Bingham took it in the Thoungyeen forests in the
Tenasserim interior in the spring months; and it has been found in Penang, Malacca, and
Java. Itis apparently a forest-loving insect, similar in habits and in general appearance to
D. tytia.
The figure is taken from specimens from Sibsagar in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, and
shows the upperside of both sexes ; the female on the left, and the male on the right.
22. Danals ailgiriensis, Moore. (PLATE VI, Fic.9 ¢).
D. nilgiriensis, Moore, Ann, and Mag. Nat. Hist., fourth series, vol. xx, p. 44 (1877).
HABITAT : Conoor, Nilgiris ; Ashamboo Hills,
EXPANSE : 30 to 3°8 inches,
DESCRIPTION : “ Fuliginous black, with bluish-white markings. orewzzg, with a bluish-
white, black-streaked stripe within the cell ; three subapical costal spots, below which are
two narrow streaks, the lower elongated ; five spots within the disc ; an elongated, black-
centered, triangular streak between median and submedian nervures ; a submarginal series of
seven spots, the lower, second, and third witha dentate point outward ;a short marginal row
of small dots from posterior angle. Azzdwing, with a bluish-white, narrow, fusiform streak
44. NYMPHALIDA. DANAINE DANAIS.
within the cell ; five contiguous small narrow spots outside the cell; three long narrow
abdominal streaks ; a submarginal series of spots, the upper two largest, the third denate,
the others small ; a marginal row of smaller spots. Head, thorax, and /egs black, spotted
and streaked with white. Addomen, blackish above, grey beneath. UNDERSIDE paler,
markings as above.” (dfoore. 1. c.) In the above description Moore omits to mention the
presence on the upperside of the /forewzng of a narrow streak from the base half along the
length of the wing below the submedian nervure ; and on the Azzdwing there are four abdominal
streaks, two joined at the base, between the first median nervule and the submedian nervure,
and one on either side of the internal nervure. On the UNDERSIDE the forewing is darker in
the middle of the disc, the Azzdwing irrorated with grey, except a discal band beyond the
cell from the costa to the anal angle, which is brown, like the disc of the forewing. The
FEMALE differs from the male in the absence in the Azzdwing of the sexual marks which are
presen in the male ; the submarginal row of spots therefore consists of nine instead of six
spots.
**Not common in the winter in Travancore ; it occurs on the hills from 2,000 feet upwards ;
throughout February it is tolerably common. In April and May it was fairly common
above 3,000 feet, and some specimens have been taken in June.” (Harold Fergusson). Common
at Conoor in July. It appears to be a local though very well-marked species, peculiar to the
hills in the south of the peninsula.
The figure shows the upper and undersides of a male from Conoor in the Indian
Museum, Calcutta.
23. Danais taprobana, Felder.
D. taprobana, Felder, Reise Nov., Lep., vol. ii, p. 349, pl. xlii, fig. 4 (1865), male; Danais fumata,
Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 53; CAittiva fumata, Moore, Lep. Cey., p. 9, pl. iv, figs. 1, ra (1880).
HABITAT : Ceylon.
EXPANSE : 2°75 to 3°8 inches.
DESCRIPTION: ‘‘UPPERSIDE: Forewing rich brown, with a long discoidal streak ; a large
patch below the median nervure, extending from the base to the middle of the first median
branch ; two spots between the first and second median branches, one in the middle, and one
at the base of the nervules ; three submarginal spots, one below each of the median branches,
and often a fourth below the lower discoidal nervule ; an oblique band from beyord the middle
of the costa to the middle of the third median branch, divided into five spots by the nervules ;
one or two minute spots near the end of the cell, below the third median branch, and two
small obliquely placed subapical spots in, and nearly completing the submarginal series—
pale-greenish white, semi-transparent, Azxdwing rich brown ; interior margin paler ; the
cell a short streak above near its termination, a minute streak near the costa beyond the
middle (often wanting), a minute spot beyond the end of the cell, a submarginal row of three
small spots near the apex, and an incomplete marginal row of four or five minute dots (gener-
ally absent in the male)—pale greenish white, semi-transparent. C7z/za brown with whitish
interspaces. Body brown, UNDERSIDE: Wings golden brown, a patch of darker colour below
the end of the cell in the Azzdwing, markings nearly as above, but the basal hyaline marks
much suffused with brown; only one subapical spot on forewing ; and in the Azndwing,
the marginal dots are larger and present in both sexes. Bopy: Zhorax black, spotted with
yellow. Addomen pale ochreous.” (Butler, l.c.) The FEMALE differs from the male only in
the absence of the sexual marks, and in the presence of the marginal dots on upperside of
hindwing.
This exceedingly well-marked species seems confined to the Island of Ceylon. There is
no record of its capture on the Indian Continent. In Ceylon, according to Hutchison, it is
“ found all the year round, scarce in February and March ; in the hills at from 3,000 to 6,000
feet elevation ; in forest and often in coffee plantations. Common at Newera Eliya, and several
miles round. Flight slow and heavy.”
“4
NYMPHALID&. DANAIN. DANAIS. 45
Fourth Group:—TIRUMALA: ‘“ Forewing broad, triangular ; first branch of the subcostal
nervure emitted at one-fifth before the end of the cell and free from the costal, the second
emitted from the end of the cell. Andwing broadly oval; exterior margin very convex ;
costal nervure slightly curved; cell short, anteriorly oblique ; second subcostal branch
starting from nearer the first, and third median branch nearer the second than in Radena.
Male, with an open scent-pouch between the first median nervule and submedian nervure, the
pendent sac of which is prominent on the underside. Antenne shorter than in Radena, the
club shorter and tip more pointed. Zavva with two pair of fleshy filaments. Type D. “imniace,
Cramer.” (dZoore, Lep. Ceylon, p. 4, 1880).
This group is represented by three species in the Indian region, and a fourth is included
on somewhat doubtful grounds. They appear to be more variable in their markings than
the species of other allied groups of Danzazs, so much so that specimens are often found which
it is difficult to identify with certainty. Their colouration is a beautiful indigo black with
subhyaline bluish-white spots and streaks; all the species are of rather large size, and two of
them are very common.
Eey to the Indian species of Tirumala.
A. d@ Males with one scent-pouch on hindwing, prominent or underside as a pendent sac. Colours blue
black, with subbyaline markings.
a*, With two hyaline streaks from the base in the cell of forewing.
24. D.(Tirumala) GAUTAMA, Burma.
62 With only a single streak from the base in the cell of forewing.
a>, Hyaline markings large, prominent and very pale.
a*, Wings broad and short, marginal spots on hindwing brown, basal area
of hindwing almost entirely hyaline, with no dark streak between
median and submedian nervures.
25. D.(Tirumala) MELISSA, India (?), Java.
4*, Wings somewhat elongate, no brown spots on hindwing; marginal spots
prominent ; the hyaline mark between median and submedian
nervures of hindwing cleft outwardly by a dark streak.
26. D.(Tirumala) LIMNIACE, India.
4%, Hyaline markings small, dark, and distinct, with no tendency to coalesce.
27. D.(Tirumala) SEPTENTRIONIS, India.
24. Danais guatama, Moore.
D. gautama, Moore, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., fouth series, vol, xx, p. 43 (1877).
Hasirat: Arakan, Meplay Valley, Henzadah, Burma.
EXPANSE : 34 to 4°0 inches.
DESCRIPTION: “ FeMALE: Black with bluish-white markings. : Forew7zng with two long
streaks within base of cell and three short streaks at its end; a series of five narrow streaks
beyond end of the cell ; six discal spots; two lengthened narrow streaks starting from base
between the median and submedian nervures, and a spot beyond, the upper streak broken
near its end ; three small spots before the apex, and a marginal row of spots ; a short streak at
base of hind margin. Azzdwing with three streaks within the cell, an elongated discal
series of streaks, and two outer marginal rows of small spots.” (d/oore, 1 c.) The MALE
differs only from the female in having the black sexual spot, which is situated between the
first median nervule and submedian nervure, and is produced into a pouch below with the
opening on the upperside. UNDERSIDE like the upperside, except that the apical region of
the forewing and the whole of the Azzdwzng is ochreous brown.
“€ Most nearly allied to D. septentrionis, Butler, but differs in the shape of the forewing
(that of D. gautama being shorter), the two basal streaks within base of the cell, the wider
interspaces between the discal and marginal spots, and in the form of the streaks below the
cell. On the Aixdwing it has an additional streak within the cell, and the discal streaks between
the veins are broad.” (Jove, 1. c.) a
46 NYMPHALID. DANAINZ DANAIS.
D. gautama, to judge from the recorded instances of its capture, seems to be very local.
It has hitherto only been reported from a limited portion of British Burma. Captain
C. T. Bingham took a single specimen in the Meplay Valley in February, and Captain
C. H. E. Adamson has sent a single male specimen from Moulmein, where it was captured on
the 12th June, and Dr. Anderson took it commonly in the Mergui Archipelago in December.
It is probably not uncommon, but overlooked owing to its great superficial resemblance to the
common D. septentrionis, though when once recognised it is a well-marked and easily distin-
guished species.
25. Danais melissa, Cramer.
Papilio melissa, Cramer, Pap. Ex., vol. iv, pl. ccclxxvii, figs. C, D (1781) ; Herbst, Pap., pl. exxv, figs.
3, 4 (1793) ; Danais melissa, Godart, Enc. Méth., vol. ix, p. 192, n. 50 (1819).
HapsiratT : (N. India?, Singapore ?) ; Java.
EXPANSE: 6, 3'0 to 3°5 inches.
DescrIPTION: MALE: Forewing black; a narrow streak in the cell from the base, and
an irregular spot beyond it ; one subcostal spot beyond the end of the cell, immediately
below which are three elongate spots between the nervules ; a round spot touching the cell
below the third median nervule ; a larger, somewhat elongate, spot below the second ; and a
large spot above an elongate basal streak with a small separate rounded spot beyond them,
below the third median nervule ; a sinuate submarginal series of nine spots, the apical four,
one between each pair of nervules, the next four in pairs in the median interspaces ; and a
marginal series of smaller spots—subhyaline bluish-white. Mzxdwing with the entire cell ;
a spot at the base of the wing; a slightly larger on eabove the costal nervure at its base ; a
streak below it with a spot beyond ; a spot between the subcostal branches touching the cell ;
two streaks filling the base of the interspaces on either side of the discoidal nervule; two
short narrow streaks joined at the base in each of the two median interspaces, the outer pair
much the smaller; the whole space between the median and submedian nervures from the
base to the sexual mark ; and three lengthened abdominal streaks, the two below the sub-
median nervure joined at the base;a very irregular submarginal series of small somewhat
elongate spots—subhyaline bluish-white. A marginal row, equally irregular, of very small
spots, white at the apex and anal angle, those between them brown. UNDERSIDE : Forewing
black; Azzdwing somewhat cupreous; the markings identical with those of the upperside,
except that the marginal and submarginal spots are much more prominent, especially on the
hindwing ; both series are complete and all the spots are whitish with no brown tint. Cz/ia
black, spotted with white. Described from Cramer’s figures.
D. melissa is quoted by Westwood, Moore, and Butler as occurring in India,
and onthe strength of these authorities it is retained in the Indian list; but we have
never seen a specimen taken in India, and we have great doubts as to whether it really does
occur here. It is a Javan insect, and differs from the common D. “imuniace of India, which
also occurs in Java, notably in having the basal area of the hindwing almost entirely hyaline
leaving a prominent dark outer border,—in other words in D. me/issa the hyaline spots on the
outer half of the wing are reduced, and towards the margin evanescent, while those towards
the base are enlarged greatly. Both these species vary much, and some specimens of the Indian
D. limniace show an approach to D. melissa in the style of their markings, but none that we
have seen could be separated from the Indian species or united with the Javan. The speci-
mens of D. melissa from Java in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, differ from Cramer’s figures on
the forewing in having the three markings below the median nervure entirely coalescing, and
on the hindwing in having a small dark streak in the cell, the hyaline streaks below it
coalescing, making the abdominal area much paler, and the marginal spots bluish-white not
brown, thus showing that this species is as liable to variation as is D. /immniace.
NYMPHALID. DANAINA. DANAIS. 47
26. Danais limniace, Cramer.
Papilio limniace, Cramer, Pap. Ex., vol. i, pl. lix, figs. D, E (1775); Herbst, Pap., pl. exxiii, figs. 3,4
(1793) ; Danais leopardus, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 52, n. 36 3 D. dimniace, G. Semper, Journ. des
Mus. God., heft xiv, p. 139, pl. vili, fig. 6 (1879) ; Tirumala limniace, Moore, Lep. Cey,, p. 4, pl. i, fig. 3 (1880).
HaBItTaT: Throughout the Indian region,
EXPANSE: 2°6 to 4°23; usually about 3°5 inches.
DESCRIPTION : MALE: Forewing deep blue-black ; a streak from the base, with an out-
wardly indented spot beyond in the cell; two short subcostal streaks (the outer sometimes
evanescent) just beyond the cell, with three streaks immediately below them, one between each
pair of the nervules, the first narrow, the second and third broader, the third short and oval; a
spot touching the cell below the third median nervule, a larger and longer spot below the second,
and in the space between the first median nervule and submedian nervure are an elongate
streak from the base, above it a shorter and broader streak, and beyond them a rounded spot—
subhyaline bluish-white ; these three latter markings are very variable. In some specimens all
three are distinct; in others the two streaks coalesce; in others again the upper streak
coalesces with the spot leaving the lower streak free, and, lastly, all three sometimes are almost
completely confluent. A sinuous submarginal row of nine unequal-sized, rounded, rather
prominent spots, anda marginal row of ten to twelve smaller spots—also hyaline bluish-white.
Hindwing also deep blue-black, with a spot at the base, a short streak above the costal nervure,
another with a rounded spot beyond it below the costal nervure ; a small spot near the cell
between the subcostal nervules, a wide streak on each side of the discoidal nervule touching
the cell ; two short streaks united at the base in each median interspace, the outer pair much the
smaller ; a similar pair, but much wider, between the median and submedian nervures from the
base to the sexual mark ; asimilar, but much longer, pair below the submedian, anda lengthened
abdominal streak—subhyaline bluish-white. The discoidal cell in some specimens is entirely
subhyaline ; in others there is asingle black streak near the end, and in others again this streak is
bind and very prominent. An irregular prominent submarginal row of spots ; all those above
the second median nervule are rounded ; those below it somewhat elongate ; the rounded spots
are in pairs between the nervules with the outer of each pair large and the inner small; a more
regular marginal row of smaller spots also hyaline bluish-white. UNDERSIDE agrees in
markings with the upperside, but on the apical area of the forewing and the whole of the
hindwing the ground-colour is cupreous. The ead and thorax are blue-black, spotted and
streaked with white. 4édomen swarthy above, and fulvous, with whitish spots below. FEMALE:
Differs only from the male in the pair of subhyaline streaks below the median nervure being
lengthened across the space occupied in the male by the sexual organ, which latter is of course
absent in the female.
* Larva yellowish-white or yellowish-green, with a pair of Jong fleshy filaments on third,
and a short pair on twelfth segment ; the filaments black and greenish-white, longitudinally
lined with black points ; each segment with transverse black bars, one on each, thicker, which
bifurcates near the lateral line ; a narrower bar at anterior edge, and two, also narrower, at
posterior part of the segment ; lateral band yellow ; head and feet ringed with black. Puja
green, somewhat cylindrical, constricted below the thorax, with golden scattered dots and beaded
ring. Feeds on Asclepias.” (Moore, Lep. Ceylon, p. 5). Figured in Horsfield and Moore’s
Cat. Lep. E. I. C., pl. iv, figs. 3,3a (1857).
The range of this species is very wide. It is found in the driest as well in the dampest
localities, and extends into the Himalayas up to at least 6,000 feet. In Travancore, according
to Mr. Harold Fergusson, it is common from the foot of the hills to the summits, most
abundant in November and December, common throughout February, only a few seen in
March, but again fairly common at the higher elevations in April and May. It is common
throughout the Deccan, extending into Sind, and throughout the plains of north India it is on
the wing nearly all the year round ; and in the outer Himalayas from Kashmir to Nepal. In Kulu
Mr. A. Grahame Young writes that it is common in some years, rare in others, and occurs in
May, August, and October, Mr. S. E. Peal has taken it at Sibsagar in Upper Assam. It is
not uncommon in Rangoon, and in the Nicobar Islands. In Calcutta it is plentiful all through
48 NYMPHALID. DANAIN. DANAIS.
the year, and to be met with everywhere, particularly in gardens, where it is almost the com-
monest insect seen. Like the rest of the genus it has a slow flapping flight, and settles fre-
quently often at the very end of a dead stick.
27. Danais septentrionis, Butler. (PLate VI, Fic. 8 ¢ 9).
Danais septentrionis, Butler, Ent. Month. Mag., vol. xi, p. 163 (1874); D. septentrionis, G. Semper,
Journ. des Mus. God., heft xiv, p. 140, pl. viii, fig 7 (1879); Tirwmala septentrionis, Moore, Lep. Cey.,
Pp. 5, pl. i, fig. 2 (1880).
Habitat ; India.
EXPANSE: 34 to 4°4 inches.
DESCRIPTION ; ‘‘ Allied to D. hamata,* of McLeay, but constantly much larger.
UPPERSIDE : Forewing with the spots on the disc smaller. Azudwing olive-brown (instead of
chocolate-brown) ; the streaks beyond the cell, between the subcostal and radial nervures,
narrower, longer, and not notched externally ; the brown patch in the cell broader (frequently
reaching to the radial nervure without a notch); submarginal spots more elongated.
UNDERSIDE: Forewing paler than in D. hamata : hindwing more cupreous in tint.” (But-
ez aC)
D. septentrionis is the common dark form of blue Dazazs that has frequently passed as
D, similis+ in collections in this country. It differs from D. Zémmiace inits usually larger size and
in the deeper blue tone of the subhyaline markings, which are also smaller and more
distinct throughout. On the forewing the streaks on either side of the lower discoidal nervule
are narrow and pointed externally, the lower one always the shorter, whereas in D. Limniace
they are broad and truncate ; the basal streak below the median nervure is short, narrow and
widely separated from the spot above and the one beyond it, except in some specimens from
S. India. On the Azxdwing the subhyaline markings in the cell are reduced to two streaks,
with sometimes a minute spot between them at the outer end of the cell. On the UNDERSIDE
the marking are similar to those of the upperside, and the cupreous tints of the fore- and
hindwings are much darker than in D. imniace.
This Butterfly seems to be less generally distributed than D. Zimndace. It has not been
recorded from the Andamans or Nicobars, but is common in Tenasserim, in Assam, and in
the Eastern Himalayas and tarais ; it is rare in the Western Himalayas ; and appears again
in south India and Ceylon, but from the sub-Himalayan tracts on the north to Bangalore on
the south we have as yet no record of its occurrence. The south Indian and Ceylon form is
much smaller than that from north-east India. Specimens from south India (Bangalore,
Kadur district, and Calicut) show an approximation to D. dimniace in their much lighter
generalt one of colouration and the more or less complete coalescing of the spots and streaks
behind the median nervure in the forewing ; but the streaks on either side of the lower
discoidal nervule are decidedly proportionally longer, narrower, and externally more pointed,
showing that these aberrant specimens really belong to the present species D. septentrionis.
In the Simla district Mr. de Nicéville has taken itrather sparingly from August to October,
and only in beds of streams with richly wooded sides; in one such locality near Kotgarh,
elevation about 6,000 feet, it was fairly plentiful in August, 1879. Mr. A, Grahame Young
writes that ‘‘ it very seldom occurs in Kulu, generally in July.” In Chumba at 3,000 feet
elevation there is a spring brood in April ; and Mr. E. T. Atkinson, C.S., reports having found
itcommon in the lower hills and plains below Kumaon; and Mr. F. Bourdillon has taken
it in Travancore in May.
The figure shows the upperside’ of both male and female from specimens from Sibsagar
in the Indian Museum, Calcutta.
Fifth Group.--SALaTuRA : “ Forewing lengthened, triangular ; costa slightly arched ;
apex more or less rounded ; exterior margin waved, oblique, slightly convex in the middle ;
* From Australia,
t See No, 8, D. vulgaris.
NYMPHALID&. DANAIN&. DANAIS. 49
inner margin slightly recurved; costal nervure extending to two-thirds the length, first sub-
costal branch emitted before end of the cell, second at end of the cell, third and fourth at equal
distances from its end; cell long ; upper disco-cellular bent inwards, and angled at its upper
and lower end, lower outwardly oblique ; radials from angles of upper disco-cellular ; median
branches widely separated, submedian slightly recurved. Aéndwing broadly oval; exterior
margin rounded, slightly sinuous; costal nervure short, curved upward, and emitting a short
basal spur ; first subcostal emitted before end of the cell, and curving upward. before the apex,
second slightly bent at end of the cell ; disco-cellulars very oblique, upper shortest and slightly
concave, radial from their middle ; second median branch near end of the cell; lower bent
near its base, submedian nearly straight, internal recurved. MALE with an open scent-pouch
between first median nervule and submedian nervure. Body long; palpi pilose; middle and
hindlegs slender. Zarvva with three pairs of fleshy filaments. Type, D. genzti/a, Cramer.”
(Moore, Lep. Ceylon, p. 5, 1880).
This group includes all the species of what are known as “tawny” Danazs, and is
represented within Indian limits by eight species, some of which probably are insular or local,
and may eventually prove to be merely geographical varieties; some of them are
exceedingly common, and two of them are found everywhere throughout the country, often in
immense numbers. The group has a very wide range, extending from Eastern Europe
throughout Southern and Eastern Asia, to Australia ; also to South Europe, North Africa and
North America. Out of the eight species included as Indian, the claim of one, D. philene,
to admission is extremely doubtful ; it is included on the authority of Butler’s identification.
Key to the Indian species of Salatura.
B. a. Males with a scent-pouch on hindwing, situated as in 7zrusa/a, but with the sac not so prominent
on underside. Wings opaque; prevailing colour tawny yellowish-brown, with black and white
markings, e
a‘, The nervures of the wings not defined with black ; the outer margin of both wings
black, with white spots,
a*, Apex of forewing black with a white subapical macular band,
a3. Hindwing uniform tawny.
28. D. (Salatura) cHRysipPus, India.
6°, Hindwing suffused with pure white.
29. D. (Salatura) accirpus, N. W. India, Rangoon.
62, Apex of forewing tawny, the white subapical band obsolete,
30. D. (Salatura) vorippus, Sind.
6, The nervures more or less broadly defined with black.
a*, Hindwing bright ferruginous.
a3, With white marginal and submarginal spots.
31. D. (Salatura) cenuti4,” India.
4%, Without white marginal and submarginal spots.
32. D. (Salatura) NIPALENSIS, Nepal.
42. Hindwing dull dark ferruginous, with fine bifid white spots on the disc
on underside ; nervures of forewing only partially defined with black
on upperside,
33. D. (Salatura) PHILENE, Punjab (?), Java.
c?, Hindwing very dark brown with pure white streaks,
a3, With two oblique rows of white spots from costa of fore-
wing ; white streaks on hindwing large.
34. D.(Salatura) nacesierus, N. E. India, Orissa, Burma,
63, With the inner row of white spots on forewing evanescent
or wanting ; white streaks on hindwing narrow.
35. D.(Salatura) NEsIpPUS, Nicobars.
d*, Hindwing dark brown with sullied white streaks,
36. D.(Salatura) MELANIPrUS, N. E. India,
* 2D. genutia is the name under which the Butterfly, commonly known as D, plexi/fus, must stand; see
detailed description of this species,
8
50 NYMPHALID#., DANAIN&. DANAIS.
28. Danais chrysippus, Linnzus. (PLATE VI, Fic. 10 3 @.)
Papilio chrysifpus, Linnzus, Mus. Ulr., p 263 (1764); Syst. Nat., vol. i, pt. ii, p. 767, n. 119 (1767);
Cramer, Pap. Ex., vol. ii, pl. cxviii, figs. B, C (1777) ; Papilio egyptius, Schreber, Nov. Sp. Ins., p. 9, figs. 11,
12 (1759) ; Herbst, Pap., pl. clv, figs. 1, 2 (1794) 3 Danais chrysifpe, Godt., Enc. Méth, vol. ix, p. 187, n. 38
(1819) ; Danais chrysippus, Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. C., vol. i, pl. iv, figs. 7, caterpillar, 7a,
chrysalis; Salatura chrysipfpus, Moore, Lep, Cey., p. 7, pl-iii, figs. 1, male ; 1a, female ; 1b, caterpillar and
chrysalis (1880).
HasitaT : Throughout India and Burma up to 7,000 feet elevation.
EXPANSE : 2°25 to 3'4 inches.
DEscRIPTION: MALE and FEMALE. UPPERSIDE: Forewing, with the costa narrowly,
the whole apical area, including a small portion of the extremity of the cell, and decreasingly
to the inner angle fuscous black ; the rest of the wing bright ferruginous, darker in the cell and
sometimes a little below and beyond it. A small quadrate spot on the costa, about one-third
the length of the wing from the base; a larger one beyond it; an oblique band of five spots
from the costa to the third median nervule, divided by the black nervules; a small spot
between the discoidal and third median nervules touching the cell, and sometimes a smaller one
above it; a round spot, variable in size, on the inner margin of the black apical area between
the first and second median nervules ; a submarginal and marginal series of small spots, the
former always with two increasing spots at the apex, the series sometimes extending from
the apex to the third median nervule, but generally with only the twospots below the macular
band present, the upper one of the two always the largest, as are also the spots below them
in the marginal series, white. In some specimens the apical area beyond the macular band
is suffused between the veins with ferruginous. Hindwing bright ferruginous, narrowly
bordered with a black band, irregular towards the apex, inwardly scalloped towards the anal
angle. Three white spots at the apical angle ; the upper disco-cellular nervule bordered with
a black spot below the point where the second subcostal nervule is given off ; another black
spot where the discoidal nervure is given off ; and a third filling the outer angle of the cell,
where the third median nervule is given off. In some specimens the nervules on the disc are
narrowly bordered with white. A marginal series of small somewhat squarish spots placed
on the marginal black band, frequently evanescent towards the apex. The MALE has in addition
a black sexual spot placed against the first median nervule, and extending into the space
between it and the submedian nervure. UNDERSIDE: Forewing as above, except that the
macular subapical band of white spots is only inwardly margined with black, the apical area
from that band almost up to the marginal black band being ochreous. There is also an
additional spot along the costa of the submarginal series. Az#zdwing ochreous, all the veins
and the spots on the disco-cellular nervules more or less bordered with white; the sexual mark
in the male centred with a white spot, the marginal black band inwardly irregularly defined
with white, and the marginal white series of spots always complete, lunular, and much larger
than on the upperside.
D. chrysippus is the commonest and most widely spread of all the Indian Butterflies.
It is found throughout Eastern and Southern Asia, and even extends into Europe and North
Africa. No locality seems to be unsuited to it. Up to a level of 7,000 feet above the sea, it
may be found anywhere in the Indian Empire, but perhaps the dry hot plains of Northern
India are on the whole the most congenial to it. Atall events there it is the most conspicuous as
it is almost the one solitary species that can thrive in the dust and glare. It seems moreover
to be as indifferent to season as it is to locality, and in the plains of north India at all
events it is to be found throughout the year, though most abundant in the winter months. It
is hardly necessary to quote localities or dates in this case, for wherever the temperature is
high enough, D. chrystppus may be found throughout the year. It has however not been
recorded from the Andaman isles, though it occurs at the Nicobars. Only in the hills does its
appearance seem to be governed by season, Mr. de Nicéville has only met with it in the Simla
district in the autumn. Mr. A. Grahame Young, writing from’Kulu, gives, with reference to this
species, the following note which is of interest as relating to its occurrence out of India :—
5t NYMPHALID. DANAINAE. DANAIS.
“Common in Kulu ;the first brood appears in June, then a succession of broods from August
throughout the autumn. I founda great number of the larvee of this insect whilst marching
through the Sialkot District in May. They were on that species of Luphordium, so common on
sandy ground in the Punjab. I bred a lot, but all that I can now remember is that they emerge
from the pupa on the average in about twelve days. I first saw this insect while travelling
through South Persia many yearsago. I met with a few at Khaneh Zeenon, 32 miles south
of Shiraz, early in April, and at Dasht-i-arjun, a grassy plain surrounded by mountains a few
miles further on, elevation nearly 6,000 feet, they were out on the banks of a small river in
swarms during six hours that I halted there. I must have seen some thousands ; they were all
fresh from the chrysalis, and the surrounding herbage was covered with these pupz, and with
newly emerged insects.”
The following description of the caterpillar and chrysalis of D, chrysifpus is taken from
a paper by Mrs. T. Vernon Wollaston in the Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., fifth series, vol. iii,
p. 221 (1879).
‘* The caterpillar of this Dazats is rather more than an inch and a half in length, and of
a delicate French grey, each segment being ornamented with five black transverse lines, the
second and third ones of which are somewhat broader, and enclose too large yellow transverse
patches. There is a yellow spiracle-line very much interrupted, the skin being puckered,
and the spiracles themselves scarcely visible. The head has three broad, transverse, arched,
black lines, the anterior one of which encloses a yellow space, bordered in front by a straight
basal line. The third, sixth, and last segments are each furnished with a pair of conspicuous
dark retractile [?] horns, the anterior pair of which are almost twice the length of the others.
When fully fed, it suspends itself by its tail, and turns into an obtuse semi-transparent
chrysalis, beautifully marked with small golden spots, placed elliptically round the head, and
with a black, raised, semi-circular line near the tail, the posterior edge of which is of z
brilliant gold ; there is also a minute golden spot about the position of the centre of the
enclosed wings. These golden markings, however, disappear by the absorption of the fluids, as
the enclosed insect approaches maturity.”
The caterpillar feeds in India on Calotropis gigantea (Lang) 3 Asclepias curasavica (Moore),
The chrysalides in Danais choysippus are dichroic, some being bright green, and others pale
pinkish, wax-white, but Mr. Wood-Mason has ascertained that this difference in colour is not
sexual, males and females being produced indifferently from green and pink chrysalides, and
he considers that we here have to do with an instance of the same animal at the same stage of
its development being protected by its resemblance to twc different parts of the vegetable or-
ganism on which it feeds and resides, namely, the leaves and the blossoms, the green chrysalises
matching green leaves, and the pink ones being of a colour likely to be mistaken by birds,
reptiles, and predaceous insects for a blossom.
The figures, taken from Calcutta specimens in the Indian Musuem, Calcutta, shows the
upperside of a male on the left and female on the right.
29. Danais alcippus, Cramer,
Papilio alcifpus, Cramer, Pap. Ex, vol. ii, pl. cxxvii, figs. E, F (1777); Fabricius, Ent. Syst., vol. iii, pt. 1,
p. 50, n. 155 (1793) ; Herbst, Pap., pl. clv, figs. 5, 6 (1794); Euplwa alcippe, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett.,
p. 15 (1816) ; Ochsenh., pl. iv, p. 120; Danais alcifpe, Godart, Enc. Méth., vol. ix, p. 188, n. 39 (1819).
HasitaT: Plains of North-West India, and Rangoon.
EXPANSE : 2°9 to 3°5 inches,
DescriPTION: This species differs from D. chrystppus in the hzndwing on both the upper
and undersides being more or less, particularly in the middle of the wing, suffused with pure
white. This character is very varied in different specimens, both in uniformity and extent ;
in some, it covers the whole of the middle of the wing: in others it is confined to the area
below the cell only, and again in others, it is streaked and sullied with fulvous.
52 NYMPHALIDE. DANAIN ££. DANAIS
Its appearance is so erratic ever a large extent of country that in distribution as well as in
inconstancy of the extent of white, the idea of its being only a casual variety of D. chrysippus
is suggested ; but the variety, if such it should prove to be, is so well marked that it is worthy
of retention as a distinct species, until the discovery of the caterpillar, which is as yet unknown,
sets the question at rest.
D. alcippus is found occasionally throughout the plains of Northern India, According to
Major C. Swinhoe it is scarce in Sind, appearing in November and December. Mr. de Nicé-
ville took two specimens at Nurpur in the Punjab in May. In the N.-W. Provinces it is
still more scarce, the only place where it is known to have occurred being Lucknow, where two
specimens were taken by Col. Lang; towards the East it is certainly nowhere common. ‘There
is a single specimen from Rangoon in the Indian Museum, Calcutta.
30. Danais dorippus, Klug.
Exufplea dovippus, Klug, Symb. Phys., pl. xlviii, figs 1—5 (1845); Danais chrysippus, var. Cc, Kirby,
Syst. Cat. D. L., p. 7 (1871); D. dorifpus, Oberthiir, Etudes d’ Entom., 3 me, livr., p. 24, pl. i, fig. 5, (1878)
male, from Zanzibar.
HaBitaT: Sind, extending to South-Eastern Europe and Africa.
EXPANSE : 2°3 to 36 inches.
DESCRIPTION: This species may at once be distinguished from D. chrystppus by the
absence on the uUppeRsIDE of the /orewéng of the black apical patch, and the white subapical
band the spot outside the cell and the one on the inner margin of the black apical patch
between the first and second median nervules. The submarginal row of spots in D. dorippus
is generally entirely wanting; if present at all it consists of two or three spots between the
first and third median nervules. The marginal series is also very abbreviated, three spots at
the apex, and a few between the first and third median nervules being generally alone present,
though sometimes the series is nearly complete, but the spots are always smaller than in
D. chrysippus. Hindwing asin D. chrysippus, except that the marginal series of white dots
is almost obsolete. UNDERSIDE bright fulvous ; deep ferruginous colour nearly filling the
cell; light ochreous at the apex. Two spots, one on each side of the discoidal nervule, just
beyond and touching the cell, a subapical oblique band of five spots from the costa to the
third median nervule, divided by the veins, (these spots are faintly seen on the upper-
side through transparency)—white. Otherwise asin D. chrysifpus. The hindwing isin all
respects like that of D. chrystppus.
A single male specimen from Karachi has the whole cell of forewing and base of both
wings, suffused with deep ferruginous on the wfferside, and on the wndersede the whole cell and
base of forewing only. Another female specimen from Mulleer, Sind, has the subapical band
of white spots entirely absent,
The only notice of the occurrence of D. dorzppus within Indian limits (it is common in
Africa) that has been received is from Major C. Swinhoe, who writes from Karachi that he has
observed it in Sind in January, June, August, September, November, and December, but
never commonly.
3t. Danais gonutia,* Cramer.
Papilio genutia, Cramer, Pap. Ex., vol. iil, pl. ccvi, figs. C, D (1779); Papilio genutius, Herbst, Pap.,
pl. cliv, figs. 1, 2 (1794); Salatura genutia, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, p. 6, pl. iv, figs. 2 male, 2a female (1880) ;
Danais plexippus, auctorum, zec Linnzus.
HasiraT: Throughout India and Burma up to 7,000 feet elevation.
EXPANSE: 2°6 to 4’0 inches,
SS oes
* For figure, see page 7.
NYMPHALID. DANAIN#. DANAIS. 53
DescriPTION: UPPERSIDE: Forewing bright rich fulvous, with the costa, the whole
apical area to the inner angle, including the upper end of the cell, and decreasingly to the
base along the inner margin—black. The median nervure and the first and second median
nervules, which alone cross the fulvous ground, broadly bordered with black. On the costa
there is first a small spot about one-third the length of the wing from the base, then two
spots at the end of the cell divided by the first subcostal branch—white. A white spot
touching, but outside the cell, between the discoidal nervules ; an irregular band of six white
spots from the costa to the second median nervu'e ; this band increases to the fifth spot,
which is the largest ; the sixth is much smaller and rounded. There is generally one, some-
times two, round white spots on the inner edge of the black apical area between the second
median nervule and the submedian nervure, one in each interspace ; a submarginal and
marginal series of white spots, more or less obsolete, especially towards the apex, but always
present and large between the second and third median nervules. Aindwing lighter fulvous,
margined with black, on which are placed two rows of rounded dots, the inner one evanescent,
especially towards the apex. All the nervures broadly bordered with black. UNDERSIDE as
above in the forewéng, except that the area between the subapical band of white spots and
the apex is suffused with ochreous. The submarginal and marginal series of spots are larger,
as are also the spots on either side of the first median nervule when present. Axdwing only
differs from the upperside in having all the nervures bordered with white outside their black
margins; the two series of dots much larger. Cz/a black, spotted with white at the
interspaces. Head and thorax black, spotted and streaked with white. Addomen ferruginous,
spotted with white. In some specimens on the upperside of the Azzdwing, the abdominal
margin and the fulvous spaces are more or less streaked or suffused with violet-white, showing
an approach to D. melanifpus. The FEMALE differs from the male only in the absence of
the sexual mark, which in that sex is placed against the first median nervule and lies between
it and the submedian nervure. On the upperside this mark is entirely black ; on the
underside black, centred with a short white streak.
“ Larva, cylindrical, black, with a pair of black fleshy filaments on the third, sixth,
and twelfth segments, the first pair longest; each segment with one interrupted white
streak along its anterior edge, succeeded by three white transverse spots, followed by two
transversely elongated yellow spots, the posterior edge of the segment having two parallel
interrupted white streaks ; lateral band yellow, crossed at the middle of each segment by a
black line ; abdominal line black ; head and feet black, ringed with white. Pura somewhat
cylindrical, posterior end hemispherical, anterior ending in two slight prominences ; bright
green, with a dorsal ring of silvery dots, and a few scattered golden dots.” (AZoore, Lep.
Ceylon, p. 6.)
This species has hitherto passed as 7). Alexifpus, Linnzeus, but Messrs. Salvin and Godman
have recently shown conclusively in their ‘‘ Biologia Centrali-Americana,” that Linnz us’ name
applies to an American species of this type, which is distinct from the Asiatic species. The
error appears to have originated with Fabricius, and has till quite recently passed undetected.
The Indian species must, therefore, stand as D. genutia of Cramer, by whom it has been
correctly figured.
D. genutia is as widely spread and only less common than D. chrysifpus. In Tenasserim
it was found by Limborg throughout the cold weather up to 5,000 feet ; in the Nicobars it is
common ; Captain C. T. Bingham found it in Tenasserim in March and April ; it is common
in the Malay Peninsula in August and September. In the plains of north India it is
common throughout the winter ; while in the Himalayas and Khasi hills it is most common in
the autumn. In Kulu, according to Mr. Grahame Young, a few appear in June, and from the
middle of August, a succession of broods come out till late in the autumn; in Chumbaa few
are on the wing in April. On the West Coast it does not appear to be common, at all events
in the spring, but in Travancore, according to Messrs. Fergusson and Bourdillon, it is very
common in March, and fairly common ir April.
54 NYMPHALID. DANAIN. DANAIS.
32. Danais nipalonsis, Moore.
D. nipalensis, Moore, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., fourth series, vol. xx, p. 43 (1877).
Hasitat : Katmandu, Nepal.
EXPANSE : 3°9 inches.
DESCRIPTION : ‘* MALE: UPPERSIDE dull ferruginous black. forewing with the basal
internal half bright ferruginous, intersected by the black veins ; an oblique subapical narrow
series of five white spots, the second, third, and fourth elongated, the fourth longest, the
fifth subconical ; a series of two median submarginal, and four marginal small white spots.
Hindwing, with the spaces between the veins to beyond the disc ferruginous, intersected by
broad black-margined veins. Ci/éa alternate black and white. Head, thorax, and /egs black,
spotted and streaked with white. Aédomen ferruginous. UNDERSIDE, paler ferruginous
black, marked as above. Nearest to D. chrysippus, from which it may be distinguished by the
absence of all white markings, except the narrow oblique subapical series on the forewing.”’
(Aoore, 1. c.)
This is apparently a local species ; no record of its occurrence elsewhere can be traced.
It seems to be more nearly related to D. genutia than to D. chrysippus, but the description is
given as originally recorded. We have never seen a specimen.
33- Danais phileue, Cramer.
Papilio philene, Cramer, Pap. Ex., vol. iv, pl. ccclxxv, figs. A, B (178t) ; Herbst, Pap., pl. cliv, figs. 3, 4
(1794) ; Danais philene, Godt., Enc. Méth., vol. ix, p. 187, n. 37 (1819) ; Euplea philene, Hiibn., Verz.
bek. Schmett., p. 15 (1816).
Hasitat: North India (?), Java, Amboyna.
EXPANSE : 3°6 inches, (from Cramer’s plate).
DESCRIPTION : ‘‘ Wings slightly sinuous, dark ferruginous, with here and there some
nervures and the hinder margin of a blackish-brown, the latter dotted whith wite ; the forewing
blackish at the apex, with a very white maculated band ; the «sders¢de of the hindwing with
some bifid white spots on the disc ; size about the sameas D. plexippus [D. genutia]. Fore-
wing, blackish brown, with a large lengthened patch of dark ferruginous red at the base, divided
by a blackish nervure ; a subapical white band of five spots, of which the four nearest the
costa are oblong and joined, the fifth almost round and separated froin the others ; this band is
preceded interiorly by a longitudinal white line on the costa, and the hind [outer] margin
has two rows of equally white spots, of which the inner line is shorter. Aindwing, dark
ferruginous with blackish nervures, the outer border smoky brown, with a double or single row
of white dots. The UNDERSIDE of the forewing is, with a slight difference in shade, almost the
same as the upperside. In the 2¢zdwing it differs in that the disc has five white bifid spots, and
the pocket in the male is marked with a small longitudinal line of the same colour ; also that
the spots on the border are brighter, a little larger, and the two rows are both complete. The
thorax is black with white dots; the abdomen is brownish above, yellow below; the
antennz are black.”
The above is Godart’s description of this species, which is included in the Indian list on
the strength of a notice by Mr. Butler* of a smal! collection of Butterflies made in the
North-West Punjab, containing the following entry :—“ D. phzlene, Cheta, about twenty miles
from Murree ; found in lime and orange gardens.” No other record of its occurrence has been
traced, nor is it known whether any specimen exists in Indian collections ; and it seems likely
that a mistake was made in the identification, for the insect belongs to the Indo-Malayan
region, and wide-spread as many of the species of Danazn@ are, it would be a singular
occurrence if a Malayan species were found in the North-West Himalayas and not in the vast
® Proc. Zool, Soc., Lond,, 1870, p. 725, n. 2.
NYMPHALID:. DANAIN&, DANAIS. 55
intermediate region, It appears to differ from D. genutia chiefly in the nervures of the
forewing being without the black borders on upperside, in the presence of the five bifid white
spots in the disc of the hindwing on the underside, and in the tone of the ferruginous basal area
of the wings,
The caterpillar and chrysalis were discovered by Horsfield in Java, and are figured in the
Cat. Lep. E. I. C., plate iv., figs. 5, 5a (1857). The caterpillar has only four tentacuia,
two long ones on the third segment, and two short ones on the last segment but one; it
feeds in Java “ on a species of czssus, bearing the mative name of Galing.” (Horsfield.) It was
found in December. The chrysalis is short and very obtuse. These figures are almost iden-
tical with those given at pl. iii, figs. 8, 8a, of Horsfield’s Catalogue (1829), of D. plexippus
( = D. genutia), and gives rise to the suspicion that the metamorphoses shown belong to one
and the same insect, most probably of D. philene.
34. Danais hegesippus, Cramer.
Papilio hegesippus, Cramer, Pap. Ex., vol. ii, pl. clxxx, fig. A (1777) ; Fabricius, Ent. Syst., vol. iii, pt. i,
P. 52, n. 160(1793); Euplea hegesipfpe, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett., p. 15 (1816) ; Danais hegesippe, Godart,
Enc. Méth., vol. ix, p. 18y, n. 42 (1819) ; Danais melanippe, G. R, Gray, Lep. Ins. Nepal, p, 10, pl. ix, fig, x
(1846) ; Danais chirona, G. R. Gray, |. c., pe 10 (1833).
Hasirat : Eastern Bengal, Orissa, Burma.
EXPANSE : 2°7 to 36 inches,
DESCRIPTION : UPPERSIDE : Forewing as in D. genutia, except that the fulvous streak below
the submedian nervure is never present in D. egesippus, the macular band of white spots
across the apex is less prominent, and the sixth spot of this band is placed much nearer the
base of the wing ; the spot below it between the second and first median nervules is also usually
much more prominent. In Cramen’s figure the narrow fulvous streak below the submedian
nervure is shown, but in a long series of Indian specimens before us it is invariably wanting.
ffindwing fuscous brown in Cramer’s plate, and also in some Rangoon specimens, but usually
almost black, All the fulvous ground-colour of this wing in D. genutia is replaced in
D. hegesippus with pure white, the streaks in the interspaces beyond the cell being much more
restricted, in some specimens being much reduced and sullied with fulvous at the edges; the
marginal and submarginal series of round spots always complete, and more prominent than in
D. genutia, UNDERSIDE similar to the upperside, but all the white markings on the hindwing
are more prominent, and except the two long abdominal streaks are outwardly suffused with
fulvous, increasing in extent towards the costa, the spaces above the subcostal nervure being
almost entirely fulvous. The FEMALE only differs from the male in the absence of the sexual
mark on the hindwing.
D. hegesippus does not seem to be very common anywhere. Mr. de Nicéville, who has
carefully collected in the neighbourhood of Calcutta, notes : ‘ On November 15th and December
18th, 1878, in a garden on the outskirts of Calcutta, I took two specimens of this insect on each
occasion and have never seen it since. It seems to have a lower, and, if possible, lazier flight
than D. genutia, from which species, by reason of its white striped lower wings, it is easily
distinguished even on the wing.” Specimens may not unfrequently be found in the collections
made by soldiers for sale in the neighbourhood of Rangoon, but neither Limborg nor Captain
Bingham met with it in Tenasserim, in the winter and early summer months, There is one
specimen in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, from Orissa ; and another from the old East India
Company’s Museum, labelled “¢ Dukhun, Colonel Sykes,” but we know of no other specimen
taken in that part of India, the locality is probably erroneous,
35. Danais nesippus, Felder.
D. nesippus, Felder, Verh, zool.-bot. Gesellsch. Wien, vol. xii, p. 486, n. 123 (1862); Reise Nov., Lep.,
vol. ii, ps 347, n. 484 (1867).
Hasitat : Nancowry, Sambelong, Nicobars.
EXPANSE : 2°8 to 3°2 inches.
56 NYMPHALID/A: DANAIN&. DANAIS.
DESCRIPTION : “ MALE: Wings above fuscous. Forewng, with the triangular basal area,
rufescent fulvous ; a three-fold subcostal spot (the cellular part and interior rather narrow)
two small cellular spots, a small subapical band of five increasingly elongated spots, two spots
between the median branches, and a double submarginal series of unequal spots (the inner
row shorter), white. AMizdwing paler, with the cellular area, and increasing subulate spots
between the second subcostal branch, and the internal margin and somewhat large spots in two
series before the margin, white. UNDERSIDE : Forewing paler, of a slightly violet tinge, the
[fulvous] patch broader, with the white spots [of the upperside] but larger. Hindwing
suffused with violet-hoary, with a serpentine gloss in certain positions, with basal spots, two
subcostal (the first at the base emitting aline), and others on the border larger than those of
the upperside, white ; with the costa fulvous from the base, the radiating spots much more
ample, with the upper ones exteriorly stained with ochraceous-fulvous, and with the two sub-
costal ones also of the same colour. FrMALE : Wings wider, more deeply coloured than in the
male. A local form of D. melanippus, Cramer.” (Felder, 1. c. in Reise Novara),
Felder also remarks* that D. nesippus is *‘ a local variety of D. hegesifpus, Cramer, which
as well as this and DD, melanippus, Cramer, is again a local subspecies of D. /otis.¢ The
Nicobar form differs from all the numerous specimens of D. hegesifpus, which I received from
Java and Malacca in the narrow, rust-red coloured streaks of the forewing, and the much
narrower white radial spots of the hindwing.” Regarding the latter difference it is nearer
allied to D. melanipfpus, but the above mentioned streaks in this species are coloured
ochre-brown.”
We have a large series of this insect in our collection ; it is an insular form of D. hege-
sifpus, from which it differs in the almost complete absence of the first band of white spots
outside the cell of the forewing, which in D. hegesifpus are prominent, and the white streaks
in D. nesippus are somewhat narrower. Mr. de Roépstorff took numbers of the species at
Nancowry in August ; and it is recorded by Felder from Great Nicobar.
36. Danais melanippus, Cramer.
Papilio melanifpus, Cramer, Pap. Ex., vol. ii, pl. cxxvii, figs, A, B (1777) ; Papilio hegesippus, Herbst,
Pap., pl. clv, figs. 7, 8 (1794). :
Hasitat : Nepal, Assam, Penang, Malacca, Java.
EXPANSE : 3 inches.
DESCRIPTION : Differs from D. genutia in the forewing in not having any fulvous between
the second and third median nervules, or below the submedian nervure ; the macular subapical
white band is less prominent, and the series between it and the cell is reduced to a spot on
the costa. On the hindwing the fulvous patch in the cell pales almost to white inwardly,
and all the streaks beyond the cell are very narrow and short, the abdominal streaks are also
narrow. The marginal and submarginal series of white spots are very small and obsolete,
especially the inner series,about the region of the third median nervule. The UNDERSIDE
differs from that side of D. genutia in the same way as the uppersides of the two species differ
one from the other.
D. melanippusis a native of Java ; the above description is taken from Cramer’s figure
of a male specimen from that island. It is certainly very rare in India, if indeed the records of
its occurrence are not cases of mistaken identity, though Butler, in his paper on the Malacca
Butterflies, gives the above-quoted Indian localities for it.
* Verh, zool,-bot. Gessellsch, Wien, vol, xii, p. 486 (1862), t From Java:
NYMPHALID&. DANAIN/ZE. EUPLGYA, ‘57
Genus 4.—EUPLGA, Fabricius. (Pirates VII—IX).
Fabricius, Illiger's Mag., vol. vi, p, 280 (1807) ; Doubleday, Gen. D. L., p. 86 (1847) ; Butler, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 268, Monograph ; id., Journ. Linn. Soc., Zoology, vol. xiv, p. 290 (1878), Monograph }
Trepsichrois, Crastia, Salpinx, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett., pp. 16, 17 (1816).
“ ANTENN&, rather more than half as long as the whole length of the body, gradually
clavate. ForELEGs, with the femur and tibia about equal in length ; the tarsus shorter ; of
the MALE cylindric, rather tapering to a point at the extremity, indistinctly biarticulate ;
second joint about one-third the length of the first, both clothed with scales and hairs ;
of the FEMALE, clavate, quadriarticulate ; the first joint longer than the rest combined,
much broadest at the apex, where it has a stout spine on each side; second and third
short, furnished with a tuft of hair on each side near the base, and a spine at the apex ; the
fourth joint minute, furnished with a tuft of hairs. MIDDLE and HINDLEGS strong, the claws
rather stout, curved. The PARONYCHIA divided into two laciniz ; the outer elongate, lance- :
olate, hairy, as long as the claw ; the inner not quite equal in length to the outer, more
hairy, elongate, lanceolate, the apex curving inward over the base of the pulvillus. PULVILLUS
not so long as the claws, jointed ; the second joint broad, corneous.” (Doubleday).
Larva, with several pairs of elongate fleshy tentacula, usually on the penultimate, and on
two or more of the anterior segments, PuPa, short, obtuse, with the abdomen much rounded.
The Zupleas are of rather large size ; usually of a swarthy brown or black colour, some-
times rufescent, generally with a veivety appearance, and often with brilliant blue or purple reflec-
tions, especially in the forewing ; more or less spotted with white or violet ; sometimes streaked
with white on the hindwing ; typically the spots are arranged in a double marginal series on
both wings, sometimes with a third discal row, but the extent to which these markings
are developed varies greatly, and in many species some or most of them are entirely wanting.
The thorax and head are spotted with white, especially below. In the forewing the inner
margin is in the MALE, usually much rounded outwardly, with a convex outline often covering
a large portion of the hindwing even when the wings are extended for flight ; in the FEMALE
it is usually straight or very slightly convex towards the base, sometimes even emarginate or
slightly concave towards the exterior angle. In some of the groups the males have one or
two impressed silky streaks on the interno-median area of the forewing, composed of scales
differently formed from those on the rest of the wing. These streaks, together with a patch of
differently formed and paler scales present in some groups on the anterior portion of the
upperside of the hindwing, and covered by the forewing, are probably scent-producing organs,
The sexes ina few species also differ materially in the colour of the hindwing, the males
having the wing nearly uniform dark colour, and the females having it streaked with white ;
but as a rule the differences in colour are slight, and the sexes are only to be distinguished by
their structure and outline, and by the presence or absence of the sexual marks on the wings.
About 160 species of Zuwf/wa have been described ; it is an eastern- Asiatic genus, most
highly developed in the Malay Archipelago, and extending into Australia. Species also
are recorded from the islands of Mauritius, Bourbon, and Madagascar. Upwards of forty
species are included in the Indian list, but owing to the variations in individuals and the
indefiniteness of many of the original descriptions, their identification is often very difficult ;
many of the species inhabiting the same locality are so similar in appearance on the wing that
some are apt to be overlooked. ‘They affect patches of scrub in cultivation, and the edges
of forests, and fly rather slowly and heavily ; they are most abundant in warm, damp, tropical
climates, and seem to shun dry places, whether cold or hot. Only a single species, 2. core,
is found commonly in India proper ; no less than twenty-two species occur in Burma, of which
some extend to north-east India ; seventeen species are found in north-east India including
those extending from Burma ; seven species are found in the Andamans and Nicobars, all
but two of which appear to be confined to those islands ; three only are found in south
India, but in Ceylon there are six species, all but one of which occur nowhere else
within Indian limits. The foregoing remarks include as species all that have been separately
described, although, as in the case of the allies of 2. core,—Z. asela, E. vermiculata, and
Z, subdita, the different forms are almost certainly only geographical varieties,
9
58 NYMPHALID. DANAINZ, EUPLEA.
This genus was divided by Hiibner into three or four groups, each with a well-marked
general outline ; and more recently Butler has extended this division into seven groups ; more
recently still Moore has discriminated two other groups, which will be noted further on, and is
about to monograph the whole genus ; but the characters of the new groups he has given seem
to agree with those already discriminated by Butler, whose definitions are used in this book,
Eey to the Groups of EUPLGA.
A. With a large patch of whitish or pale yellow scales on the anterior portion of the hindwing in the male.
a. Forewing in the male, with the inner margin strongly arched, and having an elongated silky or
blue spot depressed on the interno-median area ; of medium size.
I. Sarpinx* (Hiibner, as restricted by Butler).
é. With no silky or blue depressed spot on interno-median_area ; of very large size.
HI. Macropiaza (Butler).
c. With no silky or blue depressed spot on interno-median area ; of small size.
III, Caruiipraa (Butler).
B. With a small yellow patch within the cell of hindwing at origin of first subcostal nervule ; no brand on
forewing in the male.
IV. Trepsicurois (Hibner).
C, With no yellowish patch on hindwing in the male.
a. With no trace of a brand on the interno-median area of forewing of male.
V. Crasrtia (Hiibner).
é, Witha single more or less strongly defined brand on interno-median area of forewing of male,
VI. Evuptaa (Fabricius, as restricted by Butler).
¢. With two well-defined brands on interno-median area of forewing in male.
VII. Sricrorptaaft (Butler).
There is something very remarkable about these groups ; they are based almost entirely on
the sexual marks of the male insect, but in many cases these distinctions are accompanied by
differences of outline that cannot be mistaken ; the most curious point is that frequently the
same style of colouration runs through two or more of the groups ; thus Salpinx sinhala and
Stictoplaa coreoides so closely resemble each other and £. cove in colour and markings that until
quite recently the distinctions were unrecognised. In like manner Stictoplwa groted closely resem-
bles £. dimborgit in colour and markings ; some specimens of the female of Macroplea castelnaut
are a very good likeness on a large scale of Z. godartit. Salpinx margarita bears a similar
resemblance to Crastia cupreipennis which occurs with it in the Mergui Archipelago and Upper
Tenasserim, and Crastia camaralzeman from Siam. Crastia simulatrix closely resembles
Euplea camorta, &c., &c. The difficulty of distinguishing the species on the wing is a great
hindrance to observation of the insects in life. The claim of the groups to generic rank
appears still to be doubtful, and there is much to be learned in connection with them.
first Group.—SALPInx (Hiibner, as restricted by Butler): ‘ For the most part large
nsects, the males of which invariably have a strongly arched inner margin to the forewing,
which is frequently ornamented with an elongated depressed silky or blue spot ; the hindwing
invariably with a large patch of whitish or pale yellow, cut by the subcostal nervure.”—(Butler,
Journ. Linn, Soc., Zoology, vol. xiv, p. 295, 1878). The wings are generally ample, and
more or less rounded externally. The habitat of this group is extreme north-east India and
Burma, extending down the Malay peninsula. Of the Indian species only one is found in the
Nicobar islands, and one species is found in the neighbourhood of Calcutta, in Sikkim,
and again in southern India and Ceylon ; the whole of the remainder are found only to the
north and east of the Bay of Bengal. One species of this group, 2. suferba, is taken by Moore
in the Lepidoptera of Ceylon, p. 10 (1880), as the type of a new genus which, under the name
ef Zsamia, he characterises as follows :—‘* Wings large, broad ; forewimgin male elongated,
somewhat quadrate ; apex slightly acuminate ; exterior margin oblique, waved ; posterior margin
convex, with a large sericeous streak between the first median nervule and submedian nervure ;
hindwing triangular, costa long, convex ; exterior margin convex, waved ; a moderate-sized
pale upper discoidal patch,”
* Includes Jsamia, Moore,
+ Includes Narmada, Moore.
NYMPHALID. DANAIN. EUPLGEA. 59
No explanation of any kind is given as to how this differs from Sa/sinx of Hiibner, or from
Salpinx as restricted by Butler, or why the older name has been dropped. Z£. superba and its
allies certainly differ from other species of Sa/fizx in the form of the sexual brand of the fore-
wing, but it is more probable that they are really different forms of a single species than a
group of species forming a distinct genus.
Eey to the Indian species of SALPINX.
A. Forewing comparatively marrow and elongated, the apex acute. Males witha prominent elongate
sericeous streak on the forewing, somewhat asin true Auflea, scarcely visible on the underside,
All more or less shot with brilliant blue ; and with a prominent lilac spet in the cel! of the forewing
on the underside.
a. Forewing with numerous violet or white spots in three series.
a.’ The brilliant blue shot reaching the submarginal row of spots on the forewing ; the border
spots of the hindwing white and prominent.
37. E. (Salpinzx) surerBa (North India ?), China.
$.+ The brilliant blue shot reaching the marginal row of spots on the forewing,
a.* The border spots on the hindwing very indistinct or obsolete.
38. E. (Salfinx) ROGENHOFERI, N.-E. India, Burma.
5.2 The border spots on the hindwing pale, but distinct,
39. E. (Salfinx) iRawaDa, Burma.
%. Forewing with few and indistinct spots, no series complete ; the border spots of the hindwing
white and prominent.
a. The brilliant blue shot variable in extent, but usually covering the basal two-thirds only of
the forewing.
40. E. (Salsinx) MARGARITA, Tenasserim,
B. Forewing shorter and very broad, Males with a broad short oval sericeous brand, not prominent, gene-
rally concolorous with, but paler than, the ground-colour, visible on the underside asa raised dark
spot. The blue shot less brilliant and often wanting ; no spot as a rule in the cell of the forewing on
the underside.
a. Forewing very broad, with a decreasing row of submarginal spots, the third largest ; border spots
of the hindwing small but prominent,
a. Forewing brown, sometimes faintly glossed with blue at the base.
41. E, (Sadfina) crassa, Burma.
42. E. (Salfinzx) ERICHSONI, Burma.
4.1 The basal area of the forewing brilliant blue.
43. E. (Salfinzx) Masont, Burma.
4. Forewing less broad, with the row of submarginal spots all nearly equal-sized.
a.’ The blue shot usually suffusing the entire forewing, but very variable in intensity.
44. E. (Salfinz) ktuGu, N.-E. India.
45. E.(Salfinz) GRANTU, Cachar,
3.1 Lhe blue shot brilliant, but not reaching the outer margin of the forewing ; the discal series
of spots abbreviated, the third considerably the largest.
46. E. (Salginx) 1tLustRIis, N.-E. India.
E, (Salfinx) CHLOE, Malayana.
E. (Salpinx) =GyeTus, Malayana.
c.) The blue shot usually entirely wanting, faintly present in some specimens ; the forewing
brown, with border spots as in £. core.
47. E. (Salpinx) sinuata, Sikkim, Calcutta, S. India, Ceylon.
C, Forewing shaped much asin the preceding group. Male with a broad véo/e¢t streak on the interno-
median area ; visible on the underside as a dark raised spot.
a. Forewing with no large white patch from middle of costa ; the hindwing without white basal
streaks on the upperside.
a.! Forewing shot throughout with deep blue ; with prominent violet spots.
a.2 The marginal series of spots partially present near the hinder angle of both wings.
48. E. (Saifinx) vesticiaTa, Malayana.
4.2. The marginal series of spots absent from both wings.
49. E. (Salfinx) NovAR&, Nicobars.
6.) Forewing blackish-swarthy ; the hindwing with the anal angle white.
so. E. (Salpinx) teucoconys, (N.-E. India?), Malacca.
6. Forewing witha large white patch from middle of the costa ; the hindwing with white basa
streaks on both sides ; of smaller size.
a.+ Wings shot with deep violet-blue.
st. E. (Salfinx) RHADAMANTHUS, N,-E. India, Burma.
4,1 Wings not shot with violet-blue.
52, E (Salfinx) DIOCLETIANUS, (N.-E. India?), Burma,
60 NYMPHALID. DANAINZ. EUPLG@&A.
The first four species, Z. superba, E. rogenhoferi, E. irawada, and E. margarita are
very closely allied, and may possibly be only different forms of the same species; the type
of the group is Z. superba, which has the forewing with three series of violet and white spots
and shot with brilliant blue as far as the submarginal series, while the hindwing has two rows of
white and prominent border spots ; Z. margarita only appears to differ from it in the almost
entire absence of spots on the forewing; and in that it has the blue shot variable in extent,
never reaching beyond the submarginal series of spots, and frequently confined to the basal
two-thirds of the forewing; the extent to which the spots on the forewing are present
varies greatly in this species, and some examples approach very closely indeed to
E. superba. E. rogenhoferi and £, irawada, on the other hand, differ chiefly in having
the blue shot of the forewing extending to the outer margin, and the border spots
of the hindwing either pale or obsolete; 4. irawada, the Burmese form, has the sputs
of the hindwing distinct, while Z. rogenhoferi, the Assamese form, has, as is the case in several
parallel instances, the border spots almost, if not quite, obsolete. Typical specimens can
easily be distinguished, but none of the distinctive characters seem to be altogether permanent.
The FEMALES in this group are usually coloured and marked like the males, but lack the
sexual brand on the forewing and the yellowish patch on the hindwing, and have the inner
margin of the forewing nearly straight. 4. rhadamanthus and E. diocletianus are the only
species of this group in which the sexes differ at all widely in colour and markings.
37. Buplos superba, Herbst.
Papilio superbus, Herbst, Pap., vol v, pl. cxix, fig. 3, female, pl. cxx, figs. 1, 2, male (1792) 3 Papilio
midamus, Fabricius (zec Linneus), Syst. Ent., p. 479, n. 161 (1775), female; Linnas mutabilis midamis,
Hiibner, Samml, Ex. Schmett., p. 16 (1816) ; Danais alopia, Godart, Enc. Méth., vol. ix, p.177,n. 4 (1819);
Euplea superba, Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Lep. E. 1. C., p. 131, n. 260 (1857); Lsamia superba, Moore,
Lep. Cey., p. 10 (1880).
HABITAT: (Darjiling afud Moore ?, North India aged Butler ?) ; China.
EXPANSE : 4°2 inches.
DESCRIPTION: MALE: UPPERSIDE.—Fovewz2e deep brown, lighter towards the outer
margin, suffused with brilliant blue up to the submarginal series of spots. A subcostal spot
above the extremity of the cell, bluish-white. A spot in the cell, and a series of six spots, the
third and fourth the largest, exterior to it, violet. A long dark impressed sexual mark
in the interno-median area. A submarginal sinuous series of seven white spots, the second
from the apex the largest, the seventh minute, sometimes geminate. A marginal series of
small round white dots, obsolete towards the apex. AHindwing cupreous-brown, darkest
about the median nervure, very pale on the costal area. A white patch across the subcostal
nervure extending into, below, and beyond the cell. A submarginal row of spots, the two upper
ones rounded, the third geminated, the remainder elongated ; a marginal series of small round
spots, all chalky-white. UNDERSIDE bronzy-brown, darkest on the disc. On the forewing
the discal series of spots are reduced to two, one in each space between the median nervules,
the lower elongated, violet-white. The marginal and submarginal series of spots as on
upperside, white. The inner margin broadly white. The A2zdwing has several white spots
at the base ; a small spot in the cell, and beyond it six small streaks, all violet-white. The
submarginal and marginal series of spots on both wings as above, except that they are larger
and clearer white. The FEMALE differs from the male in the absence of the sexual brand,
and the inner margin of the /orewing being straight, not outwardly lobed, as in the
male. No patch of chalky-white scales on the anterior portion of the Aimdwing. Described
from specimens from China in the Indian Museum, Calcutta.
We have never seen a specimen taken in India. It is entered in the list of species
occurring within our limits on the strength of Horsfield and Moore’s and Butler’s identifica-
tions, but we doubt its occurrence there.
38. Buplea rogenhofori, Felder.
E. rogenhoferi, Felder, Reise Nov., Lep., vol. ii, p. 325, 0. 446 (1865), male; E. splendens, Butler, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 272, n. 9, male,
NYMPHALID. DANAIN. EUPLGEA. 61
HasitTaT: Eastern Himalayas, Upper Assam, Cachar, Khasi Hills, Bassein.
EXPANSE : 3°4 to 4°4 inches.
DksCRIPTION : ‘‘ MALE: UPPERSIDE.—Forew/ng blackish swarthy, shot throughout with
greenish blue ; the outer margin with two series of white spots, the marginal series not reaching
the apex, the submarginal series with the forepart arched from the costa, but not reaching
the inner margin ; with a short angulated series of seven oblong violet spots placed beyond
the cell, and extending from the costa above the cell to the lower median interspace ; one spot
near the end of the cell ; and a pale streak placed below the first median nervule. Hindwing
paler, slightly bluish, the costal area pale ; a rather large ochreous spot placed on the subcostal
nervure, and two series of very indistinct spots on the outer margin. The body swarthy, dotted
with white anteriorly, UNDERSIDE : Forewing coppery-fuscous, the inner margin pale, with the
series of submarginal spots as on upperside, but the inner series with smaller spots; a
spot below the middle of the costa, one near the end of the cell, one below the end of the
cell, and one large oblong spot between the median nervules—white. Azxdwing coppery-
fuscous, with two series of white submarginal spots ; the inner series being of minute dots ;
with an angulate series of violet-white spots beyond the end of the cell, and one spot in the
cell, and some white dots at the base. Body swarthy, the thorax dotted with white.”
“ Allied to 4, superba, Herbst [from North India ( ? ) and China], but more brilliantly
shot with variable blue-green ; the outer margin of the forewing more arched ; the costa of the
hindwing not so angular ; the discoidal spots of the forewing much larger and oblong, and the
submarginal spots smaller; the submarginal spots of the hindwing nearly obsolete. Below,
the discoidal spots are much more distinct and larger, the submarginal spots of the forewing
more numerous, and the inner submarginal series of the hindwing very small, especially towards
the apex and anal angle.” (Aztler, 1. c.) The FEMALE differs from the male in the absence
of the sexual mark on the upperside of the /orewzng, but it has a long pale violet streak on
the underside in the position occupied by this mark in the male; the inner margin is also
straight, not lobed, as in the male. No anterior creamy-white patch of scales on the Azndwing.
UNDERSIDE somewhat lighter in both wings.
£. rogenhofert is found, but not very commonly, in Assam, extending through the Eastern
Himalayas as far as the valley of the Sardah, which separates Kumaon from Nepal. To the
westward of this range it is much rarer than to the eastward. Mr. Wood-Mason took three
males and a female in Cachar from April to June. The specimens from Bassein of this group
which we have identified as 2. rogenhofert agree with the description of Z. zrawada, the next
species, and may possibly be referable to it. Atany rate the two are closely allied, and only
appear to differ in the comparative prominence of the spots on the hindwing and possibly
also in the tone of the blue shot.
39. Euploa irawada, Moore.
E. irawada, Moore, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., fourth series, vol. xx, p. 45 (1877).
‘ HasiTaT : Henzada, Rangoon District, Burma.
EXPANSE : 3°5 inches.
DESCRIPTION: ‘‘ MALe&: UppersIDE, dark blackish brown. Forewing glossed with
brilliant steel-blue ; a lilac-blue spot at lower end of the cell, and a contiguous discal series of
six similar spots ; a marginal upper series of six small white spots, and a marginal lower row of
white dots ; an elongated, silky, impressed streak between first median nervule and submedian
nervure. AHindwing with a flesh-coloured patch extending over upper part of the cell,
anterior margin broadly cinereous ; a submarginal row of pale oval spots, and a marginal row
of small round spots. UNDERSIDE brown. Forew?ng suffused in the disc with black ; hind
margin broadly and an elongated lower discal spot cinereous white ; second discal spot and
cell spot blue, upper spots minute, marginal rows of white spots distinct. Azndwing with
marginal row of distinct white spots, submarginal row partly obsolete ; a small blue spot at
end of, anda contiguous series outside the cell.” (Zoore, 1. c.)
92 NYMPHALID. DANAINE, EUPLEA.
E. irawada appears to be very rare ; we know of no specimens in collections in India,
unless those of Z. rogenhoferi from Bassein referred to above really belong to this species.
These specimens answer exactly to the description of Z. zrawada, but they are inseparable from
the Assam examples of Z. rogenhofert.
40. Eupleoa margarita, Butler.
E. margarita, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 279, n: 34; Salpinx margarita, Moore, d., 1878,
p. 823 ; &. adamsoni, Marshall, Journ. A. S. B., vol. xlix, part ii, p. 245 (1880).
HaBitat : Upper Tenasserim, Penang, Malacca.
EXPANSE: 6, 3°6 to 4°23; &, 4'1 to 4'5 inches.
DESCRIPTION : UPPERSIDE, olivaceous-fuscous ; forewing fuscescent, shot with blue and
green, with one white costal spot ; in the MALE with two blue discal spots, one subapical dot,
one anal, and one submarginal, ochreous ; in the FEMALE with one white discal spot. Hind-
wing of the MALE with the costal margin ochreous-white, a rather large ochreous subcostal
spot, and two submarginal rows of ochreous-white spots on the outer margin; of the FEMALE
with two rows of spots, those at the anal angle coalescing; the inner row elongate. Body
swarthy, blackish in front with white spots. UNDERSIDE paler ; forewig with some scattered
submarginal white dots, and one costal, two discal spots, the lower large and elongate, and a
lunule in the cell, iridescent; the inner margin pale. Of the FEMALE with an elongate
ochreous discal streak placed near the margin. Mindwing of the MALE with five dots, of the
FEMALE with six discal, and two in the cell, white, iridescent ; the submarginal spots as on
the upperside ; and the base dotted with white. Body blackish swarthy, dotted with white-
Antenne black.” (Butler, |. c.)
The brilliant blue shot does not, as would be gathered from the original description above,
cover the entire forewing ; it never extends beyond the submarginal series of spots, and in
many specimens it does not cover more than two-thirds of the distance from the base, the whole
of the outer portion of the wing being paler bright brown with no trace of blue. In typical
E. margarita, where the blue shot extends to the position of the submarginal series, the costa is
comparatively short, the apex somewhat acuminate, and the outer margin distinctly convex ; on
the other hand, where the blue shot is confined to the basal two-thirds, the costa is lower, the apex
rounded, and the exterior margin straighter, sometimes even somewhat emarginate ; this latter
form was, owing to the wording of the original description, redescribed as Z. adamsoni,* Mar-
shall, (Journ. A. S. B., vol. xlix, part ii, p. 245, 1880). It is possible that the two forms may
still be distinct, but numerous intermediate varieties occur, and we are unable to separate them.
Euplea margarita has as yet been found only in Tenasserim and the Mergui Archipelago,
where Dr. J. Anderson took it somewhat commonly in the cold weather. Captain C. H. E.
Adamson took a single male at Moulmein in the autumn; another male was subsequently
taken at the Mayla Choung in September ; numerous specimens were taken by Captain C. T.
Bingham in the Thoungyeen forests in December ; and again in June by Captain Adamson near
Moulmein. The FEMALE differs from the male in the absence of the usual sexual marks,
namely the silky stripe on the forewing and the yellowish-white patch on the hindwing ; the sexual
mark on the forewing is however replaced on the underside by a lengthened violet streak in the
position of the mark in the male ; also in having the inner margin of the forewing straight, not,
convex, and the submarginal series of spots on the hindwing considerably larger and more
elongate, the spots in and around the cell are also more prominent.
The next three species, Z. crassa, E. evichsonit, and E. masoni, are also very closely allied ;
typical specimens of each are easily separable, but numerous intermediate forms occur, and all
three are found in the same localities. It is probable that they are all merely varieties of one
species, Z. erichsonit ; the extent to which the subma rginalseries is continued towards the
_* Euplea adamsoni, Marshall. Hasitat : Moulmein. Expansr: 3°6 to 4 inches. DescrrpTion : MALE}
Allied to Z, superba, Herbst, but differing on the uPPERSIDE of the Sorewing in that the brilliant blue gloss is
confined to the basal two-thirds not reaching to the costa or the inner margin, and that the spots are reduced to
four in number, all very small, one subcostal above the end of the cell, and one at the end of the cell, both lilac ;
and two near anal angle, one marginal, the other submarginal, white. Hindwing as in E, superba.
NYMPHALIDZ, DANAIN&. EUPLG@A. 63
hinder angle, the spots when present of the discal series, and the intensity of the blue shot when
present, are all extremely variable. In all three the great breadth of the wings, the comparative
shortness of the forewing, and the extremely convex inner margin of that wing in the males
distinguishes them from other species of Sa/pzx, and the enlargement of the third and adjacent
spots in the submarginal series is also a very distinctive feature which is found in no other
species of Exzf/ea in this country, except in Z. (Crastia) bremeri and £. vermiculata to a lesser
degree ; the enlargement of the third spot in the discal series of Z. (Salpinx) cllustris
indicates an affinity with this group.
41. EHuploa crassa, Butler.
E. crassa, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc, Lond., 1866, p. 278, n. 315 Salpinx crassa, Moore, id., 1878, p. 822,
HasitTaT: Burma, Siam.
EXPANSE: @, 3°6 to 4°03; 2, 3'5 to 4°1 inches.
DESCRIPTION : “ UPPERSIDE coppery-olivaceous, slightly swarthy, and shot with blue at
the base ; forewing with the apex very acute, with two rows of white submarginal spots, the
inner row rather large towards the apex, and violet-white ; with three discal dots behind the
extremity of the cell, and one costal spot, violet-white. AHzdwing, with the costa white, two
series of white spots, the inner row towards the apex a little the larger. The dody swarthy,
abdomen bluish, and the ead spotted with ochreous. UNDERSIDE, paler ; forewing with two
series of spots, the inner apical, the outer continued ; one large internal spot, one costal, and
often two behind the end of the cell, roseate-white. Azzdwing with two submarginal rows of
spots, and dotted with white at the base ; addomen ashy, spotted with white in the middle.”
(Butler, |. c.)
E. crassa, as we identify it, occurs in Rangoon in June ; anda number of specimens were
taken by Limborg in Upper Tenasserim in the cold weather. Three of these latter specimens,
now in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, have the submarginal row of spots on the upperside of
the forewing complete, but one of them shows indistinct traces of a discal series. Of five males
and four females taken by Dr. J. Anderson in the Mergui Archipelago in the cold weather,
three males and one female shew traces of a discal series of spots. See remarks on the follow-
ing species, Z. erichsonii. i
42. Huploa erichsonii, Felder.
E. erichsonii, Felder, Reise Nov., Lep., vol. ii, p. 324, n. 444 (1865).
HasitaT : Eastern Himalayas, Cachar, Burma.
EXPANSE : 3°6 to 4°2 inches.
DESCRIPTION : ‘* MaLe :—The cé/za striolated with white. UPPERSIDE, dilute bronzed or
rufescent-swarthy, the basal half deeper coloured and slightly tinted with violet in certain lights-
Forewing with a short interior silky streak ; eight submarginal spots in a row slightly bent
towards the costa, opalescent-white, dotted with violet round the edge, enclosing a small white
spot ; the three upper ones larger than the others, increasing in size from the costa, and placed
very close together; the remainder decreasing in size. A marginal row of small white spots
placed in pairs between the nervules ; sometimes also two narrow violet-white spots - outside
the end of the cell. Ainxdwing pale anteriorly, the costal margin pearly-white, with two
white spots; also eight small external decreasing spots, and a marginal row of smaller spots,
all white. UNDERSIDE, paler, with the submarginal spots as above, but whiter. Forewing,
with the depressed internal spot, a subcostal spot, another median rather large, sometimes a
third above it, and two small ones beyond the cell, lilac-white ; the submarginal spots much
smaller than on the upperside, dot-shaped, and white. Azmdwing, with white spots at the
base ; the two upper of the external spots smaller than on the upperside, and one above these
dot-shaped ; the remainder larger than on the upperside, and whiter. FEMALE: UPPERSIDE,
paler than in the male, the markings similar, often indeed larger (the lower submarginal ones
sometimes entirely absent or evanescent), but the marginal spots are sometimes .dot-like.
forewing, with an obsolete subcostal spot, violet.” (Fe/der, l.c.)
64 NYMPHALID. DANAINZ. EUPLGA.
This species has been considered and most probably is identical with 2. crassa ; we repub-
lish both orginal descriptions, as there are two distinct forms—the one with no discal spots and
the submarginal row complete on /orewzng, the other with a discal row, and the submarginal
series incomplete ; but among the numerous specimens in the Indian Museum, and in our col-
lections, there are no less than eight which have the submarginal series abbreviated, and the
discal series wanting ; and it is impossible to say to which of the two species, if distinct, these
specimens should be referred: probably, they are really all one species which will stand as
£. erichsonii, Felder. The form we indentify as Z. evichsoniz is common in the neighbourhood
of Moulmein in the autumn. Captain C. H. E. Adamson has sent us a specimen taken in
June, in that locality, and we have one specimen taken at Rangoon in June, and Captain
C. T. Bingham has taken it in the Meplay valley in February, and in the Thoungyeen forests
in May. In the Indian Museum, Calcutta, there are four males and two females taken by
Limborg in Upper ‘Tenasserim in the cold weather, and one female from Cachar taken by
Mr. Wood-Mason in April.
43. Huploa masoni, Moore.
Salpinx masoni, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 823.
HaBitaT: Upper Tenasserim ; Taoo, 3,000 to 5,000 feet ; above Ahsown.
EXPANSE : 3°25 to 4°2 inches.
DESCRIPTION: ‘‘MALE.—Allied to £. crassa, Butler, but differing in its darker colour,
in the basal area of the forewzng being bright glossy blue, and the marginal spots on this wing
confined more to the apex. Azudw7ng, less convex along the exterior margin; otherwise simi.
larly marked. From £. &/ugiz, Moore, this species may be distinguished by the blue gloss being
confined to the basal area, whereas in Z. &/ugzz it is more brilliant, and suffuses the entire
wing.” (Moore, 1. c.) The prominence of the two rows of marginal spots on the hindwing
in this species, as well as the breadth of the wings, distinguish it from £. z//ustris.
£. masoni has been taken only in Tenasserim, where it is not uncommon, though less so
than either of the others. The specimens in our collections, which accord well with this
description, are barely if at all separable from £. erichsoniz.
44. Euploa Elugil, Moore.
E. klugii, Moore, Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I, C., vol. i, p. 130, n. 258 (1857).
HapsitaT : N. India, Bhutan, Cachar, Sylhet, Upper Burma.
EXPANSE : 3/0 to 4'1 inches.
DESCRIPTION : ‘‘ MALE: UPPERSIDE deep brown, having on the /orewzng a brilliant
blue gloss, a submarginal row of small bluish-white spots, and an inner parallel row of larger
spots, also a bluish spot on costal margin ; one within discoidal cell ; two linear bluish marks,
one between each discoidal nervule ; anda rather indistinct bluish mark between the sub-
median and median nervures. zzdwing paler brown, darkest and glossed with blue in the
middle ; a submarginal row of white spots and a short inner row from anterior margin ; also
a patch of creamy-white near middle of the wing. UNDERSIDE brown. Forewing with the
two rows of whzfe spots smaller ; one spot on costal margin, one small narrow spot between
second discoidal and first [? third] median nervules, and a larger spot between second and
third [ ? first] median nervules ; a creamy-white patch on posterior base of the wing. Aind-
wing, with two rows of white spots. FEMALE: UPPERSIDE nearly asin male. /orewing,
with the submarginal row of spots obsolete. Hindwing, pale brown, darkest and slightly
glossed with blue in the middle ; two white spots only of inner row distinct, the rest of
two rows indistinct ; without the creamy-white patch. UNDERSIPE, nearly as in male,
but not having the creamy-white patch. Shape of wings as in Luplwa superba, Herbst.”
(Moore, |. c.)
NYMPHALID. DANAIN. EUPLG@A. 65
This is a very variable species. The blue gloss is much deeper and more brilliant in some
specimens than in others, and in one male and three females from Cachar, and one female from
Sylhet, it only reaches to midway between the disco-cellular nervules and the submarginal
series of spots, and moreover the gloss is not at all vivid even where present. In some examples,
taken by the Yunan Expedition, probably in Upper Burma, the marginal series of dots on the
forewing is entirely wanting ; in Cachar and Sylhet specimens this series is sometimes confined
to six or seven spots towards the hinder angle, in others it is complete to the apex ; the sub-
marginal series is also equally inconstant ; in some specimens there are only five spots, in others
the series is complete. These spots also differ in size and colour—some are small, equal-sized,
round and white, others are large, elongated, unequal-sized and violet ; some specimens have
a very prominent cell spot and a discal series of four spots, others again are without all these
spots. The two marginal series of spots on the hindwing are also very inconstant ; in some
examples they are quite obsolete, in others as prominent as in Z. superba. The underside is
also as diversely marked as the upperside, but it seems clear, even from the specimens in the
Museum, that all these are but casual variations of the same species.
Mr. Wood-Mason met with this species commonly in Cachar from April to June; and
Mr. A. O. Hume took it in the eastern hills of Manipur in May.
45. Buplea grantii, Butler.
Salpinx graxtit, Butler, Trans, Ent. Soc. Lond., 1879, Pp. 2.
HABITAT: Cachar.
EXPANSE : 3°92 inches.
DESCRIPTION: © FEMALE : Forewing above rich piceous brown, shot with purple, darkest
in the centre, and palest at external angle, a small white subcostal spot just above the end of the
cell, a crescent-shaped lilac spot in the cell, a circular spot on the first median interspace, two
fusiform spots beyond the cell, and a series of seven spots, the sixth pyriform, parallel to the
outer margin; all these spots lilac with white centres ; an ill-defined lilac spot on the second
median interspace, a submarginal series of eight white dots between the lower radial and the
external angle. Azxdwing piceous brown, faintly shot with purple, the costal and external
areas broadly paler, two series of pale brown spots parallel to the outer margin, the first of
the inner series white-centred, costal border whitish. UNDERSIDE olive-brown. Sorewing
with the median area suffused with piceous, inner border whitish, a pinky-white subcostal
spot, and three in an increasing oblique series above each of the median nervules ; three or four
scattered white dots in an interrupted discal series parallel to the outer margin, and six rather
larger white dots in a submarginal series between the lower radial and the external angle.
Hindwing with several white dots at the base, a discal series of ten white spots, the upper
three rounded, in an oblique subapical series, the remainder rather elongated and parallel to
the outer margin ; nine white submarginal dots between the radial and the anal angle.”
‘* This species may readily be distinguished from £. splendens, 9 [=E. rogenhoferi] by
the greater width, and less brilliant purple (not blue) shot of the forewing; also in the
more numerous submarginal spots of the forewing, the inner series being, moreover, larger and
lilac, whereas in S. splendens [=E. rogenhoferi] they are pure white, with pale violet borders ;
the discoidal spot not present on the underside, but an additional spot beyond the cell, the outer
spots smaller ; no lilac dots beyond the cell of hindwing.” (Bzéler, 1. c.)
From the description this species seems nearest allied to Z. &/ugit. Out of a very long
series of this latter species in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, we are able to pick out individual
specimens that agree with the description of Z. gvantii, but we are unable to separate
these specimens from #. 2/ugit, which is one of the most variable of Zug/eas. It appears to
us that Z. gvantii is only one of the numerous varieties of Z. /ugiz, but we have retained the
original description of it as a reference to the type alone can settle the question whether it is
a distinct species or not.
10
66 NYMPHALIDE. DANAIN&. EUPLGA.
46. Euploa illustris, Butler.
Salpinx illustris, Butler, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zoology, vol. xiv, p. 294, n. 36 (1878).
HABITAT: Sylhet.
EXPANSE : 3°9 inches.
Description : ‘*MALE: Nearly allied to Z. £/ugzi, Moore, but the outer border of the fore-
wing deep chocolate-brown, not covered by the blue shot, and with the white shots upon it
smaller ; the discal series of spots abbreviated, not extending below the inferior discoidal
interspace ; the third spot in the series considerably larger.’’ (Butler, 1. c.)
This appears to be a very distinct species from either of the two foregoing, though it may
ultimately prove to be only a variety of &. &/wgzé; and it seems to be rare. The Indian
Museum, Calcutta, possesses a single male specimen ; the female is as yet unknown.
Two allied species, Explea chloé,* Guérin, and Euflea agyptust Butler, occur in the
Malay peninsula, &c.
47- Buploa sinhala, Moore. (Pits VII, Fic. 12 $ 2).
E sinhala, Moore, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., fourth series, vol, xx, p. 45 (2877) ; fsamia sinhala,
Moore, Lep. Cey., p. ro, pl. v, fig. 1 (1880), male.
HapitaT: Sikkim, Calcutta, South India, Ceylon.
EXPANSE : 3°3 to 4°3 inches.
DEscRIPTION : “ MALE : UpPrrRSIDE dark velvety olive-brown, external margins paler.
Forewing with a short broad oval sericeous streak between the lower median and submedian
yeins, a submarginal row of small ochreous-white spots, and marginal lower row of minate spots.
Hindwing with a broad flesh-coloured discoidal patch ; costal border broadly cinereous,
a submarginal series of oval ochreous-white spots, and marginal series of small round spots.
UNDERSIDE paler olive-brown throughout. /orew/rg with hind margin broadly cinereous ;
the sexual mark dusky ; a curved discal series of whitish spots near the cell ; both wings with
a submarginal and marginal series of spots as above. Body black ; thorax, head, palpi and
forelegs white spotted.” (Moore, Lep. Ceylon, p. 10.) The FEMALE differs from the male
in the absence of the sexual brand, and the inner margin of the forewing being straight, not
* Euplaa chlo’, Guérin. Hasirar: Penang, Malacca, Johore, Sumatra, ExpANse: Male, 3°8 inches.
Description: ‘ Wings entire, swarthy. Forewing shining violet at the base (in certain positions) ; both wings
on both sides with white marginal spots arranged ina double series. UNDERSIDE with discal spots white and
tinted with violet.”
“Intermediate between Z. alcathoé and FE. corefa of Godart. Urrrrstiper, both wings blackish-brown, with
a beautiful vivid violet-blue reflection, occupying the greater part of the forewing from the base to just
beyond the middle (in the male, the only sex that we have seen), The forewing has on the UPPRRSIDE near the
costa and beyond the middle two small scarcely visible bluish streaks, and near the apex four white spots. Also
on the external border a row of white dots starting from the internal angle and not reaching the apex.
Hindwing on both sides with two rows of white spots on the hinder border, of which the interior are
rather oblong ; on the upperside it has also at the middle and near the costal margin a large triangular
well defined patch of dingy-white. UNobeRstpE of both wings of a glistening brown. Forewing with
the same marks and spots as on the upperside, but a little larger ; the two little streaks near the costa
are much more prominent and whiter. Beyond the four spots near the apex there are three others very
small, linear, forming a parallel band in the line of the margin ; two white spots encircled with violet
in the middle, below which is a rather large oblong white spot. UNpersipE of the Aindwing has
besides the two rows of white spots on the border seven small violet-white marks, and some small white
dots at the base. C/ivfa alternately black and white. Body and ead black, spotted with white.” (Guérin in
Delessert Souv. Voy. d. l'Inde, pt. ii, p. 71, 1843).
t Enplea egyptus, Butler. Hansirar: Singapore, Sumatra, Borneo, Expanse : Male, 4 inches. Descrir-
TION : *' Mae: Wings elongate, swarthy on upperside. Fovewsng with a short shining discal streak, five white
subapical spots, and one indistinct rosy subcostal spot, two minute costal streaks. A/indwing with two submargi-
rtal rows of white, sometimes indistinct dots, the costal margin white. Body swarthy, forepart blackish and spotted
with white ; azfenn@e black. UNorrsipg, olivaceous-fuscous. ovewsng with the inner margin white, with the
costal streak and white subapical spots as on upperside, with a series of much interrupted marginal dots, and one
submarginal spot at the anal angle ; one discal spot, cne in the cell, and a discal band with an oily appearance.
Hindwing with two submarginal series of white spots, the inner series short ; an arched discal series of violet
dots, and one dot in the cell. Body with the thorax black, spotted with white ; avtenn@e black ; abdomen
swarthy, banded with white.’’ (Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc Lond., 1866, p. 277, n. 26.) Distant remarks (Rhop.
Malay , p. 22) :—‘‘ Butler gives another species, &. egypftus, as having been received from Singapore. That
Singapore specimen, however, no longer remains in the National collection under that name, and was probably
so recorded in error,””
NYMPHALIDA. DANAIN 4. EUPLG@A. 67
lobed ; also in the absence of the flesh-coloured patch on the hindwing. The ochreous-white
markings are also more prominent.
In Indian specimens on the forewing the spots of the submarginal row increase from the
costa to the first median nervule, and the next interspace below contains two small adjoining
spots ; the marginal series is also complete in many specimens to the apex. A male specimen
taken by Mr. Otto M@ller in the Sikkim tarai in August has the upperside of the forewing
very perceptibly shot with blue ; the marginal rows of spots on both wings smaller, especially
the submarginal series on the forewing, the spot below the third median nervule in that series
being obsolete.
This species on the upperside bears a very close resemblance to &. core, except in outline
of the forewing, and the flesh-coloured patch on the hindwing, which latter is concealed by the
inner margin of the forewing. On the underside it may be readily distinguished by the absence
of the spot in the cell of both wings, which are invariably present in Z. cove. The apex of
the forewing is more acuminate, and the inner margin much more convex ; both wings are
wider and more ample than in £. core.
Our collections contain specimens taken at Trevandrum in July by Mr. H. S. Fergusson,
at Calicut in September, inthe Wynaad by Mr. Rhodes Morgan, and from Bhadrachullum
taken by Mr. W. T. Blanford. In the neighbourhood of Calcutta Mr. de Nicéville has found
it common throughout the year. In Ceylon it has been “taken at Galle and Kandy by
Captain Wade.”
The figure shows the upperside of both sexes—the male on the left, the female on the
right, from specimens in the Indian Museum, taken near Calcutta.
The next three species, Z. vestigiata, EL. novare, and LE. leucogonys, and also E, eunice
from Java, are closely allied. The true 2, ezmzce inhabits Java, and, according to the
original description, has only a submarginal row of violet spots, one subcostal, and one
interno-median spot on the forewing ; the Continental race from Burma and Malacca, which is
referred toas Z. vestigiata, further differs from the Javan species in having, in addition,
numerous spots on the disc of the forewing, and an incomplete marginal series from the hinder
angles of both wings ; but the extent to which these markings are developed differs so greatly
in individuals, even from the same locality, that the Continental race can hardly be separated
with propriety. The Nicobar race agrees with the true Z. eznzce from Java in the absence of
the marginal series from both wings, but it has the spots on the disc even more largely developed
than in the Continental race. It isas yet a rare insect, and we have never seen a specimen, and
it is possible that when more specimens have been observed, this race may also Ee found to
vary as much as the Continental race does, in fact ‘‘ Felder clearly defines this variability in his
description ;” in the meantime, as the Nicobar form may be peculiar, we have retained it as
distinct under the name Z. ovare given to it by Felder. All these races have the wings shot
with brilliant blue in doch sexes.
48. Buplea vostigiata, Butler.
E. vestigiata, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 288, n. 58, fig. i, female; Calliplaia vestigiata, Butler.
Trans. Linn. Soc., Zoology, second series, vol. i, p. 535, n. 2 (1876) ; Huplwa vestigiata, Distant, Rhop. Malay.,
p. 26, pl. iii, figs. 6 #ale, 7 female (1882).
Hasirat : Upper Tenasserim, Penang, Malacca, Sumatra and Java.
EXPANSE : 3°5 to 3°9 inches.
DescripTion : MALE: UpPEersIDE.—forewing uniform velvety blackish-brown (scarcely
perceptibly paler at hinder angle), shot throughout with deep but brilliant blue; with a sub-
marginal series of prominent violet spots, a subcostal spot above end of the cell, and a broad
short streak of violet below the first median nervule. In one specimen the submarginal row
is incomplete, only four spots being present on the apical half, but in all the other specimens
examined the row is complete, and prominent as far as the first median nervule ; in addition to
these markings some specimens show a few small round marginal dots towards the hinder angle,
some have two short discal streaks below the discoidal nervule:, some have a short streak
68 NYMPHALID&. DANAINA, EUPL A.
above the interno-median streak, and others have a short streak below it; all these spots and
streaks being violet. Aindwing paler brown, suffused darker and slightly tinted with blue on
and about the median nervule ; the costal area hoary, a large ochreous patch about the sub-
costal nervure covering the upper half of the cell, and extending above it; a submarginal
decreasing row of three or four violet spots from the costa (almost obsolete in one specimen),
and a few marginal dots from anal angle ; in one specimen the submarginal row is complete to
anal angle. UNDERSIDE paler brown, with the spots paler violet, almost white. /orewing
with the interno-median area cinereous, the streak of the upperside visible as a raised con-
colorous mark ; a conspicuous broad oval whitish patch above the first median nervule, two
discal streaks sometimes prominent, sometimes obsolete, a subcostal violet spot ; the sub-
marginal row much smaller than on upperside and partially obsolete in one specimen ; and a
marginal row of small prominent dots, usually complete, but partially obsolete, in one specimen.
Hindwing with a decreasing submarginal row of round whitish spots from the costa to anal
angle; and a corresponding row of rounded marginal dots from anal angle not quite reaching
the apex. The usual basal white dots, but no spots on the disc of the hindwing, and none in
the cell of either wing, on upper or underside. The FEMALE differs from the male on the
UPPERSIDE in having the submarginal spots of the forewing prominently centered with white ;
also in having the inner margin straight, not bowed out as in the male, and on the Aindwing in
the absence of the subcostal ochreous patch. On the UNDERSIDE the /forewizg is similar, except
that the internal cinereous area does not nearly reach the median nervule, and the raised sexual
streak is absent; on the Aizdwing the marginal and submarginal spots are rather more
prominent. One female, evidently aberrant, has a conspicuous geminate violet spot at end of
the cell in the forewing.
Notwithstanding that Butler in his original description of this species* omits all men-
tion of the brilliant blue shot, it is clear from Distant’s description in his ‘‘ Rhopalocera
Malayana,” written after examination of the type, that the species here described is Z. vesti=
giata, Butler. Neither Butler nor Distant refer in their descriptions to Z. ewnice, Godart,
from Java, of which the present species appears to us to be only the continental form. Distant
remarks that Z. vestigiata ‘‘ appears to be a variable species [of this there can be no doubt],
and is probably a race of the #. sovare, Felder. Felder clearly defines this variability in
his description ; in fact, with the qualifications he there admits in the markings of several
varieties, the Province Wellesley specimens might almost be considered as agreeing with some
of his Nicobar types. This Malay form somewhat differs from Javan specimens of Z. vesté-
giata, which Mr. Kirby was probably correct in considering a variety of Felder’s species.”
Numerous specimens of this species were taken by Captain C. H. E. Adamson, near
Moulmein, on 12th June ; and a single male was taken at the Maylachoung, by Captain C. T.
Bingham, on the 24th September ; but it is a rare Butterfly, and has not hitherto been recorded
as occurring within Indian limits.
49. HEuploa novare, Felder.
E. novare, Felder, Verh. zool.-bot. Gesellsch. Wien, vol. xii, p. 482, n. 108 (1862) ; Reise Nov., Lep., vol. ii,
P- 317, N. 430, pl. xxxix, fig. 7 (1865), ale.
HapsiratT : Kar Nicobar.
EXPANSE : 4'1 inches.
a aT aa, I aa EE
* Euplea vestigiata, Butler, Hapirat : Malacca, Sumatra, Java. ExpANSE: Male, 3°55; female 3°4 inches.
Description: “Horewing above blackish-swarthy, the margin slightly rufous, with eight or nine submarginal spots,
one costal spot, and a short internal discal streak, violet. Hindwing olivaceous-swarthy, deeper in the middle ;
with the costal margin whitish, with three subapical white spots ; the MALe with a rather large subtriangular
ochreous spot placed near the costa. Body blackish-swarthy, spotted with white in front ; the antenne black,
UNDERSIDE olivaceous, with the interior margin ochreous-white ; in the MALE with six submarginal dots, nine
marginal, and one rather large oval discal spot, white; one oval discal internal spot ashy ; one small costal
spot and two discal placed behind the cell, violet-white. ovewing of the FEMALE with nine submarginal spots,
four subanal dots, two minute subapical dots, and one large oval discal spot, white ; one costal spot violet-
white. Aindwing with ten submarginal spots, and nine or ten anal marginal spots, white ; two clopeates discal
dots between the subcostal nervules, violet-white. Body, with the thorax black, spotted with white, the abdomen
ashy-fuscous ; the antenna black.’ (Butler, Proc, Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p, 288, n, 58, fig. 1 female).
NYMPHALID&. DANAIN. EUPL@A. 69
DescrIPTION : *‘ MALE, with the ci/ia marked with white, Forewing above blackish
chestnut, deeply suffused with violet blue in certain lights, with a subcostal spot, two behind
the cell (sometimes entirely wanting), three median elongated (the first sometimes wanting,
the third minute, and the middle one large and powdered with white), and seven to nine others
submarginal of different shapes, pale violet blue. Hindwing pale silky fuscous, towards the
base almost as in the forewing, the anterior margin silky white, with two white spots, the
surface with the usual shelly appearance ; two or three decreasing spots, violet encircled with
swarthy. UNDERSIDE, pale rufescent fuscous, with white basal spots. Forewing, with a
subcostal spot, two beyond the cell, four large interior, a bent submarginal dot-shaped series
often interrupted, anda marginal series of minute spots. Mindwing, with some very small
external spots, and others before the hinder margin violet blue, more or less powdered with
white, and ringed with swarthy. Forewing, with the internal area as usual. A beautiful local
form of the Javan Z. eunice.” (Felder, |. c.)
This is a very rare insect and we have never seen a specimen.
50. Buplea leucogonys, Butler.
Salpinx leucogonys, Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., Zoology, second series, vol. i, p. 536, pl. Ixviii, fig. 5
(1876), female.
Habitat: Nepal (?) Assam (?) Malacca.
EXPANSE: 3:2 inches.
DESCRIPTION: FEMALE. ‘Nearly allied to Z. vestigiata, Butler, but smaller ; the costa
of forewing not so strongly arched, the outer margin slightly inarched in the centre ; the sub-
marginal spot on second median nervule wanting ; the subcostal spot above the end of the
cell much smaller, the spot on interno-median area widened into a notched blotch, all the spots
lilac. Hindwing, paler, only three lilacine whitish spots placed obliquely near apex; no
submarginal spots; anal angle white. UNDERSIDE: Forewing, with only two or three sub-
marginal and three or four marginal white dots. Hindwing, with no white blotches beyond
the cell.” (Butler, 1.c.) The figure shews on the Aindwing three white submarginal spots
one in each interspace above the discoidal nervule ; and five large violet-white spots on the
margin at the anal angle. Distant remarks (Rhop. Malay., p. 27, 7o¢e) :—‘‘ Butler’s figure is
somewhat misleading, the marginal spots to hindwing having been enlarged and exaggerated
by the artist compared with those on the type specimen in the British Museum which I have
examined.” Mr. Distant considers Z. /eucogonys as merely a small variety of £. vestigiata,
This also appears to be a rare insect, and we have never seen a specimen ; its occurrence in
‘* Nepal and Assam” must be considered doubtful pending further evidence ; it belongs toa
Malayan group.
51. Buplea rhadamanthus, Fabricius. (PLATE VII, Fic. 11, ¢ 2).
Papilio rhadamanthus, Fabricius, Ent. Syst., vol. iii, pt. i, p. 42, n. 127 (1793); Tvrepsichrois thodsa,
Hiibner, Samml, Ex. Schmett. (1806-1824) ; Danais alcidice et rhadamia, Godart, Ene, Méth., vol. ix, p. 180,
nn, 13, 14 (1819); Salpinx rhadamanthus, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc, Lond., 1878, p. 822,
HaBiTatT : Eastern Himalayas and Burma.
EXPANSE: 3'0 to 3'8 inches.
DESCRIPTION: MALE: Forewing black, tinged with brown at the base, and shot throughout
with deep violet blue, brightest towards the exterior margin; a broad bar of white from the
costa almost to the median nervure, cut into four irregular parts by the black costal and sub-
costal nervures ; below this and outside the cell is a white spot of variable size between the
second and third branches of the median nervure ; this spot is sometimes altogether wanting,
and in some cases a second white spot appears between the first and second median nervules.
¥o NYMPHALID#. DANAIN. EUPLGA.
Below the first median nervule is an oval longitudinal violet spot ; four submarginal spots near
the apex, and a larger one between the first and second median nervules, violet, often white
centred ; a few minute marginal dots near the anal angle, also violet. AHindwing with four
white streaks from the base below the cell, followed by a short white dash tipped with violet,
a whitish patch near the base cut by the subcostal nervure ; the rest of the costal area rather
pale silky brown; the exterior half black, shot with deep violet blue. Two small violet spots
just beyond the end of the cell, two submarginal spots beyond these, and two more near
the anal angle, and a few minute marginal dots (sometimes entirely wanting) from anal
angle, also violet. UNDeRsIDE brown, markings similar to those of the upperside, but
whiter. In the forewing the second spot below the white patch, which is usually
wanting on the upperside, is large and conspicuous on the underside; the submarginal
spots are white, and the marginal series, which are violet, are more complete than on the
upperside, especially towards the apex. In the Aindwing, the whitish subcostal patch
is wanting, and in addition to the white streaks below the cell, there are three white
streaks in the cell, the upper one short, sometimes divided, the middle one longer and
narrow, the lower the broadest and longest ; a series of five streaks outside the cell.
The above description is taken froma large series of specimens collected in Upper
Tenasserim, by Captain C. T. Bingham, and froma few collected in the Khasi hills by Mr. J. P.
Cock. In specimens from Sikkim, in Colonel Lang’s collection, the white markings are alto-
gether larger and more prominent than in Burmese specimens. The Sikkim specimens also
average a good deal larger; they are paler and browner, especially at the base of the forewing ;
the white spot outside the cell of forewing, between the second and third median nervules,
which is small or wanting in Burman specimens, is large and prominent in those from Sikkim,
giving a different character to the white band. The marginal blue spots at anal angle of
forewing are more numerous, often as many as seven being present, while in Burman specimens
usually only two are visible, and apparently four isthe maximum, On the Azmdwing all the
spots are larger, the submarginal series shows usually six from the anal angle instead of two,
and the marginal series has eight or ten, while in Burman specimens these latter are often
entirely wanting, always minute, and seldom if ever exceeding six in number.
The FEMALE is paler and brown, not black, and shot with blue only on the outer half;
all the markings are larger, whiter, and more prominent. Inthe Aindzwing the cell has also three
large white streaks in it, occupying almost the entire area ; they are confluent in the specimen
figured, leaving only interrupted black streaks between. On the UPPERSIDE the costal margin of
the hindwing is broadly white ; the marginal and submarginal spots on both wings are circled
with violet, and on the UNDERSIDE some are white, some are violet. The sexual spot is of
course wanting, though it is replaced in the Sikkim specimen figured by a_ pale streak of
grey scales. A single female sent by Captain Bingham from the Thoungyeen forests in
Tenasserim differs from Sikkim females precisely as in the males as far as the white markings are
concerned, but init the blue gloss is scarcely perceptible at all, instead of being brighter as from
analogy it should have been.
E. rhadamanthus is very common in North-Eastern India, from Sikkim to Tenasserim,
in hilly tracts at elevations of from 1,000 to 4,000 feet above the sea. In the Khasi
hills it is on the wing in the late autumn. In Upper Tenasserim, Captain C. T. Bingham
found it common between Meeawuddy and Kankarit in February, in the Thoungyeen forests
in March and April, and in the Donat range in April. The single female specimen referred
to above was taken in the Thoungyeen forests in the autumn. Mr. Wood-Mason took numerous
males and three females in Cachar from April to August ; and Dr. J. Anderson took males only
in the Mergui Archipelago in the cold weather.
The figure shows the upperside of the male and female from Sikkim specimens in the
Indian Museum, Calcutta.
NYMPHALIDZ. DANAIN. EUPLG@A. 71
52. Euplosa diocletianus, Fabricius.
Papilio diocletianus, Fabricius, Ent. Syst., vol. iii, pt. i, p. 40, n. 118 (1793) ; Danais diocletia, Godart,
Enc, Méth., vol. ix, p. 181, n. 16 (1819) ; Calliplea diocletianus, Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc., Zoology, second series,
vol. 1, Ps 535 (1876) ; Zuplwa diocletianus, Distant, Rhop. Malay,, p. 28, pl. iv, figs. 4 male, 5 female (1882).
Hasitat : (Nepal, Assam ?), Penang, Malacca, Singapore, Siam, Java,
EXPANSE: 3, 3°45; 9, 3'1 inches (from Distant’s figures).
DESCRIPTION : ‘‘ Wings entire, black. Forewng with a white interrupted band. Hindwing
with some white lines at the base, and a double row of spots of this colour on the margin.
OF the size of D. claudia [= Euplea midamus], to which it is closely allied ; the underside
of both wings resemble the upperside. Forew7ng black, witha white band formed of four
large spots, one transverse line of four dots of this colour, and some dots equally white along
the margin. Hindwing blackish-brown, with some white longitudinal lines towards the base,
and two rows of white spots along the margin. The head and thorax are of a deep black,
with some white spots; the upperside of the abdomen is blackish, the underside ashy with
some very black bands.” (Godart, |. c.)
£. diocletianus has usually been considered as indentical with Z. rhadamanthus, but the
absence of all mention of the conspicuous violet blue shot, the pure white character of the
markings, and the black colour of the wings, seem to indicate its distinctness from that species
in both sexes. We have never seen a specimen, and if it occurs at all in ** Nepal and Assam”
(which we doubt), it must be extremely rare, It is included in Butler’s paper on the Butterflies
of Malacca* as Calliplea diocletianus. It is probably a local form of Z. rhadamanthus
developed in the Malay Peninsula. The Tenasserim female of Z. rhadamanthus shows a
decided approach to this species in colouration, but it is small, far smaller than average
specimens of Z. mzdamus. Distant remarks: ‘‘ This is evidently a Malay race of £. rhada-
manthus, a species which I follow Moore and Butler in considering as typically repre-
sented in Northern India. It possesses also another and very distinct Bornean race, described
as Z. low. The principal difference between these three species or races is that of a gradually
increasing melanism, which is least in the North Indian £. rhadamanthus, and greatest in the
Bornean form £, /ow7z.” According to Distant’s description, the wings in this species are dark
indigo-blue, not black.
Second group.—MACROPLEA, Sutler—Mr. Butler has separated this group from the fore-
going in the following terms :—“ This genus [.Sa/fz7x, Hiibner], is not altogether a satisfactory
one ; it contains two groups, the one being much like an enormous form of Calliplea (I refer
to the S. shenareta group), the other having a blue or sericeous brand upon the interno-median
area ; in other respects the species seem nearly allied. I propose to give the first of these
groups the subgeneric title of MJacroplea.” (Butler, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zoology, vol. xiv,
p- 292 (1878).
This subgroup is only represented by two species within Indian limits, of which one is
found is Ceylon; the other, a native of the Malay Peninsula, extends into Burma, and has
been found in the Nicobar Isles. The Zzzf/eas of this type are large insects, without the
brilliant purple or blue gloss, and usually with three more or less complete rows of marginal
and submarginal spots. They differ from the Sa/ginx group only in having xo érand on the
interno-median area of the forewing of the male, and in their /arge size; the outer margin of
the hindwing in the male too appears as if it had been oiled.
Eey to the Indian species of Macroplos.
A. Upperside golden-fuscous ; forewing with three rows of violet-white spots.
a. With the violet-white markings prominent ; the three rows on forewing complete,
53- E (Macroplw@a) cASTLENAUI, Burma, Nicobars.
4, With the violet-white markings small; the discal series incomplete.
54. E. (Macroplea) eEvisa, Ceylon.
* Trans. Linn. Soc., Zoology, second series, vol. i, p. 535 (1876).
73 NYMPHALID#, DANAIN&. EUPL@A.
53. Buplea castelnaut, Felder.
E. castelnaui, Felder, Reise Nov., Lep., vol. ii, p. 315, n. 427 (1865), female; E. phebus, Butler
Proc Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 270, n 3; Macroplea phaebus, Butler, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zoology, vol. xiv
p 292 (1878); E. castel/naui, Distant, Rhop. Malay., p. 24, pl. ii, fig. 6 (1882), female.
HaBITAT : Tenasserim, Penang, Nicobars, Java.
EXPANSE: &, 4°5 to 5°3; 2, 4°9 to 5°3 inches.
DESCRIPTION: “* Forewing elongate. UPPERSIDE golden-fuscous, the costa fuscous, and
the internal area fuscescent ; the outer margin with three rows of white submarginal spots,
and one spot near the end of the cell ; the external row composed of small oblong spots ; the
middle row with spots increasing in size near the costa, and arranged in a curved line;
the inner row angulate, with oblong spots increasing in size near the costa. Hindwing,
purpurascent, the costal area ochreous-white, and the middle of the cell ochreous [in the
MALE], the external and internal areas rufous-swarthy. Of the FEMALE with three continuous
rows of rufescent-white submarginal spots on the outer margin: of the MALE with three inter-
rupted rows not reaching the anal angle, and the anal angle appears as if oiled. UNDERSIDE;
forewing, fuscescent at base, purpurascent in the middle in certain positions; the inner
margin pale, with a rather large white subanal spot; the outer margin with rows of spots
as on the upperside, the two external rows, however, with smaller spots, and the inner row
beyond the end of the cell sometimes obsolete, and of larger spots: Hindwing, coppery-
fuscous, the outer margin in the MALE fuscescent, with a marginal row of white dots, and three
subapical, and an arched series of five violet dots beyond the end of the cell ; in the FEMALE
with two rows of dots, an inner arched series of seven violet dots, and one near end of the
cell. Body with the thorax black, spotted with ochreous; aédomen ashy; antenne black.
This species is quite distinct from £. frothoé, Godart, being much smaller, of a more golden-
colour, and quite differently spotted.” (Butler, 1. c.)
A female, taken by Captain C. H. E. Adamson at Nyounting, near Moulmein, in Septem-
ber, has the whole apical area of the forewing powdered with violescent-white, the two inner
rows of spots above the third median nervule being almost lost in the ground-colour, which
in that part is almost pure white ; the spots on both wings are also larger, and more diffused.
The inner margin of the forewing is straight, while in the male it is enormously lobed to
cover the ochreous patch of scales on the hindwing, which is present in that sex though
absent in the female. The female is altogether a much paler insect, especially on the
underside, where all the markings are larger than in the male. The spots outside the cell on
the underside of many males are eight in number, there being two short parallel streaks
between the first median nervule and submedian nervure.
Mr. de Roepstorff has taken two male specimens in the Nicobars. Dr. J. Anderson
took one male and seven females in January, also two females in March, in the Mergui
Archipelago. These female examples are darker than the Moulmein specimen; the three
series of spots on the forewing are also distinct, though exhibiting a tendency to coalesce.
54- Buplea elisa, Butler, (PLate VIII, Fic. 14, 3).
E, elisa, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 270, n. 4; Macroplea elisa, id., Journ. Lian, Soc , Zoology,
vol. xiv, p. 292 (1878); id., Moore, Lep, Ceylon, p. 9, pl. v, figs. 2 male, 2a female (1880),
HaBsitTaT: Ceylon.
EXPANSE: &, 4°25 to 4°80; 2, 4°1 to 4°7 inches.
DESCRIPTION : ‘‘ Forewing above golden-fuscous, the inner margin fuscescent, with three
rows of white spots, the inner row short with three spots placed between the median
nervules, the outer row not reaching the apex; the middle row in the MALE much
interrupted, in the FEMALE continuous, curved near the costa; one spot near the end
of the cell. Hizdwing of the MALE coppery-fuscous, the costal area ochreous-white, and
the middle of the cell ochreous ; with three discal spots placed beyond the cell ; the outer
margin fuscous; the anal margin as if oiled. Of the FEMALE the Azndwing is golden-
fuscous, with the costal margin pale; the outer margin with two submarginal series
NYMPHALID. DANAIN, EUPLGEA. 73
of white dots, indistinct at the anal angle; and a series of three spots placed beyond
the cell. Aody swarthy, darker and white-spotted in front ; the a#texne black. UNDER-
SIDE: Forewing as on upperside, but the spots are larger, and the external submarginal row
is continuous in the MALE. Andwing, of the MALE, paler; on the otter margin with a row
of five marginal dots in the middle, and an angulate row of violet dots beyond the end of
the cell; some minute white spots at the base. Andwing, of the FEMALE, as on upperside,
but the internal series beyond the end of the cell has six dots, and one near the end of the
cell. Body with the thorax black, spotted with white ; abdomen fuscous ; antenne black.”
(Butler, 1. c.)
**Larva*® purple-brown, with two black-tipped red fleshy filaments on second, two on
third, and two on twelfth segments ; each segment with transverse black streaks ; lateral line
purple ; head and legs black. Pupa thick, broad, purple-grey, fasciated with golden-yellow ;
abdominal segments black-beaded.” (AZoore, Lep, Ceylon, p. 10, 1880.)
**Taken on low ground at Colombo among hedges round native gardens at any time, but
not very common. Of slow heavy flight ; settles on leaves, and is easily caught ” (Huéchison).
**Commonly found at Galle among cocoanut trees and low bushes” (Wade). ‘There is as yet
no record of its occurrence except in Ceylon.
The figure is taken from a male specimen from Ceylon in the collection of the Hon’ble
F. Mackwood.
Third group—CaL.iPL@a, Butler.—“ The species of Cadiiplea are all of small size ; they
have the inner border of the forewing in the males, strongly developed, and covering a large
subcostal yellowish patch upon the Aimdwing ; but without any trace of a brand on the
interno-mediax area of the forewing.” (Butler, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zoology, vol. xiv, p. 296,
1878.)
Only one species of this group has been recorded from India; the exact locality is not
stated, but probably it is from the north-eastern corner into which the Malayan fauna extends.
It appears to be rare.
Eey to the Indian species of Calliplesa.
A. Costal margin and apical half of forewing deep chestnut, shot with violet or blue.
a, With the spots on forewing violet-silvery speckled with white; two cellular spots sometimes
confluent.
55. E. (Cadliflea) LEDERERI, Eastern India,
55- Eupleea ledereri, Felder.
E. ledereri, Felder, Wien. Ent. Monatsch., vol. iv, p. 397, n. 14 (1860); id., Reise Nov., Lep., vol. ii, p. 317,
n. 431, pl. xl, figs. 5, 6 (1865), male; Huplwa inguinata, Butier, Proc. Zool, Soc, Lond., 1866, p. 288, fig. 2, made,
p. 291, n. 65; Z. dedereri, Distant, Rhop. Malay., p. 26, pl. ii, fig. 10 (1882), wale,
HapBitaT: Eastern India, Malacca interior.
EXPANSE: 2°75 to 3 inches.
DESCRIPTION: ‘‘ MALE.—With the ce/‘a marked with white. UpprErsIpeE dilute chestnut-
swarthy. orewing with the costal margin and anterior half spread with deep chestnut, and in
certain positions shot with violet ; with two cellular spots sometimes confluent, two subcostal,
a third below the second discoidal nervule sometimes rather larger, a fourth rather large, sub-
apical and trifid, and four submarginal, silvery violet more or less powdered with white.
Hindwing with the border beyond the cell much paler, the costal area silky-hoary with two
white spots ; the usual discal patch shortened, and well separated from the origin of the dis-
coidal nervure. UNDERSIDE, pale shining fuscous. Forewing with a subcostal spot, three
discal, others external small, and marginal dots. Aindwing with external decreasing spots, and
rather larger marginal dots, white.” (Fe/dev, 1. c.)
* Figured on pl. iv, fig. 8; chrysalis, 8a, of Horsfield and Moore’s Cat. Lep. E. I. C., vol. i (1857), from
drawings of E, L. Layard, as the larva of Z. prothoé,
Il
74 NYMPHALID. DANAINA. EUPLEA.
This species, if it really does occur with Indian limits, is very rare ; we have never seen a
specimen. Distant remarks that ‘it appears to be almost confined to the Malay Peninsula,
especially if there should be any error in the locality of Assam, as given by Mr. Warwick to
the British Museum.” It is nearly allied to, and probably is only the continental form of;
Luplea mazares, Moore, from Java, of which a figure of the upper and underside of a male in
the Indian Museum, Calcutta, is given below :—
EUPL@A MAZARES, Moore.
Fourth Group.—TREPSICHROIS, fMiibner.—‘‘ Forewing elongated, zhe outer margin sub-
angulated and slightly inarched below the apex; the inner margin of the male very slightly
convex, without trace of a brand, but the hindwing with a small yellowish patch in the cell
at the origin of the first subcostal branch.” (Butler, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zoology, vol. xiv,
p- 296, 1878).
The elongated forewing distinguishes this group and the two following from the three
which precede. Only a single species of this group is found within Indian limits, and only
three others are known which represent the group in the Malay Archipelago. The females
differ greatly from the males in having the hindwing profusely striped with white. The
Indian species extends from Burma through the Himalayas to Kulu, and is the widest spread
and commonest of all the Zxf/eas of Northern India, except Z. core.
Koy to the Indian species of Trepsichrois.
A. Forewing velvety-brown, shot with bright blue, and with bluish-white spots on the outer half.
56. E. (Tvrepsichrois) mipamus, N, India, Burma.
56. Buplea midamus, Linneus, (Pare VIII, Fic. 13, 3 9%.)
Papilio midamus, Linnezus, Mus. Ulr., p. 251, n. 70 (1764); id., Syst. Nat., vol. i, part 2, p. 765, n. 108
(1767) ; Papilio claudia, Fabricius, Gen. Ins., p. 263 (1777), female ; Danais midama, Godart, Enc. Méth.,
vol. ix, p. 179, n. 12 (1819); Tvrepsichrois midamus, Hiibner, Verz, bek. Schmett., p. 16, n. 92 (1816) 3 Pafpitio
basilissa, Cramer, Pap. Ex., vol. iii, pl. cclxvi, fig.. C (1780), female; Euplea midamus, Distant Rhop.
Malay., p. 24, pl. ii, figs. 8 wale, g female (1882).
Hapitat: N.-W. Himalayas to Burma.
EXPANSE: 6, 3°0 to 4°2; , 3°5 to 4°6 inches.
DESCRIPTION: MALE: UPPERSIDE, /orew/g deep velvety blackish-brown, glossed with
brilliant blue, brightest on the apical half, where it forms in some lights a large patch of this
colour. The basal half spotless, the outer half with numerous pale blue spots, powdered and
often centred with white, and arranged as follows :—A marginal row of small spots, regular,
two between each pair of nervules, decreasing towards and seldom reaching the apex; a
submarginal row of larger spots, irregular, one between each pair of nervules ; a discal row,
very irregular, of seven spots, and angled at two points, commencing with a small costal spot,
and ending with an oblong interno-median spot; and one spot in the cell near the end.
4indwing velvety brown, the costal area ashy testaceous, with a small yellowish patch within
the cell at origin of first subcostal nervule, otherwise entirely unspotted, though occasionally
NYMPHALID/&. DANAIN ZS. EUPLGA. 75
a faint trace of an obsolete marginal row is visible. There is alsoa large patch of lengthened,
plush-like, modified scales somewhat lighter coloured than the ground, filling the upper
and outer two-thirds of the cell, and extending beyond it almost to the outer margin,
bounded posteriorly by the third median nervule and extending to above the first subscostal
branch. This patch of scales, together with the small yellowish patch also within and nearer
the base of the cell, is peculiar to this group of Zuf/eas. UNDERSIDE, paler brown, Fore-
wing, with the interno-marginal area broadly tinged with ashy, and showing a broad whitish
streak near base, almost covered by the hindwing. Spots as on upperside, but violet-white,
smaller, and the oblong interno-median spot which terminates the discal row is wanting on
the underside. Hindwing with a marginal row of two spots between each pair of nervules,
from anal angle not usually reaching the apex ; a submarginal similar row from apex, incomplete
towards the anal angle ; a spot in the cell at the end, and three or! four small streaks arranged
outside it on the disc, violet-white ; the c//ia spotted with white on both wings.
The above description is from specimens from Shillong, which are of large size; the
specimens from Upper Tenasserim are much smaller, and on the underside the spots are all
smaller ; many of them, especially on the hindwing, are completely wanting, and where present
are very minute. In some Sikkim specimens also the spots are similarly small, and more or
less wanting on the underside. On the underside of the addomen there are six transverse
bands of lilac-white in Shillong and Sikkim specimens, while in the Tenasserim specimens
there are seldom more than three. FEMALE: Brown, darkest towards the apex of forewing,
and much streaked with white, especially on the hindwing. Forewing with a large patch on
outer half shot with bright blue ; the spots asin the male, but except on the blue-shot patch
the spots are pure white; from the base of the wing a faint brownish-white streak in the
cell, and a longer and whiter streak (sometimes double) in the interno-median area, coalescing
with the last spot of the discal series. Hindwing with a row of rounded marginal spots, a
submarginal row of white streaks, two between each pair of nervules, short at the apex, but
towards the anal angle extended right up to the base of the wing; a discal series longest at
the costa, and three or four streaks in the cell, all white. UNDERSIDE as on upperside, but
the streaks from base of forewdg broader, more prominent and purer white ; some of the spots
and streaks on the outer half of both wings tinted faintly with blue. The specimens from
Tenasserim, as do the males, average smaller in size than those from Shillong.
Larva.—Ground-colour testaceous, marked with crimson and black perpendicular lines
on the segments, a spiracular row of black spots and some yellow blotches just above the legs,
The face is also marked with crimson and black ; legs red; the third, fourth, fifth, and twelfth
segments have each a pair of very long tentacula springing from the subdorsal region, and
standing almost upright over the body ; the lower portion of these processes is crimson, the
upper black. Figure 10 of Plate IV, of Horsfield and Moore’s Cat. Lep. E. I. C. (1857),
from Java, where it ‘‘ feeds on a species of Ficus, December.” Also Plate III, figs. 10,
caterpillar, and 10a, chrysalis, of Horsfield’s Cat. Lep E. I. C. (1829). Pupa, Figure 10a,—
Castaneous, beautifully marked with gold.
£. midamus is, with the exception of &. core, the commonest and most widely spread of
all the Zzp/eas of North India, but, except in the far east, it is only foundin the warm valleys
of mountainous regions. It extends from Tenasserim as far west as Kulu, where Mr. A,
Grahame Young has taken a single specimen. Mr. de Nicévillealso took a single worn female
at Kalka, Punjab, in October. A single specimen was taken by Colonel Lang, at Sitapur, in
Oudh, but its occurrence in the plains of Oudh must be very exceptional. In Kumaon it is
found, but rarely, in the warm valleys in the xains. In Nepal it seems tobe common near
Khatmandu, as Dr. Scully brought down numerous specimens. Mr, de Nicéville has taken it
commonly in the Sikkim tarai, and below Darjiling in the autumn. In the Khasi hills it is
common in the autumn andcold weather. Mr. Wood-Mason found it abundant in Cachar
throughout the hot weather. Dr. J. Anderson also took numerous specimens in the Mergui
Archipelago throughout the cold months; and in Upper Tenasserim Captain Bingham found it
common in the Thoungyeen forests in March and April.
76 NYMPHALID, DANAINZE, EUPLG&A.
Butler records Z. mulciber as a distinct species, occurring with Z. midamus at Malacca.
Cramer’s figure of Z. mulciber, however, is almost identical with the common /. midamus of
North-East India. £Z. mzdlciber is figured by Distant (Rhop. Malay., pl. iii, figs. 1 male, 2 female
1882), who never met with it in the Malay Peninsula, and remarks (page 26) that ‘‘it has been
considered as the constant Bornean race or form of Z. midamus, and peculiar to that island.”
The figure shows the upperside of a male from the Khasi hills, and of a female from
Sibsagar, Assam, both in the Indian Museum, Calcutta.
Fifth group.—Crastia, Hiibner—“ Males with more acuminate forewing than in
Trepsichrois the inner margin much more convex}; no brand on the forewing, and no yellowish
spot in the cell of the hindwing. Females similar to Trepsichrois in form.” (Butler, Journ.
Linn, Soc., Zoology, vol. xiv, p. 297, 1878).
This is a Malayan group ; four species are recorded as occurring within Indian limits, one
in the Nicobars, the others all in the extreme east on the borders of Malayana. All the species
are comparatively rare within Indian limits, and we have no specific record of any being taken,
except in Tenasserim and the Nicobars.
Eey to the Indian species of Crastia.
A. With the wings above spotless black-fuscous, suffused with the deepest violet-blue, bordered externally
with paler unglossed fuscous.,
57. E.(Crastia) simULATRIX, Nicobars.
B. Basal three-fourths of forewing glossed with blue; hindwing with two series ofsmall whitish spots.
a, Rufescent swarthy ; hindwing not blue glossed ; spots small.
58. E.(Crastia) MopESTA, Burma.
E. (Crastia) CAMARALZEMAN, Siam,
&, Cupreous brown ; hindwing blue glossed ; spots larger.
59. E. (Crastia) CUPREIPENNIS, Burma,
C. Wings blackish-swarthy, unglossed with blue; forewing with three more or less complete series of white
spots. R q
60. E. (Crastia) BREMERI, Mergui.
E. (Crastia) MALAyYiIca, Malayana.
57. Buplea simulatriz, W.-M. anddeN.
E. (Crastia) simulatrix, Wood-Mason and de Nicéville, Journ. A. S. B., vol. 1, part ii, p. 229 (1881), wale +
idem, id., vol. li, p. 15, pl. ili, fig. 1 wzale, 2 female (1882).
HapsiratT : Great Nicobar.
EXPANSE : 4, 3'73 $, 3°18 to 3°86 inches.
DESCRIPTION : “ MALE, UPPERSIDE spotless black-fuscous, suffused with the deepest
violet-blue, externally tolerably broadly bordered with paler unglossed fuscous. A%nzdwing
with an oval patch of iridescent lighter modified scales, occupying about the second and third
fifths of the length of the organ, extending from the middle of the discoidal cell to the middle
of the interspace between the costal and subcostal nervures at its widest part, and bounded in
front by an indistinct streak of cretaceous white ; and with the space in front of this oval patch,
and of the apical portion of the first subcostal branch, cinereous. UNDERSIDE lighter and less
sombrely ccloured, their dark basal portions being distinctly glossed with purple-violet, more
broadly bordered with paler fuscous, and marked with prominent spots and streaks. Fore-
wing with eight spots, vzz., a subapical series of three dots, the posterior of which is equal to
the other two taken together, a somewhat elongated large spot between the first and second
median nervules, nearly pure white ; a reversed comma-shaped spot near the end of the cell, a
rounded one and a short linear streak beyond it, the former between the second and third median
nervules, and the latter between the third median nervule and the discoidal nervure, and a sub-
costal spot on a level with the end of the cell, bluish or violet-white, with a streak pointed at
both ends in the meddle of the interno-median area, and, posterior to this, a similarly shaped
NYMPHALID. DANAINZE. EUPL@A. 77
and placed patch divided by the submedian nervure, cretaceous-white ; and with the sutural
cell behind the whitey-brown patch cinereous and satiny. indwing with a submarginal
series of minute violet-white dots, a cellular spot and a curvilinear series of six just
outside it bluish white, in addition to the usual basal dots. FEMALE: Wings above
and below all lighter and more broadly bordered externally with paler colour of much the
same tint as in 4, camorta. Forewing above with an increasing series of three subapical
spots, an elongated subcostal spot, a minute dot near the end of the cell, and a larger one
just beyond it near the base of the interspace between the second and third median nervules,
and white. Azxdwing above spotless. UNDERSIDE with the discal spots of doth wings, and
the subapical ones of the forewing larger and more prominent, but with the submarginal
series of the Azzdwzzg incomplete and less distinct, there being only two speck-like represen-
tatives of them on one hindwing and three in the other, and with a short linear dash between
the submedian nervure and the first median nervule, forming a seventh circumcellular
mark ; the spots all coloured as in the male. The second and smaller specimen approaches
the male in the colour of the upperside, and in the breadth of the pale outer borders ; it
lacks the seventh circumcellular mark, and has only one indistinct representative of the
submarginal series of dots on the underside of the hindwing.”
“* Appears to be very closely allied to the Javan Z. sepzlchralis, Butler.”
‘© A single male and two female specimens from Great Nicobar. On the upperside, it very
closely resembles &. camorta, of which it is in all probability a mimic, differing from that
species, however, in its rather darker and more sombre hue, and in being devoid of a silky
sexual streak, and on the underside in the presence of a submarginal series of dots in the
posterior wing.” (Wood-Mason and de Nicéville, |. c. )
58. Buplea modesta, Butler.
E. modesta, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 273, n. 13.
Habitat : Tenasserim (?), Siam,
EXPANSE: 3°2 inches.
DESCRIPTION: ‘‘ MALE : UPPERSIDE rufescent swarthy. /ovewing with the basal area
bluish. Azzdwzng with the costal area valer; a rather large fuscous subcostal spot, the outer
margin with two rows of ochreous-white submarginal spots, the inner row with elongate spots
not reaching the apex. ody rufous-swarthy, the head spotted with white. Avztenne black.
UNDERSIDE paler. Forewing with the outer portion of the internal area ochreous, and the
margin broadly ashy ; one discal spot, and two dots, one costal, and a spot at the end of the
cell, bluish-white, A%zdwing with submarginal spots as above, seven discal spots in an
arched series, and a spot at the end of the cell, violet-white ; some white dots at the base.
Sody with the thorax ashy, spotted with white ; the abdomen swarthy with elongated ochreous
median spots. Antenne black.” (Butler, 1.c.) FEMALE undescribed. See remarks on the
following species, Z. cupreipennzs.
An allied species, Z. camaralzeman,* Butler, is recorded from Siam.
59. Hupleea cupreipennis, Moore.
Crastia cupreipennis, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 823.
HABITaT: Mergui, Upper Tenasserim.
EXPANSE: 3°13 to 3°60 inches,
DescripTION: “ Allied to £. modesta from Siam. UPPERSIDE cupreous-brown, the
outer borders broadly paler. Fovewzz2 with the basal area blue-glossed. Azndwing with
*E. camaralzeman, Butler. Hapirar: Siam. ExpANse: 4°1 inches. DgescripTIoN: ‘‘ MALE: UpprerRsIDE
blackish-swarth:. Morvewing with the basal area shot with greenish-blue, one indistinct white spot below the end
of the cell. AHWixdwing, with the costal margin paler, in the middle greenish-blue ; with twelve ochreous-white
marginal spots, and a submarginal anal series. Body blackish swarthy, anteriorly spotted with white; the
antenne black. UNDERSIDE olivaceous. Forewing with the basal area fuscescent and shot with greenish-blue ;
the internal area paler, and one dot at the end of the cell, and three minute anal spots white. Aindwing with
submarginal spots as on upperside, five discal spots, and one at the end of cell, echreous-white. Body with
the thorax black, spotted with white; the abdomen swarthy, with blue median spots. " (Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1866, p. 271, n. 6, pl. xxix, fig. 1, ade).
78 NYMPHALID. DANAIN, EUPLG:A.
the cell and contiguous area also blue-glossed. The two marginal series of spots larger.’’
(Moore, 1.c.) The FEMALE differs from the male in having the inner margin of the
forewing straight, the apex more rounded, and the outer margin slightly concave ; also in
lacking on the hindwing the large pale fuscous subcostal patch, which, in the males, covers the
anterior half of the cell.
Seven males and a single female have been sent to us by Captain C. T. Bingham
from the Thoungyeen forests in Upper Tenasserim, the locality from which the type speci-
men of the species was taken by Limborg in 1876-77. Of these specimens one only has
the forewing swarthy and scarcely perceptibly paler externally ; all the others have the /ove-
wing rufescent-brown rather than ‘cupreous-brown,” and with the outer margin broadly
paler, and the basal three-fourths shot with bright blue; in all the cell and contiguous area
of the Azzdwing is blue glossed; the two marginal series of spots on this wing are prominent
and somewhat variable in size, and there can be little doubt that they all belong to the
species separated as 2. cuprezpennis by Moore. No mention is made in the original de-
scriptions of either this species or £. modesta of any spots on the upperside of the forewing ;
but in nearly all the specimens we have seen there are traces of white dots—in some a few mar-
ginal dots near the hinder angle, in others a more or less incomplete submarginal series,
in others one or two on the disc outside the cell, or one in the cell, or one subcostal, but
in all cases these dots, even when conspicuous, are small and so variable that no two speci-
mens appear to exhibit them to precisely the same extent.
Dr. J. Anderson also took numerous specimens for the Indian Museum during the
cold weather in the Mérgui Archipelago. They present precisely the same differences as are
shown in the specimens taken by Captain Bingham. One pair have no spots whatever
on the upperside of the forewing. The females of £. cupreipennis can be distinguished
from the same sex of Z. margarita by their smaller size, and the discal spots on the upper-
side of the forewing, when present, being pure white instead of violet. We have seen no
specimens precisely answering to the description of Z. modesta; but Z. cupreipennis, if distinct,
is evidently very closely allied to it, and it seems probable that both forms represent only
a single species, which should stand as £, modesta.
60. Huploa bremori, Felder.
E. bremeri, Felder, Wein. Ent. Monatsch., vol. iv, p. 398, n. 16 (1860) ; id., Distant, Rhop. Malay., p. 23,
pl. ii, fig. 4 (1882), ade.
Habitat : Mergui, Penang, Malacca, Singapore, Borneo, Sumatra,
EXPANSE : 2'9 to 3'9 inches.
DESCRIPTION : ‘* MALE: UppERSIDE blackish-swarthy, with a marginal series of white
spots on both wings. Forewing with two or four discal spots, and eight outer spots (the
fourth and fifth much larger), white. Mizdwing with an outer row of white dots more or less
obsolete. UNDERSIDE, both wings swarthy, with the outer and marginal spots, as on uppers
side. Forewing whitish inwardly, with a costal spot, and four others discal (one in the
cell). Hindwing with six or seven discal spots (one in the cell), white. Very nearly allied
to Z. crameri* (Lucas, Moore), but differing in the presence of the marginal spots of the
forewing, and the outer spots of the hindwing.” (Fé/der, |. c.)
Dr. J. Anderson met with this species very commonly in the Mergui Archipelago through-
out the cold weather. The males on the upperside of the forewing have usually four discal
spots, one subcostal just above the extremity of the cell, one in the cell, and one in each of
(cg, ue ce een ————————————————————e
* E. crameri, Lucas, Rev. Zool., 1853, p. 318. (Plate viii, fig. 15, wale). HABITAT: Borneo, EXPANSE :
3°65 inches. DescripTion : Mae: ‘‘ Upeersipe wholly velvety biackish-brown, having a bluish tint, and slightly
paler on exterior margins. /orewing with a short transverse row of six white spots from anterior margin, close
to apex, the first two small, the third large and longest, the fourth the same size as the first, fifth and sixth very
small ; also a small spot near discoidal cell, between first and second median nervules. Hindwing with two small
white spots near anterior angle. UNDERSIDE, clear deep brown. Hovewing with white spots as on upperside, also
with three spots along costal margin, and some on the disc. Hindwing, witha submarginal row of small white
spots, and some on the disc.’’ (Moore, Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. C., p. 129, n. 256 (1857).
The figure is taken from a male specimen from Borneo in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, and shows the upper
and undersides,
NYMPHALID&. DANAINA. EUPL@A. 79
the median interspaces ; the spot in the cell and the spot in the lower median interspace are
however sometimes wanting. The two marginal series of spots on the hindwing occasionally
do not reach the anal angle. On the underside there are either two or three discal spots on
the forewing, besides invariably one in the cell. The FEMALES area little more variable ;
some havea spot in the cell of the forewing on the upperside, and two spots in the median
interspaces ; others have a complete series of five spots, one in each interspace, outside the cell,
ag two subcostal spots. The marginal series of dots are sometimes obsolescent towards
ne apex.
An allied species, Z. madayica,* is recorded from Penang, &c.
Stxth Group—EurLma, Fabricius (Restricted).—'* The species of this group are for the
most part similar in form to those of the Cras¢ia group; but the male has a more or less
strongly defined longitudinal brand on the interno-median area of the forewing.” (Butler,
Journ. Linn. Soc., Zoology, vol. xiv, p. 299, 1878). The true Eupleas are the most widely
spread of all the groups, and present the greatest variation incolour. There are fourteen species
in the Indian region, and one or other species is found commonly in almost every part of
India.
Key to the Indian species of Euplea.
A. With the sexual brand short (under ‘20 of an inch, except in Z. suddita *25), narrow, inconspicuous.
a. Velvety brown, with a more or less complete and conspicuous double row of whitish spots on
the outer border of both wings.
a‘. Forewing with the spots of inner row at apex rounded.
61. E. corg, India.
6!, Forewing with the inner spots at apex large and elongate.
62. E. vermicuuaTa, N. India.
c', Forewing with the outer spots at apex obsolescent.
63. E. ASELA, Ceylon.
E. LAVARDI, Siam,
@’. Asin &. cove, but with the basal area shot with blue, the spots smaller.
64. E.suspiTra, Burma.
6. Deep swarthy, with border spots small and rounded.
a', Hindwing with inner row usually conspicuous.
65. E.Espert, Nicobars.
6'!, Hindwing with the inner row wanting.
66. E,. FRAUENFELDII, Ceylon,
* Crastia malayica, Butler, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zoology, vol. xiv, p. 297 (1878) 3; Luplea malayica,
Distant, Rhop. Malay., p. 22, pl. il, fig. 7 (1882), made. Hapirat: Malacca, Penang, Singapore, Expanse:
4°6 inches. Description: ‘* Closely allied to Crastia ochsenheimeri, Moore, t but larger, considerably
darker, and with the white spots much larger, both the submarginal series in the Aindwing of the MALE complete ;
the FEMALE with a spot in the cell, followed by three complete series.’ (Butler, 1. c.) ‘* This is but a constant
local race of £. ochsenheimeri, Moore, a species which Butler considers is probably the Z. gyllenhaliz, Lucas, and
is apparently confined to Java. The Bornean form has also been separated, under the name £. scuddert,
£. malayica is initself variable, as in a second male specimen which I possess, the spots on the upper surface
are much smaller, and the submarginal spots to the hindwing are very faint and cbscure towards the anal angle.’
(Distant, |. c.)
+ L£ufplea ochsenheimeri, Moore, Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. C., vol. i, p. 132, n. 264 (1857).
Hasitat: Java. EXxPaNsE: 3°75 inches, DescripTion: MALE: Upprrsipe silky brown, darkest on the
hindwing, and having a golden-greenish metallic lustre in some lights. Movewizg with a submarginal row of
small white spots (two between each nervule) ; two other parallel rows of somewhat larger spots (one between
each nervule in each row) ; also one spot between first and second branches of subcostal vein, and one within
the discoidal cell; narrow czéa between indentations spotted with white. //izdwing with two short rows of
four very small white spots near anterior angle; narrow cz/ia spotted with white. UNDERSIDE as above,
but the Azmdwing having the submarginal row of white spots continued along the whole margin ; also a row
outside discoidal cell ; some white spots also at the base of the wings. FEMALE paler, the rows of white spots
on UPPERSIDE of forewing disposed exactly the same, but are larger, those on the Aimdwing more straggling, and
but few being distinct. UNDERsSID# as above, the forewing having also a longitudinal club-shaped streak between
submedian and median nervures. Hindwing with three rows of white spots, also one spot within discoidal
cell, and some spots dispused at base of the wings. Shape of wings as in Euplea midamus.’’ (Moore, 1. c.)
So NYMPHALIDE. DANAIN 4, EUPLG@A.
B, With the sexual brand short (‘20 to *30 in 2. andamanensis, ‘23 to ‘35 in E. godartii and E£. camorta),
but conspicuous and rather broad.
a. Upperside with spots on the border.
a). Pale brown, darkest on external border.
67. E, ANDAMANENSIs, Andamans.
41, Rufescent brown; apex of forewing broadly suffused with violet-white.
68, E, GopartTil, Burma.
&. Upperside with few or no spots on either wing, none on the outer margin,
a’. Underside withtwo subapical spots on forewing, and five on the disc on
hindwing.
69. E. SCHERZERI, Ceylon,
5. Underside with no subapical spots on forewing, and six to seven on the disc
on hindwing.
70. E. camortTa, Nicobars.
C. With the sexual brand long (*45 in Z. alcathoé), and conspicuous; the inner row of spots on hind-
wing narrow and very elongate.
a. Forewing velvety black, scarcely perceptibly glossed with violet; both rows of spots on
hindwing prominent,
71. E, ALCATHOE, N.-E. India, Burma.
&. Forewing shot with violet ; outer row of spots on Aindwing obsolete.
72. E. MENETRIESII, N,-E. India? Burma.
D. With the sexual brand long (‘ss in EZ. deione, ‘65 to "75 in E. dimborgii), very broad and conspicuous,
Forewing splendidly shot with blue.
a. Hindwing with border spots obsolescent.
73. E. psione, N.-E, India.
&. Hindwing with border spots prominent.
74. E. timBorGciu Burma.
E. PINWILLI, Malacca.
The first four species—Z. core, E. vermiculata, E. asela, and E. subdita—are probably
merely local races or subspecies of Z. core, £. subdita, which represents the Burman form, is
the most distinct of all, with its perceptible blue shot, and comparatively large sexual brand.
E. asela, the Ceylon form, is distinct too as far as typical specimens from that Island are con-
cerned ; but the 4. core of South India shows a very close approach to it, some specimens
eing indistinguishable from the Ceylon form. Z. vermiculata of Northern India is more
variable still, typical specimens are easily recognised, but the gradations between it and the
typical Z. core are so numerous that it is impossible to separate the two.
61. BEupleea core, Cramer. (PLaTe IX, Fic. 16, $ 9).
Papilio core, Cramer, Pap. Ex., vol. iii, pl. ccixvi, figs) E, F (1780); Danais coreta, Godart. Enc.
Méith., vol. ix, p. 178, n. 6 (1819).
Hapsirat : India generally.
EXPANSE: @, 3°0 to 4°03; &, 3°4 to 3'8 inches.
DESCRIPTION : UPPERSIDE rich dark velvety-brown, rather paler on the hindwing,
and much paler on the margin, narrowly on forewing, more broadly on hindwing; a double
continuous series of white spots on the margin of doth wings, those on the hindwing largest.
The inner series is on the /orewzne continued prominently right up to the costa, one spot
between each pair of nervules, rounded ; on the Aindwing the spots above the third median
nervule are as on the forewing ; below that nervule they are somewhat elongate-oval, and two
between each pair of nervules, The outer series consists of two spots between each pair of
nervules on doth wings, decreasirg towards the apex of forewing, where the uppermost are
obsolete. Asmall internal silky streak on the forewing in the MALE. The FEMALE is paler than
the male, is without the silky streak, has a straight inner margin to the forewing, and usually a
white subcostal dot near upper end of cell in that wing, and one outside the cell between the first
and second median branches in addition to the two series of marginal spots, which latter are
NYMPHALIDX. DANAIN. EUPLGA. 8:
Jarger and more cloudy at the edges on the forewing. UNDERSIDE paler, darkest on the disc
of the forewing, the marginal spots as above but more prominent and whiter. Forewing in
both sexes, with a subcostal spot, three or four on the disc (one in the cell}, and an internal
streak, violet-white. Azdwing with a spot inthe cell, and five on the disc round the end of
the cell, violet-white ; in the ma/e the second of these spotsis sometimes wanting; the usual
basal spots.
Papilio corus (Fabricius, Ent. Syst., vel. iii, pt. i, p. 41, n. 122 (4793), is usually identified
with this species, but according to the original description ** Danais cora appears to differ
from D. coreta (=£. core) only in having on the upperside four white dots on the middle
ef the forewixg, and two similar ones in the middle of the Aindwing.” (Godart, Enc. Meth.,
vol. ix, p. 178, n. 7, £819).
Larva.—Above lilac, with three transverse darker lines on each segment, the spiracular
region being ochreous, the abdominal region deep brown ; with two tentacula on the second
segment springing from the spiracular region one on each side and pointing forwards in front
of the head; and twocurled ones each on the third, sixth. and twelfth segments, springing
from the subdorsal region. The spiracleshave each a dark brown border. ‘‘ Reared on
Nerium odorum.” (Lang). Purpa.—Smooth, rounded and fulvous, beautifully marked with
silvery or golden dots and streaks. Figured on plate iv, figs. 9, 9@, of Horsfield and
Moore’s Cat. Lep., E. I. C. (1857). .
£. coreis by far the commonest and mest widely spread of all the Zuf/was, being found
in suitable localities throughout the continent. It does not appear to extend into Tenasserim,
where it is replaced by the closely allied Z. suddita. In the N.-W. Himalayas it occurs up
to an elevation of about 8,000 feet, but is never common at this altitude.
The figure shows the upperside of a male and female from Calcutta specimens in the
Indian Museum, Calcutta,
62. Huplea vermiculata, Butler.
£. vermiculata, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 276, n. 24.
HapitaT: Northern India.
EXPANSE : 3°25 to 4'I inches.
DESCRIPTION: ‘f UPPERSIDE: Forewing swarthy, the outer margin paler; with nine sub-
marginal spots, rather large at the apex, and marginal spots much smaller, white. AHéndzwing
paler, fuscescent at base, with two submarginal rows of white spots, the inner row of large
elongate spots. Body swarthy. Head black, dotted with white. Aztenxe blacke UNDERSIDE,
paler. Forewing with one costal spot, two discal, and one near end of cell, white; sub-
marginal rows as on upperside, but larger. M4zxdwing with submarginal spots near apex
and anal angle coalescent ; otherwise as on upperside; five discal spots in an angulate row
beyond the cell, and one near end of cell. This species appears to be allied to &. core,
of which it may possibly be the northern form; it differs from it chiefly in having the sub-
marginal spots exceedingly large and distinct, especially near the apex.’’ (Bzéler, 1. c.)
We retain this species on Butler’s authority, but it does not seem a satisfactory one.
The £&. core of north India approaches the £. vermicu/ata type in precisely the same way as
the £. core of extreme south India approaches the Z. ase/a type. A few picked specimens
of £. vermiculata taken separately, appear very distinct, but the type is not constant even in
the same locality. In a large series collected at Naiashahr in the Saharanpur district, by Mrs.
Deane, there were several specimens of typical Z. vermiculata, male and female, several of
typical 4. core, and numerous intermediate forms.
63. Buplea asela, Moore.
E. asela, Moore, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., fourth series, vol. xx, p. 45 (1877) ; id., Lep, Ceylon, p. rz,
pl. vi, figs. 2, ago, 2a, caterpillar and chrysalis (1880).
Hasirat : Ceylon.
EXPANSE : 3°25 to 3°80 inches.
12
82 NYMPHALID. DANAIN #&. EUPLGA.
DescrIPTION s “MALE and FEMALE, UPPERSIDE dark velvety olive-brown, broadly
paler externally. Forewing with a submarginal and less distinct lower marginal row of small
brownish-white spots, the former series curving to the costa before the apex. MALE with a
single short slender sericeous streak between the first median nervule and submedian nervure.
Hindwing with a submarginal row of brownish-white oval spots, and a marginal row of smaller
round spots. UNDERSIDE paler, both rows of marginal spots clearer ; both wings with a
small spot at end of the cell, and a contiguous discal curved series of spots. Body blackish ;
thorax, head, palpi, forelegs and abdomen beneath white spotted ; middle and hindlegs
beneath white streaked.”
“‘ LaRVA cylindrical, purple-white or dove-colour, with a pair of curled red fleshy fila-
ments on three of the anterior segments, and a pair on the twelfth segment ; each segment
transversely barred with narrow white lines, lateral band pinkish-white with black and red
dots ; abdominal line black ; head and legs black, streaked with white. Feeds on Nerium
oleander, &c. PuPa golden yellow, constricted below the thorax, streaked and banded with
brown; dorsal segments black spotted.” (A/oore, Lep Cey.)
In Ceylon ‘‘ found everywhere, in the plains and up to 6,000 feet, in forest or open
ground. At Colombo it occurs from October to January ; elsewhere all the year. Flight
slow, heavy. Often comes into the house in numbers, sometimes settling on one’s clothes.”
(Hutchison). The typical form is found in the island of Ceylon, but specimens from south
India approach this form very closely, just as in the parallel case of Danais grammica and
D. ceylanica. &. asela is apparently only a geographical variety of the Indian &. core.
In Siam another species, £. /ayardi,* occurs, which appears to be closely allied to this
group : it seems to differ only from 4. ase/a in having a subcostal spot above the upper end
of the cell, and another spot below the lower end of the cell in the second median interspace.
64. HBuploa subdita, Moore.
E. subdita, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 823.
Hasitat: Akyab, Upper Tenasserim.
EXPANSE: 6, 3°13 to 3°90; , 3°70 inches.
DESCRIPTION: ‘Allied to &. core. Ma Le: Upperstpe paler, markings similar, smaller
and paler. Forvewzzg, shorter, broader, and the posterior margin more convex ; basal area
slightly blue-glossed ; markings indistinct.’ (A/oore, 1. c.) The FEMALE differs from the same
sex of &, core in being paler, the submarginal row of spots on the forewing reduced to two at
the apex, and three at the posterior angle, these spots all very small; the marginal series
reduced to five, which are confined towards the posterior angle of the wing. Both series of
spots on the Azmdwing are also smaller.
The male of this species can at once be distinguished from Z. core by the perceptible
blue gloss of the forewing, and the female by the two series of spots on the forewing being
compared with £, core, almost obsolete.
The Indian Museum has two specimens, male and female, taken by Mr. Wood-Mason, at
Akyab, in September.
The next two species, Z. esferi and Z. frauenfeldii, are closely allied, but as in the
parallel cases of Z. comorta and E. scherzeri,and of Danais nicobarica and D. exprompta, the
local races are separable ; the Ceylon species Z. frauen/eidii differing from the Nicobar form
chiefly in the almost complete absence of the inner marginal row of spots on the hindwing,
and the fainter development of the outer row. Z&. frauenfeldii is very rare, and the female is
* E. layardi, Druce. Hasitat: Chentaboom, Siam. Exranse: 4 inches. ‘‘ DESCRIPTION : UPPERSIDE,
brown, paler round the outer margin. Forewing, with two whitish spots at the end of {outside] the cell, and a
double row of white spots round the outer margin. A/indwing with a band of oval-shaped white spots crossing
it from the anal angle to the anterior margin, and a submarginal row of small white spots, UNDERSIDE as
peeenere that all the white spots are plainer.” (Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 103, n. 9, pl. xvi,
«te
NYMPHALIDA. DANAINA. EUPLEEA. 83
still unknown. Z. esferi has recently been discovered to be far from uncommon in the
Nicobar isles, and as might be expected the extent to which the spots of both wings are
developed is found to be very variable. In one male specimen from Pulo Kondol in the
Indian Museum, Calcutta, the hindwing has only a single marginal series of dots. Both
species differ from the Z. core type in the much darker colour of the surface, and the small size
of the white spots, also in the presence of discal spots on the upper surface, which are absent
from all the races of Z. core except Z. Jayardi.
65. Buploa esperi, Felder.
E. esperi, Felder, Verh. zool.-bot. Gesellsch. Wien, vol. xii, p. 482, n. 109 (1862), female ; E. frauenfeldii,
id., Reise Nov., Lep., vol. ii, p. 342, n. 474 (1865), female; E. esseri, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877,
P. 582; id., Wood-Mason and de Nicéville, Journ. A, S. B., vol. 1, pte ii, p. 227 (188r).
HABITAT: Nicobars.
EXPANSE: 374 to 3°8 inches.
DESCRIPTION: ‘* FEMALE,—Wings paler [than in Z. Srauenfeldiz], with the discal
spots of the underside shewing through above. forewing with a subcostal spot, three discal
(one in the cell), seven others external ina bent series, the two uppermost excepted, rather
large (the third larger), and dots before the margin (the uppermost evanescent.) Hindwing
with the external spots small and elongate, and rather large dots before the margin swarthy,
powdered with white. UNDERSIDE with the marginal spots of the upperside whiter. Forewing
with two subcostal spots, below the second beyond the disco-cellular nervule a pair of elongate
spots, narrow, a cellular spot, Sinuate within, a pair median, a prolonged interior spot and a
streak below that. Azxdwing witha spot in the cell often geminate, and six around it (the
second larger), violet-white.” (Fé/der, 1. c. in Reise Nov.)
MALE swarthy black, markings on the UPPERSIDE similar to those of the female, but
with the usual sexual mark, and the inner margin of forewing convex. On the UNDERSIDE the
markings are also similar, but several of the discal spots of the fovezving are obsolete or wanting.
This species has as yet only been taken in the Nicobars, where it is one of the commonest
Butterflies.
66. Huplea frauenfeldii, Felder.
E. frauenfeldii, Felder, Verh, zool.-bot. Gesellsch. Wien, vol. xii, p. 479, n. 87 (1862), sale, from Ceylon;
Reise Nov. Lep., vol. ii, p. 342, n. 474, male, fenzale, pl. xli, fig. 4, male (1865); EZ. frauenfeldii, Moore, Lep.
Cey., p. 12 (1880).
HABITAT: Ceylon.
EXPANSE: @, 3'6 inches (Felder’s plate), 4 inches (Moore).
DESCRIPTION: “MALE: UPPERSIDE deep rufescent swarthy. Hindwing a little paler on
the margin, the anterior area powdery, and with a somewhat pearly streak as usual. Forewing
with a subcostal spot, another discal, five on the outer margin near apex (the second elongate),
and dots before the lower outer margin. AHindwing with white dots before the margin ina
bent series. Forewing with a cellular spot, and a pair of median spots showing through from
the underside, powdered with white. UNDERSIDE paler, the usual basal dots, the spots of
the upperside but whiter. Forewing with a geminate spot in the cell in addition, another short
sublinear, and beyond that a third median somewhat large. Aindwing with a small spot
in the cell, and five others in an angulate series around it decreasing, unequal, violet-
white. Forewing with an interior raised spot powdered with hoary, and an internal
streak somewhat pearly. indwing with a minute geminate white spot above the middle of
the outer margin.” (Fé/der,1. c. in Reise Nov.)
FEMALE unknown. In the “ Reise Novara” Felder unites his Z. esferi with this species
describing &. esperi, 2, as the female of Z. frauenfeldi, and giving Ceylon as the sole habitat
for the species ; but numerous specimens of the male of £&. esferi from the Nicobars, hitherto
undescribed, are in the Indian Museum, Calcutta. £. frawen/eldii is known only from Ceylon,
where it is evidently very rare ; we have never seen a specimen.
84. NYMPHALID/. DANAIN&. - EUPLGEA,
Moore, in the Lepidoptera of Ceylon (p. 12), gives the following description of the male
of this rare species, which differs somewhat from the original description by Felder quoted
above :-—‘* UppErSIDE blackish purple-brown. Forewing blue glossed, a very small white costal
spot above end of the cell, a spot between third and second median nervules, a submarginal
series of spots curving from apex, and a lower marginal series of smaller spots, a slender
short sericeous streak below the first median nervule. Aindwing unmarked, except
that it indistinctly shows a submarginal and marginal series of pale brown spots.
UNDERSIDE dark olive-brown. Forewing with a bluish costal spot, a spot at lower
end of the cell, a spot between the third and second median nervules, and a larger
elongated white spot below it, the sexual streak and posterior [inner?] margin being brownish
white ; submarginal and marginal spots as above. Aindwing with a minute bluish spot at end
of the ceil, and a contiguous discal series of spots, a marginal series of small white spots, and
a submarginal anal series of three or four spots. Body black ; head, thorax, palpi and abdo-
men beneath white spotted ; legs black. Expanse, 4 inches. Taken at Trincomalee on the
north-east side of the isand.”
67. Euplesa andamanensis, Atkinson.
E. andamanensis, Atkinson, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 736, n. 2, pl. Ixiii, fig. 2, wale.
Hapitat: Port Blair, Andaman Isles.
EXPANSE : 3°12 to 4 inches.
DESCRIPTION: ‘* Pale fuliginous with white spots. Forewing with a white spot between
the extremity of the cell and the costa ; another within the cell near its extremity ; two others
below the cell, one between the first and second, the other between the second and
third median nervules; beyond these a curved series of nine white spots from the
anterior margin to below the exterior angle, of which the three last are the largest ;
followed by a submarginal series of smaller elongated spots, extending from the first
discoidal nervule to the exterior angle. The interior margin much rounded in the
MALE, in which sex there is a single vitta of dark adpressed scales between the first
median nervule and the submedian nervure. Inthe FEMALE the vitta is replaced by a white
streak. Aindwing with two somewhat irregular series of elongated white spots, corresponding
to the two series in the forewing.” (A¢kinson, |. c.) UNDERSIDE as on upperside, but on the
forewing the inner discal series of spots is often complete right up to the costa, the lowest spot
argest and round, the second also round, but smaller, the four upper ones linear and small. In
many specimens some or all of these four latter spots are wanting. On the Aimdwing there is
a large, sometimes geminate, spot in the cell, and six irregular discal spots round the end of it
in addition to the border rows ason upperside. The discal spots occasionally show faintly by
transparency on the upperside also. FEMALE as in the male, except that on the UPPERSIDE in
the forewing, the sexual streak is replaced by a white rather elongated spot, and the inner
margin is nearly straight, not outwardly lobed. On the Azzdwing, the spot in the cell and
the six discal spots are faintly present on the upperside, as well as the border rows of spots.
UNDERSIDE as in male.
E. andamanensis is avery distinct species ; it is common at Port Blair from March to
August, and possibly at other seasons. The original description by Atkinson quoted above has
been supplemented and completed from a large series collected by Colonel T. Cadell, V. C.,
Chief Commissioner of the Andamans, and by Mr. F. A. de Roepstorff, Deputy Commissioner.
A marked feature of this species is that the ground-colour is darkest at the outer border
instead of at the base of the wings, as is usual in this group, It has only been found as yet in
the Andaman islands.
68. Euploa godartii, Lucas.
E. godartii, Lucas, Rev. Zool., 1853, p. 319; Z. siamensis, Felder, Reise Nov., Lep., vol. ii, p. 341»
n. 473, pl. xli, fig. 6 (1865), maZe.
HapiTaT: Burma,
EXxpanse: 6, 3°0 to 4°23; 2, 3°2 to 40 inches.
NYMPHALIDA. DANAINA EUPL@A. 85
Description : ** Wings above fuscous, paling on the outer margin. Forewing with the
apex widely tinted with rosy violet, and white dots as in 2. alcathoé. Hindwing asin £, core.
UNDERSIDE as in £. core, but with the discal spots larger.” (Zwcas, 1. c.)
The above is the original description by Lucas, which is hardly sufficiently full. The
UPPERSIDE is more brown than swarthy, dark and velvety on the basal half, the outer border
broadly paler, and somewhat rufescent. On the forewing the violet apical patch, which is
formed by a powdering of the spaces between the nervules, varies much both in extent and
intensity ; in some it extends from the costal margin to the first median nervule, and almost to
the end of the cell ; in others it is almost entirely absent. The spots too vary very much ; the full
complement is one subcostal spot, one at end of cell, two on the disc, a few marginal, a few
submarginal, and three subapical, the latter being circled with dark brown, and some-
times very prominent ; but some of these spots are more or less obsolete in every specimen,
and in some they are almost entirely wanting. In the MALE also there isa single small
interno-median silky streak, and the inner margin is somewhat convex ; in the FEMALE the
silky streak is wanting, and the inner margin is nearly straight. Hindw7ng marked with two series
of spots on the margin, as in Z, core, but the spots are smaller, especially the inner series,
and more or less sullied with brown. The costal margin is whitish, with a white subcostal spot.
UNDERSIDE paler brown, darkest on the disc of the forewing. Forewing with the internal
margin whitish, and an indistinct whitish streak on the interno-median area ; a subcostal spot,a
spot at end of the cell, one or two on the disc, and an elongate oval median spot below, violet-
white; a few marginal spots near anal angle, three subapical, very variable in size, sometimes
absent, and a few posterior ones sometimes wanting in a submarginal series pure white.
Hindwing with spot in the cell, and five or six round the end of it, discal, violet-white ; the
two marginal series of spots as on upperside but more prominent’and pure white. The usual
basal spots. In the FEMALE the median spot on forewing is rounded, not elongate-oval, other-
wise the markings are similar.
In a female specimen, taken by Captain C. H. E. Adamson, at Moulmein, in September,
the submarginal series of spots on the forewing is complete, those below the third median
nervule being large, pure white and very prominent.
E. godartii is a very distinct species, with its violet powdered apical patch. It appears to
be common in Burma from February to July. It was found by Captain Bingham in the
Meplay valleyin February, and in the Upper Thoungyeen forests in April. By Limborg it was
found in Upper Tenasserim, also at Ahsown, Moulmein to Meetan, Hatsiega, Houngduran,
and Naththoung to Paboga. In Rangoon it is common in June, July, and September,
probably throughout the year. Dr. J. Anderson found it abundantly in the Mergui Archipelago
during the winter.
69. Buploa scherzeri, Felder.
E. scherzeri, Felder, Verh. zool.-bot. Gesellsch, Wien, vol. xii, p. 479, n. 88 (1862) ; id., Reise Nov., Lep.,
vol. ii, p. 335, n. 463 (1865); id. Moore, Lep. Cey., p. 12 (1880).
HABITAT: Ceylon, Java.
EXPANSE : 3°5 inches (AZvore).
DESCRIPTION : “MALE: UPPERSIDE deep swarthy, much paler and brownish on the
outer margin. /orewing with a single short velvety streak in the interior. UNDERSIDE: both
wings concolorous, but alittle paler. vrezving with two internal whitish streaks (the upper
one narrow, linear) ; a spot and two dots discal, a spot below the middle of the costa, and two
subapical, bluish-white. izdzwing with five very small discal spots (one in the cell), bluish.
white,” (Felder, 1. c. in Verh. zool.-bot. Gesellsch. Wien.)
This species is unknown to us. It seems to be closely allied to Z. camorta from the
Nicobars. It has never been figured, but Moore gives the following detailed description in
his Lepidoptera of Ceylon:—‘ MALE: UpPERSIDE purplish olive-brown, darkest on basal
area, Forewing with a minute white subapical spot, and a lengthened sericeous streak between
first median nervule and submedian nervure, Aindwing witha subapical series of three small
86 NYMPHALID. DANAIN. EUPLGA.
very indistinct pale brown spots. UNDERSIDE paler. Forewing with a bluish-white small
costal spot, one at lower end of the cell, two beyond, and an elongated lower spot, three or
four submarginal spots below the apex. Aimdwing with a small bluish-white spot at lower
end of the cell, a contiguous discal series, three upper submarginal spots and a marginal lower
series of spots. Body black ; head, thorax, palpi and abdomen beneath white spotted ; legs
black. Expanse, 3°5 inches.” The female has never been described.
70. Euplea camorta, Moore,
E. camorta, Moore, Proc, Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 582: id., Wood-Mason and de Nicéville, Journ.
A. S. B., vol. 1, pt. ii, p. 228 (1881).
HasitaT: Nicobars.
EXPANSE: 4, 3'5 to 4°23 2, 3°6 to q'r inches.
DESCRIPTION : ‘* MALE: UpprersIDE: Both wings dark blackish olive-brown, paler on
the outer margins. ovew?ng with a short straight narrow silky streak beween the first median
nervule and submedian nervure. Aindwing with the anterior border broadly cinereous, the
upper part of the cell being slightly greyish-brown. UNDERSIDE paler. orewing with four
bluish-white spots, one being on the costa above the end of the cell, another at its lower end,
the other two outside ; the sexual streak long, narrow, and patch on hind margin pale flesh-
colour. Hindwing with seven median bluish-white spots.” (JZoore |. c.) The FEMALE differs
from the male in the outer margin of foth wings being paler, the inner margin of the forewing
is straight instead of convex, and in the absence of the sexual mark. In addition there is
usually a conspicuous violet-white subcostal spot above the end of the cell, and one outside the
cell below the third median nervule.
E. camorta, with its conspicuous broad pale margin to both wings, is a very distinct form,
having no Indian allies, except apparently #. scherzert from Ceylon. Some specimens show a
few spots on the disc on the upperside. It has only been found as yet in the Nicobars, where
it is very commonly met with, occurring probably all the year round,
The next two species, Z. alcathoé and E. menetriesiz, may be distinguished by the very
elongate submarginal spots on the hindwing, which gradually lengthen from the apex to the
inner margin, at which point they extend nearly to the base of the wing. They are found
only in north-east India and Malayana. In these and in the two remaining species, Z, dezone
and #, limborgii, the forewing is of a more elongate-ovate form than in any of the preceding
species.
71. Buplea aleathoo, Godart. (PLATE IX, Fic. 17 ¢ 9).
Danais alcathoé, Godart, Enc. Méth., vol. ix, p. 178, n. 5 (1819) ; Z. doubledayi, Felder, Reise Nov., Lep.,
vol. ii, p. 337, 1. 467 (1865).
HapitaT: Sikkim, Sylhet, Assam, Naga Hills, Cachar, Mergui, Upper Tenasserim,
EXPAaNSE: 32 to 4°2 inches.
DESCRIPTION : “ UPPERSIDE : Forewing deep chestnut swarthy, in certain positions slightly
suffused with violet, paler at the inner margin : with an internal short and narrow silky streak,
and minute white dots before the outer margin. AMzxdwing less intense in colour, much paler
towards the margin, with a pearly costal dot, and the anterior area concealed with raised scales,
giving the usual powdery appearance ; a row of external greatly increasing spots radiate on the
inner margin: and others before the margin, slightly elongate, increasing, white, powdered
with brown ; the lowest of the inner row confluent with the corresponding marginal ones,
UNDERSIDE, much paler ; the usual basal dots. Forewing, darker in the disc, a subcostal spot,
and two in the disc (one in the cell), violet-white ; an elongate median spot, three subapical, two
posterior minute, and a few small dots before the outer margin, white ; the internal margin
hoary, with an elevated spot and pearly streak, as usual, concealed. Asndwing with a spot
in the cell, and others very minute around it, violet-white ; the marginal spots as on upperside,
but longer and whiter. FEMALE, wings much paler. UPPerSIDE: Forewing with a subcostal
NYMPHALID, DANAINA, - EUPLGA. ;87
spot, and three discal (one in the cell), violet-white ; two or three posterior spots, a few dots
before the outer margin, and often with two minute subapical spots, white. Aindwing with
the costal margin hoary-white, the spots as in the male, but the interior ones longer.
UNDERSIDE almost as in the male, but the discal spots, and the posterior spots of the /orewing,
much larger. Forewing with an interior much elongated spot, violet-white” (e/der, 1. c.)
The above description is taken from Felder’s description of £. doubledayi, which was
redescribed as distinct on account of Godart’s original description of £. a/cathoé purporting
to be from an Amboyna specimen ; but there is no doubt that Godart’s locality was incorrect,
and the name &, a/cathoé will stand for this species. The male of 4. alcathoé is a very
black insect, the violet suffusion being scarcely perceptible ; and, in the female especially,
the very elongated narrow submarginal streaks form a conspicuous distinctive character. On
the underside of the forewing of the male the three subapical spots, two minute posterior
ones, and the few small dots before the outer margin referred to in the description above, are
entirely absent in some specimens, and more or less so in others.
£. alcathoé was found by Limborg in Upper Tenasserim at Ahsown, at 2,000 feet eleva-
tion, and Captain C. H. E, Adamson has sent a single male specimen from Moulmein;
it has also been taken by Captain Bingham, who has been collecting over the same ground. In
Sikkim and Sylhet it appears to be not uncommon. At Shillong a single female specimen
was taken in May by the late Mr. J. P. Cock. In this specimen the marginal dots of the
forewing are almost obsolete, and the submarginal series is nearly complete, the lowest spot
being much the larger. Mr. Wood-Mason found it in profusion in Cachar during the summer.
Dr. J. Anderson sent numerous specimens to the Indian Museum, Calcutta, collected during
‘the winter, in the Mergui Archipelago.
The figure shews the upperside of a male and female from Sylhet specimens in the Indian
Museum, Calcutta.
72. Euplea monetriesil, Felder.
E. menetriesii, Felder, Wein. Ent. Monatsch., vol. iv, p. 398, n. 15 (1860).
HABitTaT: Nepal, Assam (Butler), Malacca (Felder), Siam, Borneo.
EXPANSE : (Not stated.)
DESCRIPTION: ‘* Wings elongate. Forewing of the MALE with the inner margin rather
convex. UPPERSIDE deep blackish swarthy, in certain positions shining with violet, with a
rather broad velvety internal streak. /orewing of the FEMALE obscure brown. Hindwing in
both sexes brown; on the UPPERSIDE with elongate external spots, and obsolete marginal spots,
white; on the UNDERSIDE with the spots of the upperside white, distinct ; and seven others
discal (one in the cell), violet-tinted. Approaches £. alcathoé, but the wings are elongate,
the form of the velvety stripe in the male, and the markings in the female, are different.”
(Felder, 1. c.)
This species is unknown to us. In all probability the localities “Nepal, Assam ”
are erroneous, and if found within Indian limits it is most likely to occur in Tenasserim,
The description of the male of this species accords closely with that of Z Ziméorgit, but it is
stated that it is allied to 2. alcathoé, and the female is, as in &. alcathoé, obscure brown, whereas
in Z. Zimborgii the female is coloured similarly to the male and equally shot with splendid blue.
The next two species are distinguished from all other true Zu/eas by the almost
(generally quite) spotless velvety blackish forewing, splendidly shot with blue, except perhaps
from the foregoing, 2. menetriesii, which is said to have the forewing equally spotless and
shining with violet. In 4. dezone from Assam the hindwing is spotless also, or nearly so ; in
E. limborgii from Tenasserim the hindwing bas a conspicuous double row of white border
spots, the inner somewhat elongate ; and in Z. menetrzesii, which also has these border spots, the
inner row is said to be elongate, “approaching 2. alcathod,” which £. limédorgii can hardly
be said to do,
88 NYMPHALID, DANAIN /&. EUPLGA.
73- Buplea delone, Westwood.
E. deione, Westwood, Cab. Or. Ent., p. 76, pl. xxxvii, fig. 3 (1848), male ; E. poeyt, Felder, Reise Nov.,
Lep., vol. ii, p. 340, n. 471 (1867), /ertade.
Habitat: Sikkim, Naga Hills, Assam.
EXPANSE : 3°6 to 4°4 inches.
DESCRIPTION: UppgeRSIDE: MALE, black (or deep swarthy, with a slight rufous tinge on
forewing, highly rufescent on hindwing). Forewing, in certain positions splendidly glossed
with blue, having two small white spots, one near the middle of the wing, below the third
median nervule, and the other near the middle of the costa above the end of the cell ; a large
and conspicuous silky brown streak runs parallel to the inner margin near the first branch of
the median nervure. Azxdwing unspotted (but in some specimens an obsolete marginal and
submarginal row of small spots is distinctly traceable). UNDERSIDE, both wings brown,
outwardly paler. Forewing with a few minute white spots at the base. A subcostal spot
just above the end of the cell, a spot near the lower end of the cell, a series of spots outside
the cell, one between each pair of the nervules, the lowest the largest and oblong, the second
less than half the size and round, the third small and linear, all lilac-white. Aznudwing with a
spot in the cell and a series of four or five spots outside it, all lilac-white ; sometimes a row
of minute submarginal white dots, almost obliterated in the forew7ng.
In aseries of the MALES in Colonel Lang’s collection, all from Sikkim, the subcostal spot on
the upperside of the forewzg is wanting in some specimens ; in others there is a faint cell spot,
and in two or three specimens there is a fourth spot between the first and second median ner-
vules. The Azzdwing in all is strongly tinged rufescent, the base and middle darker and faintly
shot with blue, the forvewzzg alone being black. In one specimen the apical portion of the
forewing is distinctly powdered with pale blue in broad streaks between the nervules.
FEMALE (separately described as Z, foyez by Felder). “ UPPERSIDE: Forewing deep rufes-
cent swarthy, a little paler on the apical area and margin, in certain positions splendid violet
blue almost to the margin; with a subcostal dot, another in the cell, and two median spots
(the lower powdery, evanescent) white, margined with violet. Azdwing less intense and paler
on the margin, with the costal margin paling and powdered with hoary ; with small obsolete
external spots in a subangulate series, and otiers before the outer margin dot-shaped,
powdered with white, a little more distinct, on a paler ground. UNDERSIDE much paler, the
usual spots at the base. . Horewing with a subcostal spot, another in the cell, two beyond it
(the upper narrow, minute —the lower small), two lower, small; and others, before the outer
margin, white, more or less powdered with blue, and circled with swarthy ; a rather large
median spot, and two long internal ones (the upper almost linear), violet-white. Azzdwing
with a spot in the cell, and five beyond it in an angulate series, small, violet-white and circled
with swarthy ; the external spots, and others before the margin as on the upperside, but
whitish and larger.” (Fedde, 1. c.)
There can be little doubt but that this is the female of &. dezone which is found more com-
monly in the same localities, and the female of which is otherwise unknown. A pair of FEMALES
in Colonel Lang's collection agree with this description, except that the UPPERSID# of the /ore-
wing has, in one specimen, a fifth spot, shaped like a very small streak, below the first median
nervule. On the UNDERSIDE, in the forewzng, the spot in the cell is double, the inner margin
is whitish, a long whitish streak below the median nervure, a large oval spot above it, a
prominent round spot above that, a minute streak above again at end of cell, and a subcostal
spot, are all the markings. ‘here is no trace of any spots beyond the discal row. On the
UNDERSIDE of the Azndwing there are the following markings : a spot in the cell, a series of six
round the end of the cell, that nearest the costa smallest, and the next to it the largest ; four
small submarginal spots near the anal angle, and nine small marginal spots from the
anal angle (two between each pair of nervules in each row); the c¢/éa prominently white-
spotted. ; :
NYMPHALID. DANAINA. EUPLCEA. 89
74- Euplea lmborgil, Moore.
E. limborgii, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 823, pl. li, fig. 2, male.
Hasitat; Upper Tenasserim, Mergui.
EXPANSE ; 3°75 to 4°40 inches,
DEscrIPTION: “Allied to Z. decone from northern India, Upperstpe differs in the
JSorewing having some very indistinct submarginal white spots, and the Azzdwine having two
marginal rows of prominent white spots, similar to, but smaller than, those in Z. margarita.”
(Moore, 1. c.)
MALE: UPPERSIDE: Forewing bordered with dark rufous, the rest of the wing velvety
black, with a rufous tinge in some positions, in others, splendid shining blue. A broad and
very long silky impressed streak on the interno-median area; and a few indistinct marginal
dots near anal angle, sometimes entirely wanting. ‘The inner margin slightly convex. Hixd-
wing brown, along the median nervure it is suffused darker, and faintly shot with blue on
the darkest part ; a submarginal row of increasing spots, round at apex, and elongate towards
anal angle, and a marginal row of increasing spots, smaller and rounded throughout : in some
specimens both rows are complete, prominent, and pure white ; in others the spots are smaller,
powdered with brown, and obsolescent at apex. UNDERSIDE brown, darkest along median
nervure of forewing. Forewing, with the inner margin pale and whitish, a subcostal spot
above the end of the cell, one in the cell, and two discal (the upper one a very small streak),
violet-white, a prominent oval white spot between the first and second median nervules, and
a few small white marginal and submarginal spots, sometimes entirely wanting. Aindwing,
with the border rows of spots as on upperside, white ; and a spot in the cell, and five small
ones round the end of the cell, pale violet : the usual white basal dots. FEMALE: UPPERSIDE,
as in the male, but the sexual streak is absent ; the inner margin of forewzzg is straight, and
a single minute white spec is apparent on the disc between the first and second median
nervules. Aindwing identical, except that the border spots are as a rule more prominent, the
inner row rather more elongated. UNDERSIDE exactly as in male, except that there isa
conspicuous lengthened violet-white streak on the interno-median area of forewing,
E. limborgii is common in Upper Tenasserim from February till April, and perhaps at
other seasons. It was found by Limborg at Ahsown, 2,000 feet above the sea, above Ahsown,
at Hatsiega, and at the Houngduran source. Captain C. T, Bingham found it in the Meplay
valley in February, between Meeawady and Kankarit, and in the Thoungyeen forests in March,
and in the Donat range and the Thoungyeen forests in April. Dr. J. Anderson took three
males and a female in December, and one male in March in the Mergui archipelago, It flies
lazily in open cultivation and scrub jungle.
E. pinwilli, described by Butler from Malacca, appears to be identical with this species, and,
if so, Butler’s name would have the priority ; but in the absence of specimens of £. pinwilli
the point cannot be determined ; the original description of Z. pzvwz//i* is appended.
Seventh Group.—StTicTorLa@a, Butler, “ Maves for the most part with straight inner
margins like the females ; always with two well-defined sericeous brands on the interno-median
area, and placed one above the other.” (Széler, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zoology, vol. xiv, p. 301,
1878.)
The males of the Indian species have the inner margin of forewing bowed and quite distin-
guishable from those of the females ; but the double sericeous brand is a well-marked character,
—
* E, pinwilli, Butler. HastratT: Malacca. ExpaANnsE: 4inches. Description : “* Horewing brownish
piceous, purple-shot, slightly paler along the external border ; a long sericeous interno-median streak. Hindwing
paler brown, deepest at base ; two marginal series of whitish spots, clear at anal angle, obsolescent and decreasing
towards apex; costal area greyish, UNDERSIDE: Movewing, paler than above, with a subcostal spot, and an
elliptical interno-median spot, pinky white ; a spot in the cell, and two beyond it, bluish-white, two or three white
dots at external angle. Hindwing, with the submarginal spots clear whitish ; a spot in the cell and seven in an
arched series beyond it, lilacine whitish ; base and pectus white spotted. £, pinwiliiis allied to £. menetriesii,
but larger, darker, and shot with purple.” (Bx¢der, Trans, Linn. Soc., Zoology, second series, vol. i., p. 535, pl.
Ixix, fig. 9» 1876, where the name is spelt AZ. pimzwi//i7.)
13
90 NYMPHALID. DANAIN JE. EUPLGA,
None of the species are common; one species occurs in Burma; three closely allied and
doubtfully distinct species are described from N.-E. India; one is found in south India,
and another distinct species is found only in Ceylon. The Burman species is very distinct,
with the forewing splendidly shot with blue, no spots on the disc, and a double marginal
series of white spots on the hindwing. The N.-E. Indian species has the forewing with
numerous paler blue spots on the disc, and but few marginal spots on the hindwing; the
Ceylon species lacks the splendid blue shot ; but both these have the two sericeous bands large
and well defined as in the Zufleas of the alcathoé and detone types. £. coreoides, the south
Indian form, has almost exactly the colouration of Z. core and £. asela, and strangely enough,
like them, has the séxual brands small and inconspicuous.
Key to the Indian species of Stictoplea.
C. c. Males with two well-defined brands on the interno-median area of the forewing.
a.’ Upperside dark velvety olive-brown, palest externally, witha double row of whitish spots
along the border of both wings as in &. core.
75- E.(Stictoplea ) COREOIDES, S. India,
4.1 Upperside deep rufescent swarthy, tinged with violet on basal area ; border spots of fore-
wing evanescent or wanting.
76. E. ( Stictopl@a) MONTANA, Ceylon.
c.! Upperside forewing shot with vivid blue.
a.* With no discal spots on forewing.
77. E., ( Stictoflea) GROTE!, Tenasserim.
6.2 With numerous discal spots on forewing.
78. E.(Stictoplea) Horst, N.-E. Indiae
79. E. (Stictoplea) sinoTaTa, N.-E. India.
80, E. ( Stictop/ea ) microsticTa, N.-E. India.
In the Lepidoptera of Ceylon, p. 13, Moore has taken £. coreoides as the type of yet another
genus, which, under the name of armada, he characterises as follows :— “ Forewing elongat-
ed, triangular ; costa slightly arched ; apex somewhat acute ; exterior margin oblique ; posterior
[inner ?] margin in male slightly convex, with two sericeous streaks between the median and
submedian nervures : hindwing triangular.’”” In what way this is supposed to differ from
Stictoplea of Butler, or why Butler’s name for this section has been dropped, there is apparently
nothing to show. The one single definite expression in the description, namely, the presence
of two sericeous brands in the male, is precisely the point on which Butler’s prior designation
is founded. _s
75. Huplea coreoides, Moore.
E. coreoides, Moore, Ann. and Mag, Nat. Hist., fourth series, vol. xx, p. 44 (1877).
HABITAT: Malabar, Nilgiris, Wynaad, Trevandrum.
EXPANSE: ¢@, 3°25 to 3°60; 2, 3°50 inches.
DeEscRIPTION : ‘‘ Allied to Z. core (which is also found in the same locality), but distin-
guished by the two elongated silky impressed marks in the male, the male of £. core having
but a single short narrow mark. MALE and FEMALE, dark velvety olive-brown, palest externally.
MALE: UPPERSIDE: forewing, with a prominent submarginal and marginal series of small
white spots ; two elongated silky impressed marks between first median nervule and submedian
nervure. Hindwing, with broader series of white oval and rounded submarginal and smaller
rounded marginal spots. UNDERSIDE paler ; marginal spots as above ; both wings with a small
white spot at the end of the cell, and contiguous series beyond. FEMALE, with marginal spots
as in male, the submarginal series on do/2 wings above, and the discal series on forewing
beneath being larger.” (JAZoore, 1. c.)
The female of this species is so slightly different from the same sex of Z. core that it is only
by the following points they can be distinguished: First, by the outline of the forewing being
more entire ; in Z. core it is slightly but perceptibly scalloped, Second, on the underside of the
forewing having a complete series of six spots, one between each pair of nervules outside the
cell; in Z. core two of these spots, those above the discoidal nervules, are always wanting.
NYMPHALID. DANAIN A. EUPL@A. 91
Third, the two brands on the interno-median area of the upperside of the forewing in the male
are faintly, but still quite perceptibly, to be traced in the female in the same position. These
three points of difference are constant in the three female specimens before us—one from Banga-
lore, one from Ootacamund, and the third from Trevandrum. It is just possible that with a larger
series of females some might be found with one or more of the discal spots wanting, but the
outline of the forewing is probably an unvarying character of this species, as it is very per-
ceptible in all the males we have seen.
E. coreoides appears to be confined to south India, and is not common. Mr. H. S. Fer-
guson has sent us two specimens taken near Trevandrum on the 2nd May; and the Indian
Museum has two specimens taken at Conoor in August, also specimens taken at Bangalore and
Ovtacamund. A Trevandrum female shews an approach to the Ceylon Z. montana in the
marginal series of spots on the forewing becoming obsolescent.
76. Huplea montana, Felder.
E. consimilis var. montana, Felder, Reise Nov., Lep., vol. iii, p. 330, n. 454 (1865); Huplea lankana,
Moore, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., fourth series, vol. xx, p. 44 (1877) ; Stictoplaailankana, Butler, Journ. Linn,
Soc., Zoology, vol. xiv, p. 302 (1878); Narmada montana, Moore, Lep, Cey., p. 13, pl. vi, fig. i (1880), ale.
HasitTaT: Ceylon.
EXPANSE: 3°0 to 3°95 inches.
DESCRIPTION: MALE: ‘‘Allied to 2. comsimzlis* from Java, but larger, wings broader,
and spots smaller, those before the margin of the forewzug evanescent. FEMALE: UPPERSIDE:
Forewing, with the pale border broader, two subcostal violet spots, the interior depressed spots
much narrower, more obsolete. Azvdwing with larger spots. UNDERSIDE: Both wings
almost as in the male, but the forewing with the spot as on upperside before the middle of the
costa, and another beyond the lowest disco-cellular nervule, minute.” (/¢e/der, 1. c.)
The following more detailed description of this species is given by Moore in the
“ Lepidoptera of Ceylon :—”
‘* MALE and FEMALE: UPPERSIDE dark velvety olive-brown, paler externally. Forewing
with a submarginal and marginal row of very small indistinct ochreous-white spots. MALE with
two elongated sericeous streaks between the first median nervule and submedian nervure.
Hindwing with a submarginal and marginal row of ochreous-white spots, the former oval from
the anal angle and duplex anteriorly, the latter smaller and round. UNDERSIDE paler, marginal
white spots as above, those on forewing more prominent, both wings with a small white spot
at end of the cell, and a contiguous discal curved series beyond. ody blackish ; thorax, head,
palpi, and abdomen beneath, white-spotted ; forelegs white streaked beneath.”
“* Captured at Rambodde, Galle, and Kandy.” A single specimen, the only one we have
seen, sent to us by the Hon’ble F. Mackwood from Ceylon, has the spots of the forewing
almost entirely obsolete on the upperside; the shape of the forewing, and its dark velvety
almost entirely unspotted appearance, distinguish this species from the south Indian &. coreotdes
at a glance.
77. Buploa grotei, Felder.
E, grotei, Felder, Reise Nov., Lep., vol. ii, p. 339, n. 470, pl. xli, fig. 7 (1865), female; Euplea grotet,
Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc., Zoology, second series, vol. i, p. 535 (1876) 3 Stictoplwa grote?, id., Journ. Linn. Soc.,
Zoology, vol. xiv, p. 302 (1878). ‘
HaziraT: Cochin, Mergui, Upper Tenasserim, Malacca.
EXPANSE: 3'2 to 4°2 inches.
DESCRIPTION: “MALE: UpPERSIDE: Forewing blackish-chestnut and, except on outer
margin which is paler, vivid violet-blue in certain positions ; a [two ?] rather long interior silky
* E. consimilis, Felder. Hasirat: Java, ExpaNSE: not given. DescripTION: ‘‘ Mace: UPpPERSIDE.
Forewing deep rufescent swarthy, and, except on the éxternal border, which is widely and increasingly much
paler, faintly tinted with violet in certain positions ; the two usual silky internal spots ; submarginal spots in a
bent series, and dots before the margin, increasing, white. Aixdwing paler, paling beyond the cell, the anterior
area witii the usual powdery appearance ; and with a costal vitta somewhat pearly white; submarginal spots
rather large, increasing, and others before the margin smaller, white, powdered with brown, UNDERSIDE, much
paler, the basal dots white, the marginal spots of the upperside but whiter and a little larger. /orewing darker
about the median nervure, with two elevated interior spots as usual; the internal margin pearly-hoary ; witha
subcostal spot, two beyond it, and three in the disc, violet-white. //zadwing with a spot in the cell, and seven
others small around the end of the cell, violet-white.” (/e/der, Reise Nov., Lep., vol. ii, p. 329, n. 454, 1805.)
92 NYMPHALID, DANAINZE, EUPLCA.
spot [s ?] and some small chalky-white dots before the outer margin. Hindwing paler, in certain
positions suffused with violet ; the external margin broadly and increasingly much paler; the
anterior area powdery, with the usual somewhat pearly costal band ; external spots irregularly
elongate-oval, and others before the margin smaller, increasing, chalky-white ; the uppermost,
except where obsolete, best defined, the lowest and last but one of the external row blending
with the lowest and last but one of the marginal spots. UNDERSIDE much paler, with the
usual basal dots. Forewzng a little darker in the disc; a subcostal spot, and two discal (one
in the cell) small, violet-white ; an elongate median spot; and others before the lower outer
margin, chalky-white ; the usual interior elevated spot, and internal band somewhat pearly,
pale at base. Aindwing with a spot in the cell, and six outside unequal (the second small),
violet-white, encircled with swarthy; the marginal spots as on the upperside but larger, and all
best defined on the underside. FEMALE: UPPERSIDE: Forewzzg almost to the margin in certain
positions vivid violet-blue ; small submarginal spots and dots before the margin pale violet-blue,
powdered with white. Azxdwing darker, and in certain positions more suffused with violet
than in the male, the costal margin much paler, with a concealed somewhat pearly band ; the
submarginal spots rather large, and others before the margin smaller, white, purer than in the
male. UNDERSIDE much paler, basal dots white. /orewing with a subcostal spot, two beyond
it (the lower narrow, minute), and three rather large, discal (one in the cell) on a darker base,
bluish-white, circled with blackish; small increasing submarginal dots, and others small before
the margin, circled with swarthy, and a rather long violet-white interior linear spot ; the inner
margin pearly-hoary. Hizdwing with a rounded spot in the cell, and six others in an angulated
row beyond it, violet-white, small ; the marginal spots as on upperside.” (Fe/der, 1. c.)
A single specimen of a St¢zctop/ea, which apparently belongs to this species, was sent
by Captain C. H, E. Adamson, from Upper Tenasserim, where it was taken on the rth
February, 1881. It isa male, and differs somewhat from Felder’s original description. The
forewing is shining violet-purple over the whole area to the extreme outer margin, and bears a
complete submarginal series of rather small, but prominent violet spots, with a series of smaller
marginal spots of the same colour obsolete near the apex; in the Azzdwing the outer border
is scarcely perceptibly paler, and the double series of white spots is complete, the outer being
rounded or slightly angulate, the inner larger, oval. On the UNDERSIDE the markings corre-
spond exactly with the description, but there is in addition a violet spot on the forewzxg beyond
the cell, and above the upper discoidal nervule. It differs from 2. ofez on the forewing in
the entire absence of discal spots, and on the Azadwing in the presence of the double com-
plete series of white spots, Another specimen (male) was subsequently taken at Moulmein by
Captain Adamson, feeding at a flowering tree in company with numerous other Zzp/@as, in-
cluding Z. godartii, E. crassa, E. masoni, E. alcathoé, and E. margarita ; and subsequently
numerous specimens were taken in the autumn in the Thoungyeen forests, by Captain C. T.
Bingham, including one female. These specimens vary much in size, but all agree with the
first specimen taken by Captain Adamson, and there can be no doubt that they are the Z, grotei
of Felder. Dr. J. Anderson took one male in January, and two in March in the Mergui
archipelago.
The FEMALE only differs from the male in the absence of the sexual marks, and the
straight inner margin of the forewing.
78. Buploa hopei, Felder. (PLatz IX, Fic. 18 $ 2).
E. hopei, Felder, Reise Nov., Lep., vol. ii, p. 328, n. 452 (1865); Stictoplea hopei, Butler, Journ. Linn. Soc.,
Zoology, vol. xiv, p. 302 (1878).
Hapsitat: N.-E. India, Sikkim, Naga Hills, Cachar.
EXPANSE : 3'8 to 4°3 inches.
DESCRIPTION : “ MALE: UPPERSIDE : Forewing chestnut-swarthy, and in certain positions
vivid violet-blue ; the two usual silky interior spots, a spot within the cell, two median, one
subcostal, three beyond the cell, and seven or eight others, larger, submarginal, in a bent series,
and from two to six dots before the outer margin, violet-bluish, Aindwing deep swarthy, and,
NYMPHALIDA, DANAIN &. EUPLG&A. 93
except on the paler border, suffused with violet in certain positions ; the anterior area
with a paler ground, and a concealed pearly whitish costal vitta ; submarginal spots white,
small, often evanescent, and others before the outer margin obsolete, most frequently entirely
absent. UNDERSIDE pale swarthy. Forewing with an internal hoary streak, and the two
usual internal elevated spots; the subcostal spots, and three discal of the upperside on a darker
ground (the lower median one much larger), small submarginal spots in a bent series, and dots
before the outer margin, violet-white, circled with blackish swarthy. Aindwing, with white
basal dots, a spot within the cell, and five or six beyond around it, minute, violet-white, circled
with swarthy ; the submarginal spots, and dots more or less large before the lower outer
margin, white.” (Felder, 1. c.)
Specimens from Sikkim in Colonel Lang’s collection have the forewing on the upperside
deep rufescent swarthy, shot throughout with bright violet-blue; a spot in the cell at end,a small
subcostal spot, sometimes absent, an angulate row of four or five discal spots round end of cell,
a submarginal row of seven spots, and a few marginal spots from hinder angle, pale violet-blue.
The discal and submarginal spots large, especially the latter. Aindwing rufescent fuscous,
paler than forewing, paling towards the margin, faintly shot with violet-blue at the base ;
the costal margin broadly whitish ; a faint indication from the apex of an obsolete submarginal
series of white dots. In some specimens this series of spots is very conspicuous, pure white,
and not quite reaching the anal angle.
The male only differs from the female in having two long impressed silky streaks on the
forewing, and the inner margin convex instead of straight ; in the Aindwing of the MALE the
submarginal series of spots is almost altogether obsolete ; in that of the FEMALE it is rather
more prominent. UNDERSIDE paler, rufescent fuscous, darker in the middle of the forewing.
Forewing with the inner margin broadly white ; all the spots of the upperside are represented
but smaller, especially in the submarginal row; in the discal series the second from the costa
is minute, the third scarcely visible, the fourth large and square, the fifth large and oval.
Hiindwing, with small violet-white dots, a few at the base, one in the cell at end, five discal
round the end of the cell smallest towards the costa, three or four submarginal from costal
end, one between each pair of nervules, and nine marginal from anal angle, two between
each pair of nervules. These two latier series of spots are very variable, in some specimens
they are almost complete right round the outer margin of the wing. The female has a
bluish-white streak on the interno-median area. Ina female specimen from Cachar the sub-
marginal row of spots is very large and white-centred, the discal series is also complete from
costa to internal nervure. Mr. Wood-Mason took two pairs in Cachar in June.
The figure is taken from a male and female, showing the upperside, from Sikkim. The
specimens are in the Indian Museum, Calcutta.
The two following species have recently been separated by Butler, but the characters on
which he bases his distinctions are so excessively variable that it is doubtful whether the
separation can ultimately be maintained.
79. Huplea binotata, Butler.
Stictoplea binotata, Butler, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zoology, vol. xiv, p. 302, n. 7 (1878); Euplea callithoe,
Butler (xec Boisduval), Proc. Zool. Soc., Lond., 1866, p. 272, n. 10.
Hapirat: Sikkim, Sylhet, N. and E. India, Borneo,
EXPANSE : 4°2 inches.
DESCRIPTION : “MALE and FEMALE: Forewing quite asin[Z.] S. Aopei, Felder. Aindwing
with only two white subapical points, all the other spots obsolete. This is the 2, cadlithoé of
my Monograph, but not of Boisduval.” (Butler, 1. c.)
This is recorded here on Butler’s authority as a distinct species, but the single character
given in his description as distinguishing it from Z. Aofet is one so variable in the latter species
that a distinction based on it should only be accepted with caution, especially when, as in this
case, both species occur in the same localities. These remarks apply equally to the following
species, Z. microsticta.
94 NYMPHALID&. DANAIN. EUPLGA.
80. Huplea microsticta, Butler.
Stictoplea microsticta, Butler, Journ. Linn. Soc., Lond., Zoology, vol. xiv, p. 302, n. 6 (1878) ; id., Trans.
Ent. Soc., Lond., 1879, p. 7-
HABITAT : Cachar.
EXPANSE : 4'2 inches,
DESCRIPTION : “‘ UPPERSIDE : Forewing like [Z.] S. Aopei, except that it is larger, all the
spots are considerably smaller, and the purple shot is less vivid. Hindwing with only the
three first of the discal series of white spots.’’ (Butler, 1. c.)
A species of Euplea, E. magnifica,* has been described from Thibet. It is not clear to
which group it should be referred, and Butler makes no mention of it in his revision of the
genus Zxuflea, subsequently published. The description is subjoined for reference.
*£. magnifica, Butler. Hapsirat: Thibet. Expanse: 4 inches. Descriprion: ‘Female? Wings
above bright sepia brown. Forewing shot with vivid blue ; subapical area densely irrorated with lilacine ;a
conspicuous subcostal white spot, a second within discoidal cell, and a third on second median interspace, forming
together a triangle ; a minute whitish point on lower discoidal interspace, and another on first median interspace.
Hindwing, with a double series of ill-defined, disco-submarginal, pale-ochraceous spots from third median nervule
to anal angle. Body black, white spotted in front. UNpbErsIDE, rich chocolate-brown. /ovewing with three
white spots as above, a fourth oval spot on first median interspace ; a small point between lower discoidal, and
third median nervules, a subapical point, one submarginal on second median interspace, five nearly marginal
points from the third median nervule to the external angle, and some anal-marginal dots on the fringe, whitish.
Hindwing, with a spot near end of cell, and five unequal spots in a semicircle round extremity of cell, pearly-
white; a double submarginal series of yellowish-white spots ; fringe dotted with whitish. Sody black, thorax
white-spotted.” (Bxtler, Trans, Ent. Soc., Lond., 1874, p. 423+)
Notr.—Part I, containing the title page, dedication, list of illustrations of Vol. I, glossary of technical
terms, preface, introduction, and pp, 21—94, with frontispiece and plates I—IX, reprinted April, 1890.
Printed by the Calcutta Central Press Co., Ld., 5, Council House Street.
VOL. I.—Part II.
TA BoE OR CONTENTS.
0
(FAMILY NYMPHALIDA— Continued.)
SUBFAMILY SATYRINZ ..,...:6 eaaearceini ces Rabooner sree SECO CAOODARGO EINER EIEeRCH IC Dar ceOe ts
GENUS ZETHERA ......... Seen od Seaeeenaas seosbe Apenoe STELDDOCUDOCE OUIDOOACOMDOCEISO TG Boner sai einee tees
2)
22
33
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AOPITORSSA woes saccades consicceancnsens ace A Saat siienes snasaisloaisielsisisielvaninis cess aeisenerieceneeec tte caer
ORINOMA........ Baer os tacase totsee scene eee lee Sdesthienne Medeue sensations PAS tS
PASM G TOR Alera simescecea ee oc ceec cama te nce cee ce temeaecn esos shots ets UCDO SOT EOUOCO SOE O LOC EGaE
HIPPARCHIA ........ Stewed Loud aaaweececeee amen Wivvos casenacsocovevwecesseces Pisebavus sseesve'es ‘
MiPDHIMA veesceseseect Pe Suse es Neonates: aidisaueate Saateie sees eres tatente sees ewasbatsts :
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CYLLOGENES ..... rene menaeere cedars olaiiote sisotins Cicteinra ciemele tieaienieiseit oes cece ak hoes Miaotacsoncdeaeencee
IPAIMANUE TR RIEMGLAY saocicetoctene Seok cetoassseeatecee Teaeaoeee ess eieiefelcis(diavsre conc iowenccecuteinien caer
SMBRAM Tei ve MMW MINTDN ASE soc. sacerenccenndes cc cmieceeccasecuece'ce Soa e eran i aeceidesieastocseses scncaencceee
GENUS ELYMNIAS ......... sa scactes eae nionh nena aeniaes Seas seebans sactee ace Oonecnoee A ig dtheuncdeece Ueree cere
39
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SUBFAMILY MORPHINAL.....ccccssseccesccccssees Adisiaasieassaeiran ole ne cui siloeDerceuasice's sisgeaeenes Seecetshess
GENUS XANTHOTANIA ..... saeisSat’ee Ot acetal oot oneeeneon ese Sides sea aniseauecauaeeeeas Reo Sooeanoncocae ,
99
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AMATHUSIA ...seee RS aaciame saint celeg ces ce ccnses oe oesuentene BoScieeees Maelaeineicjssle conwoestatenoen ones s
JEMONA ...... rae eae aceon MS ce cciny ous tsesnal tee wisncweeseedesseseosbenes PPC pC OOCer :
THAUMAN DIS scecccsnssset seen tee cect oa. Apg00C Apo COBAGLIngE CHODe SAC LCOOMIGNK veceteeduecene Se
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GEMUSEUEARE BA ance cee doers cndcos sec ccsatree acer b ore sas ose finase cease snes tracseeesncterecs cacectece
29
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319
SUBFAMILY II.—SATYRINZ, Bates. (PLATES X To XVII INCLUSIVE.)
Satyring, Bates, Journ. Ent., vol. ii, p. 176 (1864) ; Satyride, Swainson, Cab. Cycl., pp. 86, 93 (1840) ;
id., Westwood, Gen. D. L.. p. 352 (1850-52).
*‘ Bopy, generally small and weak. HEAD, small. Liyes, naked, or hairy. Antenne
generally short and slender, variable in the form of the club. Ladial palpi very much com-
pressed, more or less elongated and erect, and clothed in front [in the typical genera] with
long porrected hairs. WuNnGs comparatively large, weak in structure, and generally ocellated
on the underside. FOREWING, often with the nervures at the base swollen ; the subcostal
nervure with its branches free ; the first and second emitted [except in Ypthima and Ragadia]
before the anterior extremity of the discoidal cell, which is generally long and always closed.
HINDWING with the discoidal cell closed, and not preceded by a preediscoidal cell ; the
anal margin forming a gutter for the reception of the abdomen. FORELEGS, very small, those
of the MALE brush-shaped, with exarticulate tarsi ; and those of the FEMALE rather longer,
more scaly, and with the tarsi articulated ; claws of the HINDLEGs often bifid.”
** LARVA, attenuated at the extremity of the body, and almost pisciform,* tomentose, +
terminated by two more or less prominent anal points; the head rounded, sometimes
emarginate or bifid, or sometimes surmounted by two spines. Generally graminivorous.
Pupa, short, cylindric, not (or scarcely) angulated, and not gilt; suspended by the tail.”
(Westwood, |. c.)
“The Satyrine are found almost all over the globe, being very numerous in temperate
climates ; they are usualty dull brown or blackish in colouration, occasionally with yellowish
or white patches, and on the underside often ocellated and beautifully variegated. Their
flight is usually weak and irregular, and they frequent low herbage ; many species affect
meadows and open grassy slopes, and a large number are found in woods and shady dells, often
settling upon dead leaves, and in accordance with their sombre colouring seem less dependent
on sunshine than the gaudy Butterflies are, being often seen on the wing on cloudy and even
rainy days when no other Butterflies venture forth. They are distinguished typically by
their elongate and very hairy palpi, but this feature is not constant throughout all the genera,
as shown in the key which follows, and also by the want of a preediscoidal cell in the hindwing ;
while the base of one or more of the nervures of the forewing is, in many genera, dilated,
The caterpillars live almost entirely on grasses, and feed only during the night.
The Satyrine are connected on the one hand with Zuflea through Zethera, a very
aberrant form ; and on the other hand with Zlymnzas through Mélanitis and Parantirrhea.
The arrangement of the genera here adopted differs from that in Kirby’s Synonymic
Catalogue, which appears to be founded on Horsfield’s system published in 1857. It
also differs from that of Butler’s Catalogue of the Satyride inthe British Museum, published
in 1868, and from that of his ‘‘ Essay towards an arrangement of the genera” published the
same year in the Lxtomologist’s Monthly Magazine, (vol. iv, p. 193). The primary characters
on which the arrangement should be based are not easy to determine ; the clothing of the
palpi is probably the most important ; on it the present arrangement is based, and to meet
it genera are grouped together which exhibit divergencies in other characters ; but after care-
ful study of all the Indian genera, the grouping adopted appears to be the best approximation
to the natural order.
* PISCIFORM, fish-shaped. + ToMENTOSE, woolly.
a)
">
96 NYMPHALID. SATYRIN/.
Eey to the Indian Genera of SATYRINZE.
A. With the apex of the cell of the Aindwing at, or close to, the origin of the second median branch,
usually appearing as if the latter were a continuation of the lower disco-cellular nervule.*
a, With the palpi clothed in front with short dense affvessed hairs.
a‘, With the costal nervure only of forewing scarcely perceptibly swollen at base ;
the eyes naked.
a*. The hindwing short ; rounded, without ocelli.
V.—ZETHERA.
52, The hindwing rather elongate, rounded, with ocelli on both sides.
VI.—ANADEBIs.
51, With the costal nervure of forewing perceptibly, the subcostal and median scarcely
perceptibly swollen at the base ; the eyes naked.
VII.—Ce.irzs.
4. With the palpi clothed in front with moderate or rather short Jorrect hairs.
a‘, With the median and submedian nervures usually much swollen at base in addition
to the costal nervure, but variable ; eyes of Orsotviena naked, of all others
hairy : males with one or more scent-pouches on the wings.
VIII.—Mycatesrs.*
4%, With the costal nervure of forewing perceptibly, the subcostal and median scarcely
perceptibly swollen at base.
a*, The eyes naked ; the hindwing caudate ; of large size.
IX.—NEorRINA.
52, The eyes hairy.
a®, The hindwing usually angulate, often caudate ; the underside much
variegated.
X.—LETHE, *
XI1I.—ZopPpuHOESSA,
XIL.—NEOoPE.
68, The hindwing rounded or slightly quadrate ; the markings of the
underside much the same as on the upperside.
XIII.—Orinoma,
XIV.—R HAPHICERA.
c!, With the costal nervure of forewing greatly, and the median slightly swollen
at base, The eyes hairy.
5 XV.—PARARGR.
XVI.—AMECERA. ¢
B, With the apex of the cell of the Azzdwing considerably beyond the origin of the second median branch,
except in Ragadza ; the eyes in all naked.
a. With the palpi clothed in front with long porrect hairs.
a1,. With the costal and median nervures of the forewing swollen at the base,
except in Ax/ocera, and in many species of Ypzhima, in which the swelling
is scarcely perceptible in the median nervure.
a*, With the abdominal margin of hindwing not incised, the outer margin
scalloped.
XVII.—HIPPARcHIA.
62, With the nervures scarcely swollen at base ; otherwise as in Hzfparchia,
XVIII.—AvuLocBRA.
c®, With the abdominal margin of hindwing incised; the outer margin
scalloped near anal angle,
XIX.—EPINEPHELE.
d*, With the abdominal margin slightly incised ; the outer margin even.
The second subcostal branch in the forewing originating beyond
the cell,
XX.—YPTHIMA,
6*, With only the costal nervure swollen at the base.
a*. With the wings rather elongate, somewhat denuded of scales.
_* See separate keys to the subgenera of Mycalesis and Lethe, in which the variations which occur in the
position of the apex of the cell in the hindwing are pointed out.
+ The form of the cell in the hindwing of Asecera is almost identical with that of Vissanga, a subgenus of
Mycalesis ; iu both the origin of the second median nervule is deyond the apex of the cell.
NYMPHALID&., SATYRINZE. ZETHERA. 97
@a*, With thelower disco-cellular nervule in the hindwing close to the
base of the wing ; the second subcostal branch in the fore-
wing originating beyond the cell.
XXI —RacGapnia.
63, Outer margin of forewing concave, of hindwing dentate and
slightly caudate.
XXII.—ERITEs.
¢*. Outer margin even or but slightly scalloped: discoidal cell
narrow and elongate in both. wings.
XXIIL.— GEnzE!s.
6°, With the wings’ broad and rounded ; outer margin even or very slightly
sinuate in hindwing.
a*, The costa of forewing much arched from the base.
XXIV.—EREBIA.
XXV.—CALLEREBIA.
6%, With no ocelli visible on the upperside, except by transparency;
those of the underside prominent ; inner margin of forewing
shorter than in Zredia,
XXVI.—ZiIP@TEs.
é. With the palpi clothed in front with short dense appressed scaly hairs, and perceptibly
tufted behind ; the hindwing caudate ; the nervures of forewing not swollen at base.
a‘, With the submedian nervure of forewing reaching the hinder angle, and
the first median branch reaching the outer margin considerably above it.
XXVII.—MELanirtis,
XXVIII.—Hrio0.
XXIX.—CyYLLOGENEs.
61, With the submedian nervure of forewing short and curved, the first median
branch terminating at the hinder angle.
XX X.—PARANTIRRHEA.
The genera of the Satyrine are structurally very closely related to each other; but in
addition to the structural distinctions noted above each genus exhibits a distinctive style of
colouration and markings, which, though sometimes difficult to define, is generally unmistakable
to the experienced eye ; thus in AZycalesis the underside almost invariably has a straight trans-
verse band across the middle of both wings, with a more or less prominent series of ocelli
beyond it ; in Lethe the basal area on the underside is usually either irregularly or not at all
variegated ; while in Zofhoessa it is usually ornamented with straighter transverse lines ; in
Hipparchia and the allied groups the upper surface is usually brown, variegated with yellowish
brown ;in Az/ocera the upper surface is black with a white transverse common stripe ; in
Erebia the upperside is\dark brown, sometimes with ferruginous patches and an ocellus at apex
of forewing ; in Yf¢Aima the upper surface is more uniform lighter brown, and the ocellus at
the apex in it and in Ca//eredia is always bipupilled ; and soon. Many of the genera comprise
but a single species, such as Avnadebis, Orinoma, Cyllogenes and Parantirrhea ; others again
have only one representative within Indian limits, such as Zethera, Pararge, Erites, @neis and
Ragadia, or only two or three, such as Celites, Neorina, Rhaphicera and Zipetes ; the genera
which contain the greatest number of species, such as AZycalesis, Lethe, and Melanitis, have been
recently divided off into several groups, some of which depend, as in the case of the
divisions of Danats and Zuplea, on the presence and position of scent-pouches and tufts of
hair on the wings of the male insect. Some few of the genera are purely Indian ; others are
Asiatic and Malayan ; and again others belong only to the Palearctic region, and occur within
our limits only in the mountains on the north and west.
Genus 5._ZETHERA, Felder. (PLate XIV.)
Zethera, Felder, Neues Lep., p. 26, n. 61 (June, 1861) ; Ammechania, Hewitson, Ex. Butt., vol. ii, pl. i
(July, 1861).
‘* Bopy rather large, quadrate ; abdomen small and slender. yes small, smooth. Palpi
long, densely clothed with scales throughout, pressed closely to the head, where they
are clothed with long white hair, ANTENN of moderate length, slender, very slightly
98 NYMPHALID£, SATYRINZ, ZETHERA.
thickened towards the point, the articulations distinctly seen. FOREWING large ; the costal
margin arched, apex rounded, outer margin sinuated at the middle. Costal nervure
reaching to beyond the middle of the wing; szdcostal mervure with four branches,
the first and second near together before the end of the discoidal cell, the third and fourth at a
distance from the other two, equidistant from each other and the apex ; discoidal cell short ;
upper disco-cellular nervule very short, inclining outwards 3 middle disco-cellular also short,
somewhat longer than the upper, forming an obtuse angle with it ; Jower disco-cellular long,
curved inwardly [in Z. diademoides it is nearly straight], four times the length of the other
two together, united to the third branch of the median nervure ata distance from its base.
HINDWING oblong circular ; Ar@costal nervure curved inwardly ; costal nervure joining the
costal margin at half its length ; sadcostal nervure with its first branch arising at less than
a third of the length of the wing; the dzscoidal cell short and broad ; the «upper disco-cellular
nervule arising a little below the first branch from the subcostal nervure, short, inclining out-
wards, the lower three times its length, curved, joining the third median nervule [at or] a very
little beyond its base. FORELEGS, short, robust ; the ¢#d¢e and ¢arst equally thick, clothed with
bristles. HINDLEGs long and slender ; the #d¢@ and ¢arsi slightly spined.” (Hewitson, 1. c.)
Zethera is a Malayan genus ; only six species are known, of which four inhabit the
Philippine islands, one the Celebes group, and one only is found within Indian limits, where it
appears to be a local insect occurring only in Tenasserim, for it is not included in Butler’s List
of the Butterflies of Malacca (Trans. Linn. Soc., Zoology, second series, vol. i, p. 533, 1876),
nor in Distant’s ‘* Rhopalocera Malayana.” The species from the Celebes, Z. zucerta, Hewitson,
seems to mimic a Dazats, but the Indian species, which is of a blackish-brown colour with
white border spots, appears to mimic some Zzf/aa; it is distinguished by the large and very
sharply defined character of the inner row of oval spots on the hindwing ; and by having a
double marginal series of spots as in many Damnais. The genus is a very aberrant one, and
though clearly belonging to the Satyrin@, it lacks most of the prominent characteristics
of that subfamily ; none of the nervures are perceptibly swollen at the base, the palpi are not
clothed with long porrect hairs, and there is no trace of ocellation on the under surface.
81. Zothera diademoides, Moore. (PLATE XIV, Fic. 332).
Z. diademoides, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 824, pl. li, fig. 3.
HasitaT : Upper Tenasserim ; Taoo, 3,000 to 5,000 feet ; Moulai, 3,000 to 6,000 feet ;
Thoungyeen Forests.
EXPANSE: 6, 3'0 to 3°2 ; 2, 3°25 inches,
DESCRIPTION: ‘* MALE and FEMALE: UPPERSIDE dark brown. Forewing, with a sub-
marginal series of seven small bluish-white spots, which decrease in size to the costa ;a
marginal series of smaller less distinct spots, two between each nervule. Aindwing, with a
series of six large broad oval spots, [that nearest the costa small, round, the next three
rapidly increasing to the fourth, which is largest, the fifth and sixth decreasingly smaller, but
still very large]; asubmarginal series of small reversely triangular spots, and a marginal
series of smaller narrow spots, the two latter series with two of these spots disposed between
the nervules, UNDERSIDE, as above.” (JZoore, 1. c.)
The type was described from a specimen taken by Limborg inthe Expedition of 1876-77.
Since then numerous specimens have been taken by Captain C. T. Bingham in the
Thoungyeen forests, upper and lower, in March, April and May, and again in the autumn ;
the spots in these specimens are of a chalky-white, with no trace of bluish in the forewing ;
and on that wing there is usually a trace, sometimes very distinct, of the inner marginal
row of spots completing the three series on both wings. The underside is paler and brighter
brown, but the markings are identical. The oval spots on the hindwing vary much in size and
shape.
The figure is drawn from a male specimen in Major Marshall’s collection taken by Captain
C. T. Bingham in April, 1880, in the Upper Thoungymen forests in Upper Tenasserim, and
shows both upper and undersides,
NYMPHALID&. SATYRINA, ANADEBIS. 99
Genus 6.—ANADEBIS, Butler. (PLATE XIV).
Theofe, Moore, Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Lep E. I. C., vol. i, p. 234 (1857), (name preoccupied) ;
Anadebis, Butler, Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist, third series, vol. xix, p. 50 (1867).
“‘Bopy, with the ¢4orax short, hairy ; the ead hairy ; the antenne very slender, with
scarcely perceptible club, about half the length of the forewing; the fa/fi elongate,
erect ; the eyes projecting, naked. FoREWING large, subtriangular; costa strongly arched ;
apical angle rounded ; outer margin nearly straight ; anal angle rounded ; tzner margin nearly
straight. H1NDWING broadly ovate ; costa nearly straight ; apical angle rounded ; outer margin
slightly scalloped ; anal angle slightly rounded. Nervures of wing scarcely swollen at base ;
neuration almost identical with that of Lethe.’ (Butler, 1. c.)
Moore, in his Catalogue of the Lepidoptera in the East India Museum, placed the type
species as A/ycalesis ?, stating that it ‘‘ may be separated under the generic name of 7Zheofe.”
Butler, in redescribing the genus, notes as follows: ‘‘This genus must be placed next to
Neorina, Westwood, from which it principally differs in the form of the antennee and the
disco-cellular nervules [p. 51]. Although it has somewhat of the appearance of A/ycalesis, it is
totally distinct from it, and is much more nearly allied to Dedzs [= Lethe] ; in fact the neuration
is almost identical with that of the latter genus; but the great size of the typical species,
its clubless antennz, naked eyes, and erect palpi at once distinguish it. In some respects
this form seems to be nearly allied to Amechania, Hewitson [= Zethera, Felder] which should,
I think, be placed between it and the genus Ovixoma, Doubleday.” (utler, l.c., p. 50).
There is apparently no structural feature by which it can be separated from Ze¢hera, except the
form of the wings, and as the clothing of the palpi differs from that of AZycalests, Neorina
and Lethe, being further removed from the typical genera of Satyrin@ in this feature, its
proper place would be, as we have placed it, next to Zethera, and before Mycalesis, especially
as in style of markings, both it and the following genus Cadiées present more of the appear-
ance of A/yca/leszs than do either WVeorvina or Lethe.
Only a single species is comprised in this genus, which inhabits the north-east corner
of India.
82. Anadebis himachala, Moore. (PLATE XIV, Fic. 35 ?).
Mycalesis (2?) himachala, Moore, Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Lep E.1.C., vol. i, p. 234, n. 503 (1857);
Neorina sita, Felder, Wien. Ent. Monatsch., vol. iii, p. 403, n. 45 (1859); Ethofe himachala, Moore, Proc.
Zool. Soc Lond., 1865, p. 770; Axadebis himachala, Butler, Ann, and Mag. of Nat. Hist., third series, vol.
xix, p. 51, pl. ii, fig. t (1867).
HasitTaT: North-East India.
EXPANSE : 2°75 to 3°6 inches.
DESCRIPTION: ‘*f UPPERSIDE deep brown, broadly paler along outer margins. Forewing
with six, and Azndwing with five ocelli ; marginal line deep brown. UNDERSIDE as above, but
the hindwing with six ocelli, the anterior ocellus large, and the posterior with two white dots.”
(Moore, 1. c.). The ocelli are large and contiguous, black with a prominent white pupil ringed with
yellowish, then with dark brown, then with yellowish again; beyond them is a narrow edging
of the dark brown ground, and beyond that a dark brown submarginal line, bordered on either side
with yellowish, the extreme margin being again dark brown The posterior ocellus of the Aindwing
is bipupilled both on the upper and undersides. On the UNDERSIDE the yellowish exterior
lines are replaced by whitish lines, and the anterior ocellus of the hindwing is placed back
out of line and is much larger than any of the others. The FEMALE is slightly larger than the
male, paler, especially towards the apex of the forewing, where there is, in some specimens, an
additional small ocellus between the last subcostal nervule and the termination of the costal
nervure ; and distinctly shows the anterior ocellus of the hindwing on the upperside.
A. himachala is foundin Sikkim, Assam, the Khasi Hills, Sylhet, and Cachar ; but we
have no record-as yet of its capture in Burma. It is common in the autumn, and probably at
other seasons. Mr. Wood-Mason took it commonly in Cachar in May, July, and August.
The figure is taken from a female specimen in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, from
Sibsagar, and shows both the upper and undersides.
too NYMPHALID. SATYRIN~. CCELITES.
Gonus 7.—CG@LITES, Westwood. (PLate XIII).
Celites, Westwood, Gen. D.L., p. 367 (1851); id., Distant, Rhop. Malay., p. 45 (1882).
‘** Bopy slender, finely hairy. W1INGs large. FOREWING subconcave. HINDWING regu-
larly oval, ocellated beneath, both wings very slightly scalloped. HEAD moderate-sized, finely
hairy; eves naked; falpi rather small, very compressed, clothed with short scaly hairs,
elevated obliquely, but not reaching the level of the top of the eyes, and porrected to a little
distance in front of the face ; middle joint without a dorsal tuft ; terminal joint minute, oval ;
antenne scarcely more than one-third of the length of the forewing, slightly curved, very
slender; gradually, but very slightly, thickened to the tip, forming a very long club but
little thicker than the rest of the antennze, composed of short, scarcely distinct joints, of nearly
equal length throughout ; ¢horax oval, finely hairy. FOREWING large, triangular-ovate ;
costal margin moderately curved ; apical angle rounded ; outer margin more than two-thirds
the length of the costal, slightly emarginate, and very slightly scalloped ; Zinder angle rounded ;
inner margin about equal to the costal, nearly straight ; costal nervurve strongly swollen for
some distance at the base, extending to the costa opposite the extremity of the discoidal cell ;
subcostal nervure with its first and second branches arising at some distance before the anterior
extremity of the cell; third branch arising at about one-fourth of the distance between the
cell and the tip of the wing; fourth branch arising about half way between the cell and the
tip, uniting with the costa before the tip, the terminal part of the nervure extending to
the tip 5 wpper disco-cellular arising rather beyond the middle of the wing, very short,
transverse ; middle disco-cellulay much longer, slightly curved, and directed obliquely
towards the base of the wing; J/ower disco-celiular longer than the middle one, rather
angulated at the base, the lower part slightly oblique and directed to the outer margin,
uniting with the third branch of the median nervure at a considerable distance from
its origin; this third branch being slightly angulated at the place of junction, beyond
which it is regularly curved. First branch of the median nervure arising nearer the base of
the wing than usual. HINDWING regularly oval; costal margin curved ; outer margin
slightly scalloped ; szécostal nervure branching at a considerable distance from the base ;
upper disco-cellular short, curved, forming the base of the discoidal nervure ; lower disco-
cellular much longer, straight, oblique, terminating the narrow discoidal cell at the middle
of the wing in an acute angle by its union with the median nervure exactly at the origin
of its third branch, which is slightly curved. FORELEGS of the MALE very minute, feathered ;
coxa elongated ; femur shorter than the coxa, rather thickened at the tip ; 7éza@ much shorter
than the femur, very hairy ; ¢avsws extremely short, almost continuous with the tibia,
apparently two-jointed ; the terminal joint being scarcely visible under a lens.”
‘* The elongate form, the somewhat concave outer margin of the forewing, and the very
slightly scalloped margins of both wings are the most evident distinctions of this genus.”
( Westwood, 1. c.)
Celites is an Indo-Malayan genus, of which only four species and one local subspecies have
been described—one is supposed to be confined to north-east India, but the locality is
doubtful ; another inhabits Burma, extending to Sumatra and Borneo ; a third is found in
Borneo, with a local subspecies in Malacca ; and the fourth in the Celebes group. The two
Indian species are very rare, and are both distinguished by a brilliant purple gloss on the
basal area of the upperside of both wings.
Koy to the Indian species of Coclites.
A. Both wings elongate, with the basal area of the upperside glossed with brilliant shining purple.
a. Forewing with the outer margin slightly concave ; hindwing with the outer margin almost even.
83. C. noTuis, N.-E. India.
4, Forewing with the apex more falcate, the outer margin more concave ; hindwing angulated at
the middle of the outer margin.
84. C. BPIMINTHIA, Burma.
The arrangement of the ocelli in this genus is analogous to that in JAZycalesis, but the
elongate wings and the brilliant purple gloss on the upperside distinguish the species from
NYMPHALID#E. SATYRINZ, COGELITES. 101
all other Indian Sa¢yrin@ at a glance ; the only approach to this colouration being in the male
of Lethe scanda. Some of the species of Zethe, including Z. scanda, have in the males a tuft
of hairs on the upperside of the hindwing below the median nervure at the origin of the second
median nervule; a similar tuft is also present in the male of Celites epiminthia, but it is placed
on the submedian nervure ; thus showing a further analogy between these genera.
83. Colites nothis, Doubleday and Hewitson,
C. nothis, Doubleday and Hewitson, Gen. D. L., p. 368, pl. lxvi, fig. 2 (1851).
HWasitTat: East India,
EXPANSE: 3 inches.
DESCRIPTION: UPPERSIDE : Both wings rich brown, the costa of forewing and the outer
margins of do¢h wings paler ; the basal two-thirds brilliantly shot with purple. Forewing with
two marginal dark brown lines ; 2¢zd@zwing with two similar lines, but wider apart, and enclos-
ing a band of a lighter colour than the ground. (Described from the figure in the Gen. D. L.)
“On the UNDERSIDE the basal half of the wings is dark brown, the zpical [outer] half
paler, with a pinkish gloss, with several slender brown streaks, parallel with the apical [outer]
margin. The Aimdwing is much darker brown than the forewing, and is marked with five
ocelli varying in size, the second and the outer one being the largest ; they are black, with a
minute white pupil, and a fulvous iris surrounded by a narrow brown circle.” (Westwood, |. c.)
Westwood founded the genus Ce/ites upon ‘‘a single male, not in the best condition.”
In his figure, however, and also in the description no mention is made of the very conspicuous
patch of black hairs and scales on the abdominal margin of the upperside of the hindwing
which is present in the male specimen of C. efimznthia we possess, and which is probably a male
sexual character of insects of this genus; if this be the case the specimen of C. nothis, figured
and described by him, is a female and not a male as stated. We have never seen a specimen of
this rare Butterfly ; and it is possible that it may not be Indian after all. ‘‘ East India,” the
locality given in the original description, embraces a very large area, and might possibly
have included Malayana and the Malay archipelago.
84. Coslites epiminthia, Westwood. (PLATE XIII, Fic. 31 2).
C. epiminthia, Westwood, Gen. D. L., p. 368, n. 2 (1851).
TiaBiTAT: Moulmein, Meplay Valley, Upper Tenasserim ; Sumatra ; Borneo.
EXPANSE : 3 inches.
DESCRIPTION : ‘‘ Coloured similarly to the preceding [C. sothis], forewing more falcate ;
hindwing angulated in the middle of the outer margin.” (Westwood, 1. c.)
The male and female specimens of C. efiminthia which we have seen differ from the
description and figure of C. moths in the forewing being less broad, the apex more produced
and falcate, and the outer margin more concave ; the Azzdwing is also produced into a very
short tail at the third median nervule. There is only one marginal line on the UPPERSIDE
of beth wings (in C. mothis there are two), which is nearer the margin than in the latter
species, and on the Aindzwing it is not bordered on both sides with dull ferruginous. The
hindwing also bears on the submedian nervure a conspicuous elongate patch of deep black
hairs and scales. UNDERSIDE dark brown; 60¢h wings crossed by a pale violet band,
commencing near the costa on the forewing, and crossing the wing beyond the cell; on the
hindwing it passes through the outer extremity of the cell, and does not reach the abdominal
margin. The outer margin of both wings is defined by a dark fine line, within which are
two similar equidistant lines. On the forewing within the marginal lines there is a broad
band of pale violet. Mindwing with five equal-sized submarginal ocelli placed on a pale
violet band. The ocelliare black, with white oblique linear pupils surrounded with a ferruginous,
and then a brown ring. FEMALE: UPPERSIDE similar to the male, but having a conspicuous
subapical lavender band on the forewing curving from the costa to the outer margin, along
which it is continued till it gradually disappears on the outer margin of the hindwing.
2 NYMPHALID. SATYRINZ. MYCALESIS.
The patch of black hairs on the upperside of the forewing near the abdominal margin in the
male is of course absent. UNDERSIDE similar tothe male, but the outer violet band extends to
the margin beyond the marginal lines, and the third ocellus on the hindwing is decidedly smaller
than the others.
Butler in the Cat. Lep. B. M., Satyride, p. 111 (1868), referring to C. vicinus, Felder,
from the Celebes, says: *‘In C. epiminthia there are five ocelli in the forewing, the second and
fifth largest, the third smallest ; in the A7zdwing there are also five, the first and last larger.
None of the ocelli could, strictly speaking, be described as black ; they are olivaceous,
with a yellow iris, edged outwardly with dark brown, and they have a diagonal white pupil
irrorated with black atoms ; these ocelli, moreover, all stand upon a pale violet ground.” In
making these remarks Butler has evidently misapplied the name C. efiminthia, for, as described
by Westwood, neither that species nor C. sothis have any trace of ocelli on the underside of
the forewing ; and we have specimens of C. efiminthia agreeing with the original description.
Several males of this rare Butterfly were taken by Captain C. H. E. Adamson in the
neighbourhood of Moulmein in October, one of which has been sent to us, and Captain C. T.
Bingham took a single female in the Meplay valley, also in Upper Tenasserim, in October.
Besides these we have no other records of its capture.
The figure is taken from a male specimen from Moulmein, in the collection of Major
Marshall, and shows both the upper and undersides,
An allied species, which is considered to be a local subspecies of C. euptychioides, Felder
(from Borneo), has been described from Malacca by Butler under the name of C. humilis ;*
it differs from both the Indian species in the absence of the purple shot on the upperside, and
in the presence of an ocellus on the forewing on the underside.
Genus 8.—MYCALESIS, Hiibner. (Prater XVI).
Mycalesis, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett., p. 54 (1816) ; id., Westwood, Gen. D. L., p. 392 (1851).
‘* Bopy slender, finely hairy. WINGs rather large, plainly and uniformly coloured, those of
the MALE generally with a tuft of hairs on the upperside. H£aD rather small ; with a small coni-
cal tuft of hairs in front. Zyes naked [or hairyt] prominent. Anfenne scarcely half the length of
the forewing, very slender ; joints scarcely distinct, terminated by a long but very slender club.
falpi porrected obliquely ; the tip elevated rather above the level of the top of the eyes,
and advanced in front rather farther than the length of the head, very slender; the first and
middle joints sparingly clothed beneath with long, porrect, delicate bristles ; the middle of
the second joint also clothed on the back with a tuft of short hairs; terminal joint very
slender, acute at the tip, short, and scarcely setose. Zorax rather small, rather compressed,
and very convex. Addomen slender. FOREWING with the costal margin strongly arched ;
apex rounded ; outer margin varying from slightly convex to slightly concave, entire, about
three-fifths of the length of the costal ; zer margin about one-fourth longer than the outer,
rather dilated in the MALE. Costa/ nervure strongly dilated at the base; sadcostal nervure
with the first and second branches arising before the anterior extremity of the discoidal cell,
which extends to the middle of the wing ; wffer aisco-cellular very minute ; middle one longer,
curved, rather obliquely directed towards the base of the wing; owler disco-cellular much
longer, strongly arched, united with the third branch of the median nervure ata short
distance from its origin. In the species in which the base of the median nervure is not
swollen, the space between its first and second branches is much longer than usual, the
* Celites humilis, Butler, Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., third series, vol. xx, p. 403, pl. viii, fig. 8,
and pl. ix, fig. 2 (1867), female ; C. euptychioides, var. humilis, Distant, Rhop. Malay., p. 45, fig. 15 (1882),
Jemale. Hasirat; Ayerpanas, Malacca. ExpansE: 3°06 inches. ‘DescripTION: “FEMALE: UppersIDE
swarthy, the external area of the JSorewing a little darker, of the Aindwing paler, with an obscure marginal
line ; Azvdwing with a very indistinct subanal blind ocellus, circled with pale ochreous; the inner margin
paler. Body swarthy; Antenne ferruginous. UNDERSIDE paler ochraceous, with a wide median band, and
another submarginal bearing ocelli, violet; a cloudy discal band swarthy ; two distinct irregular marginal
lines, swarthy ; forewing with a small subapical ocellus; Azxdwng with five, the third and fourth small,
the fifth large, all black, banded with yellow and beyond that with swarthy and minutely pupilled with white ;
body ochraceous.” (Butler, lc.)
+ The eyes of the typical African species of Myca/esis are naked, but they are hairy in most of the Indian
species: see key to the groups.
NYMPHALID., SATYRINZ. MYCALESIS, 103
space between the base of the wing and the first branch being proportionately shortened ;
in others the base of this nervure is swollen, and the space between the first and second
branches as short as usual; swdmediaw nervure simple, and curved at the base in some
species, which have a slit enclosing a tuft of hairs opposite the origin of the first
median nervule ; but greatly swollen at the base in other species which have not this slit,*
the tuft of hairs in these being placed on the upper surface of the hindwing. HINDWING
with the costal nervure extending about two-thirds of the length of the costa; szdcostal
nervure arising opposite the origin of the precostal, its branch arising at a considerable
distance from its base; the disco-cel/u/ar nervules forming a nearly continuous, rather obliquely
transverse, termination to the discoidal cell, uniting with the median nervure exactly at, or
a little beyond, the origin of its third branch; the dsco¢dal cell in some species bears along
its outer edge a tuft of long pale hairs, whilst in others it is more generally clothed with
numerous shorter hairs ; ower margin slightly scalloped. FORELEGS of the MALE small ;
Jemur clothed with scaly hairs, slender, as long as the tibia and tarsus, which are thickly
clothed with short hairs. FORELEGS of the FEMALE much longer, slender; ¢é7a rather
shorter than the femur or tarsus, which latter is articulated, the articulations armed with short
spines beneath; the tips destitute of claws. Four Aindlegs rather long and slender, scaly,
destitute of hairs, and with only a few very small spines on the sides of the tibia beneath ; the
tarsi almost destitute of spines, and thickly squamose ; the scales hiding the terminal claws.”
“The species of AZyca/esis are distinguished by their uniform dull colours, being generally
either black or brown, occasionally varied by a single large eye-like spot on the forewing,
with a few ocelli near the outer margin of the hindwing. On the underside they are often
marked with a pale slender oblique bar running across both wings, with the ocelli larger,
and often elegantly tinged with silver.” (Doudleday, 1. c.)
LarvVA and Pupa unknown.
The species present numerous structural differences though maintaining the same general
type and style of markings. The African species appear to form a distinct group ; and recently
Mr. F. Moore (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1880, p. 155), has divided the Asiatic species into
no less than twenty-three distinct genera, of which twelve are represented in India ; these
divisions, if accepted, must be carried still further as will be seen further on; but as some of
the structural features common to both sexes on which reliance is placed in separating the
groups, vary in aspect in the sexes of the same species, it is clear that they can only be
accepted as generic differences with reservation. The divisions as usual rest chiefly on the
structure of the male insect, and especially on the presence and position of the sexual scent-
pouches or glands, and the tufts of hair which usually accompany them, and so far as these
features go the divisions are more satisfactory. The Indian species of A/ycalesis come under the
following groups :—
Eey to the Indian Groups of Mycalesis.
A. Males with a glandular pouch and tuft on both wings.
a. Males with the pouch and tuft on Azudwing near to the subcostal nervure, and overlapped
by the forewing. The eyes hairy. The costal, median, and submedian nervures of fore-
wing much swollen at base.
a’, With a glandular patch of raised scales on the middle of the submedian nervure of
the forewing partly covered by a tuft of long fine hairs,
a*, With the first subcostal nervule of Azndwing of male much curved
upwards at base, then straight ; the second very concave from base
of first to end of cell.
I. Virapa.
52, With the first subcostal nervule of hindwing of male swollen at base,
and covered on upperside by a tuft of hairs,
II. GaReErIs.
4’, With aslight tuft, but no perceptible patch of raised scales on the submedian
nervure of forewing beyond the swollen base. The first subcostal nervule
of hindwing in male not curved at base ; the second concave at base and much
swollen beneath between base of first and end of cell.
III. SAapDArGa.
* And in some also which have it ; see Virara, GaRBRIS and SADARGA.
T5
104 NYMPHALID&. SATYRINZ. MYCALESIS.
é. Males with no erectile tuft on Aimdwing near subcostal nervure; but with two recumbent tufts
along median nervure on either side. Eyes naked. The costal nervure only swollen at
base in forewing.
IV. OrsoTRUENA.
B. Males with a glandular pouch and tuft on hindwing only, near to the subcostal nervure and overlapped
by the forewing. :
a. With the first subcostal nervule in hindwing emitted some distance before end of the cell.
a', With the second median nervule in hindwing emitted at end of the cell.
a®, The disco-cellular nervules of forewing very concave ; forewing with
a tuft of hairs at base of costa overlaying the swollen costa
nervure.
V. CALYSISME.
62, The disco-cellular nervules of forewing straight; with the hairs at
base of costa short, and not overlaying the swollen costal nervure.
VI. TELINGA.
¢?. The forewing broad and short ; the outer margin convex.
VII. PacHama.
é., With the second median nervule in hindwing emitted some distance before end
of the cell.
a'. The forewing elongate ; the outer margin concave.
VIII. Cuvapa.
4. With the first subcostal nervule in hindwing emitted immediately before the end of the cell ;
the second median from defore the end of the cell.
IX. KaBANDA.
¢. With the first subcostal nervule in hindwing emitted at the end of the cell.
a, With the second median nervuie in hindwing emitted a@# the end of the cell.
X. SAMANTA.
6%, With the second median nervule emitted from some distance Jeyond the end of
the cell.
XI. NIssANGA.
C. Males with two glandular patches and tufts on the hindwing, placed one near the subcostal nervure and
overlapped by the forewing, the other on the submedian nervure.
XII. Loersa.
The foregoing table represents the structural features which define the groups. Orso-
triena is very distinct and perhaps worthy of separate generic rank, so also to a lesser
degree are Virapa, Nissanga, and Loesa ; but the structural distinctions among the others are
comparatively unimportant, In addition to the structural features there are also in many
cases different types of colouration which run through the groups, and which are detailed
further on.
These are in their habits perhaps the most sedentary of all the diurnal Lepidop-
tera. They frequent thick herbage in shady places, and rest frequently on the undersides
of leaves, seldom taking flight unless disturbed except towards evening, so much so that
to secure specimens it is often necessary to beat the bushes to discover them. Up-
wards of a hundred species have been described, of which some are African and the
remainder are spread through Eastern Asia and the Malay Archipelago, extending to Japan,
New Guinea, and Australia ; a few are found in the valleys of the North-West Himalaya,
extending into the mountains of Kashmir and throughout peninsular India and Ceylon
in suitable localities, but to the westward of Kashmir they are unknown or unrecorded as yet,
in Asia or Europe.
First Group.—ViRAPaA: ‘' Forewing, with costa arched in the middle, apex convex, ex-
terior margin oblique and even, posterior angle acute ; costal, subcostal, and median nervures
swollen at the base, first subcostal branch emitted immediately before end of the cell, disco-
cellulars bent inward at their middle, radials from upper near the cell. MALE with a glan-
dular patch of raised scales on the middle of submedian nervure, the patch being partially
covered by a tuft of long fine hairs exserted outward from each side of the nervure, Aindwing
NYMPHALID. SATYRIN-, MYCALESIS. 105
oval, exterior margin convex ; first subcostal in MALE much curved upward at the base and
thence straight to apex, emitted at more than half distance before end of the cell, second very
concave from base of first to end of the cell, upper disco-cellular outwardly convex, lower
Straight and oblique, radial from their middle ; two upper median branches emitted at some
distance beyond end of the cell. MALe with a tuft of fine long hairs exserted over a glandu-
lar patch at end of subcostal nervure. Antenne with a well-formed slender club. Palpi
uniformly pilose beneath to tip. Eyes very slightly hairy.” (A/sore, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,
1880, p. 155).
This group contains only two species, both Indian—the one confined to the Andaman
islands, the other inhabiting south India and re-appearing in a somewhat modified form in north-
east India and Burma. Both species are dark brown above, with a conspicuous white subapical
bar on the forewing ; this latter character distinguishes them at once from the other groups.
Eey to the Species of Virapa.
A. Males with a glandular pouch and tuft on both wings.
a. a, a*, With a white subapical bar on the forewing.
a*, With a large ocellus on the upperside of the forewing
85. M. (Virafa) RaDzA, South Andamans.
63, With no ocelli on the upperside, except faint indications in some specimens of the
ocelli of the underside showing through,
86. M. (Viraf~a) ANAX1aS, South and North-East India, Burma,
In describing JZ. anaxias, Hewitson noted as follows: ‘*I have retained this species in
the genus AZycalesis, although the first disco-cellular nervule of the Azzdwing is very singularly
placed, taking its rise from the subcostal nervure near the base of the wing, and, instead of
crossing the wing transversely or obliquely, running down longitudinally, until it meets the
second disco-cellular nervule at the usual place.” The type specimen was from the Nilgiris,
but no specimen that we have examined from that or any other locality presents this feature,
nor does Moore in the description of his genus Virafa notice it ; the nearest approach to it is
in the species described further on as 17. axaxioides, though even in this the first disco-cellular
nervule takes its rise, not from near the base of the wing, but from immediately beyond the
first subcostal branch, Itis the subcostal nervure in the male only of AZ anaxias which,
immediately after giving off its first branch, suddenly bows inwards, and then runs ‘down
longitudinally until it meets the” first, not ‘*second disco-cellular nervule.””
85. Mycalosis radza, Moore.
M, radza, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond, 1877, p. 583, pl. lviii, fig. 2, male ; Virapa vadza, id., Trans.
Ent. Soc. Lond., 1880, p. 156.
HasiraT: South Andamans (Port Blair).
EXPANSE: 6,19; 2, 2'1 inches.
DESCRIPTION : ‘‘MALE: UPPERSIDE dark brown. Forewing with a narrow, oblique,
subapical white band, below which is a large black ocellus with ochreous outer ring and a white
central spot. Mindwing with a smaller and less distinct ocellus near middle of outer margin.
UNDERSIDE brown. forewing with a more prominent white oblique band and lower ocellus,
two small geminate ocelli between the white band and apex. Hindwing with an outer series
of seven prominent ocelli, enclosed within a narrow purple wavy line, the three upper and
seventh ocelli small, fourth and sixth larger, the fifth largest. Nearest allied to AZ. anaxias.”
(Moore, |. c.) FEMALE: Larger, and lighter coloured above and below. The subapical band
of the forewing twice as wide and a purer white, with the posterior subapical ocellus of the
forewing and the fifth ocellus from the apex of the hindwing showing through indistinctly by
transparency. UNDERSIDE with a prominent white continuous irregular band commencing
at the seventh minute anal ocellus of the hindwing, and joining the subapical band on
the forewing, this band being placed behind the series of ocelli on both wings, its inner
margin skarply defined, its outer much diffused, widest above the third median nervule of the
hindwing, very narrow on the forewing. There is a slight indication of this band in the male.
100 NYMPHALID. SATYRIN/E. MYCALESIS.
This species has only as yet been taken in the vicinity of Port Blair in the South Anda-
mans in May, July and August. Though closely allied to JZ. anaxias, it appears to be a
distinct species, differing in its smaller size and in the narrower, better defined character of
the white subapical band, especially on the underside, where in JZ anaxias the band extends
towards the apex by suffusion with the brown ground.
86. Mycalesis anazias, Hewitson. (PLATE XVI, Fic. 54 2).
M. anaxias, Hewitson, Ex. Butt., vol. iii, AZycalesis pl. iv, figs. 25, 26 (1862), male; Virapa anaxias,
Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1880, p. 156.
Hasirat: Nilgiris, Trevandrum, Travancore, Sikkim, Assam, Naga Hills, Khasi Hills,
Upper Tenasserim.
EXPANSE: 6, 2'1; 2, 2°4 inches.
DEscRIPTION: ‘*MALE: UPPERSIDE brown. Forewing crossed near the apex by an
oblique band of white. UNDERSIDE, dark brown from the base to beyond the middle (its border
on the forewing angular), followed by a broad margin clouded with lilac and grey, and
rufous brown ; traversed by three lines of dark brown : the cé/éa lilac. orewing with the white
band as above, and three small ocelli, two above, one below the band. Aindwing with five
ocelli, all black, with white pupils, the iris rufous and indistinct.” (Hewitson, 1. c.). The
FEMALE differs from the male inits larger size, broader and more rounded forewing and
paler colouration, in consequence of which the ocelli of the underside not unfrequently
show through on the upperside. The ocellation of the underside varies greatly in this species,
being most developed in Nilgiri specimens, in some of which the hindwing bears seven
ocelli, as in AZ. radza, the fifth ocellus is considerably the largest, the first and sixth about
half the size, the rest smaller; the fourth ocellus has the largest white pupil, which remains
as a white dot in specimens where some of the ocelli are obsolete. In specimens from
Tenasserim the white subapical band is as narrow on the upperside as in JZ, radza, but on
the underside only appearing as a cloudy white border to the sharply defined deep brown
ground ; the ocelli too are almost entirely obsolete in the male, the first, fifth, sixth and seventh
being visible on the Aizdwing as minute ocelli; the rest including those on the forewing
only as very small whitish dots. In the female the ocelli are prominent, but differ somewhat
in their proportions from those of Nilgiri specimens, those on the hindwing increasing
regularly from the second to the fifth and decreasing to the seventh.
M. anaxias was taken by Limborg in Upper Tenasserim at 3,000 to 6,000 feet eleva.
tion. Captain C. T. Bingham took it in the Donat Range in the same locality in January and
October, and Mr. Harold Fergusson has taken it in the Ashamboo Hills, Travancore, not
uncommonly in March and May at 3,000 to 4,000 feet elevation. It is apparently found
only in hilly country.
The figure shows the upper and undersides of a male specimen from Sikkim taken by
Mr. de Nicéville in October at 2,000 feet elevation, and now in the Indian Museum, Calcutta.
The next species should, if these groups are to be recognised as generically separate,
form the type of a new genus ; in colouring it is almost identical with Tenasserim specimens
of JZ. anaxias, but the wings are altogether broader and more rounded ; in the forewing the
costa is comparatively shorter and much more arched, the apex is much more obtuse with a
tendency to become acuminate, the exterior margin is convex and nearly erect instead of being
straight and oblique, the tuft of hairs over the glandular pouch on the upperside of the
forewing is light brown and placed above the submedian nervure, whereas in 4/7. anaxias it is
black and placed on the nervure lying along it. Further the neuration of the hindwing is
widely different ; in A7. anaxias the upper disco-cellular nervule is short, connecting the radial
at once with the subcostal at a considerable distance beyond the origin of the first subcostal
branch, while in JZ. anaxioides the upper disco-cellular is projected backwards from the
base of the radial for some distance, then curving sharply round upwards it joins the subcostal
just in advance of the origin of the first branch,
NYMPHALID. SATYRINE. MYCALESIS. 107
87. Mycalesis anaxioides, Marshall, n. sp.
HABITAT : Upper Tenasserim.
EXPANSE: 6, 2°1 to 2°45 9, 2°5 inches.
DEscCRIPTION : MALE almost identical in colour and markings with Tenasserim speci-
mens of JZ. anaxias, but with the border on the UNDERSIDE duller, lacking the decided
lilac and yellowish tints. The seven ocelli of the Azzdwing present, but all minute; a
single, very small, ocellus on the forewing above the second median nervule, and above that
a series of three or four equally small black dots representing obsolete ocelli; in JZ anaxias
these dots are white, not black. The FEMALE differs from the male in being paler coloured
above and below, and the subapical band on the upperside of the forewing twice as wide.
UNDERSIDE with the ocelli of the Aindwing twice as large as in the male, though they are
still small, those on the forewing also are more numerous and larger.
Captain C. T. Bingham took two males of this new species in the lower Thoungyeen forests
in Upper Tenasserim in May, and one male and a female in March. It appears to affect lower
elevations than does AZ, anaxias, but nothing beyond the record of thesé captures is known of it,
Second Group.—GARERIs : ** Wings broader than in Vivapa. Forewing more angular at
apex, the costa much more arched, venation of MALE and the glandular patch of raised scales and
tuft similar. Azedwing with the first subcostal branch in the MALE swollen beneath at its base
above the cell, and covered on the upperside by a tuft of hair ; the two upper median branches
emitted from end of the cell. Eyes hairy.” (d/oore, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1880, p. 156).
Key to the Indian Species of Gareris.
A, a. a', 69, Upperside of forewing with a large lower, and one or three smaller upper ocelli.
a*, Underside of both wings with complete series of perfect submarginal ocelli.
88. M. (Gareris) Gopa, Sikkim,
4°. Underside of both wings with incomplete series of rudimentary ocelli.
89. M. (Gareris) SANATANA, Kulu, Sikkim, Upper Burma, Tenasserim.
This group contains four species only ; one (JZ. francisca, Cramer) occurs in China,
another (AZ. ferdicias, Hewitson) is found in Shanghai and Japan. In both the Indian species
the median band on the underside is outwardly bordered with pale violet.
88. Mycalesis gopa, Felder.
M. gopa, Felder, Reise. Nov., Lep., vol. iii, p. 5or, n. 869 (1867) ; Butler, Cat. Lep. B. M., Satyride,
Pp. 140, n. 57 (1868) ; Gareris gopa, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1880, p. 157.
HABITAT: Sikkim.
EXPANSE : 2°2 inches.
DESCRIPTION: ‘‘ MALE: UPPERSIDE fuscous. Forewing witha tuft of fuscous hairs above
an internal black tuft ; a small subapical ocellus [sometimes with a smaller one above and below
it and touching], and another rather large between the first median branches, black, pupilled
with white, obsoletely encircled more palely than the ground-colour. Aindwing with the exter-
nal margin paler and divided by a [two] wavy fuscous streak [s]. UNDERSIDE paler, powdered
with ochraceous, especially on the paler external margin, which is divided by two fuscous
streaks (the inner of which in the forewing is well drawn back), a fuscous basal streak
twice bent in the /zzdwing, a streak beyond the middle slender, deeply fuscous, margined
outwardly with lilac. /orewing with five [or six] black white-pupilled ocelli, circled with ochra-
ceous brown and widely bordered with fuscous, the uppermost, third and fourth minute, the
second larger, the lowest large. Aindwing with seven ocelli of the same colour in a series
nearly parallel to the margin, the second and third smallest of all, the uppermost, fourth and
sixth medium sized, the fifth rather large.” (Zé/déer, 1. c.). The female is coloured and
marked like the male, differing only in the presence occasionally (not always) of a subanal
ocellus on the upperside of the hindwing ; and aiso in lacking the glandular pouches and tufts.
M. gofa is a rare Butterfly ; it has only hitherto been found in Sikkim. Col. Lang’s
collection contains several specimens of both sexes taken by Dr. Jerdon, Mr. de Nicéville took
a single male specimen at about 3,000 feet elevation in October, and Mr. Otto Moller has
recently taken several specimens in the neighbourhood of Darjiling in the same month,
to8 NYMPHALID. SATYRINZ. MYCALESIS.
89. Mycalesis sanatana, Moore.
M. sanatana, Moore, Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. C., vol. i, p. 231, nm. 489 (1857); Gavreris
sanatana, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1880, p. 156.
HasiraT: Kulu, Sikkim, Khasi Hills, Upper Burma, Tenasserim.
EXPANSE: 2 to 2°3 inches.
DESCRIPTION: ‘‘ UPPERSIDE brown. Forewing with a large lower and a smaller upper
eye-spot, the latter with a minute one above and below it. UNDERSIDE ochreous-brown ; the
series of spots white.” (Afoore, 1. c.)
In the Indian Museum, Calcutta, are numerous specimens of a AZycalesis of this group from
Kulu, Sikkim, Upper Burma (Yunan Expedition), and Tenasserim, which agree as far as it
goes with the meagre description above. DEsCRIPTION: UPPERSIDE brown, with the outer
margin of doth wings paler and slightly greenish: Forewing with one, and hindwing with
two, darker anteciliary lines. Forewing with a large black ocellus filling the first median
interspace, white-pupilled and with a fulvous iris. A smaller similar ocellus filling the
interspace between the subcostal nervure and upper discoidal nervule, in some specimens with
two slightly smaller contiguous ocelli in the interspaces immediately above and below it.
Hindwing wnspotted. UNDERSIDE: Both wings of an obscure greenish-brown colour, crossed
beyond their middle by a common dark brown band, not quite reaching the costa in the
forewing, and in which wing it is slightly bent inwards near the costa, nor the abdominal margin
in the hindwing. This band is outwardly margined with pale violet. A dark anteciliary line
to both wings, within which and rather less than midway between the margin and the median
band is a very wavy narrow dark line. Forewing with two pairs of dark lines crossing the cell, one
near its base the other at its middle. A more or less complete submarginal series of white dots,
being the pupils of rudimentary ocelli. A/zdwing with a similar series of white dots, but the series
complete, one between each pair of nervules. A subbasal sinuous dark line. The male differs
from the female only in having the sexual characters detailed in the generic diagnosis of Gareris.
Mr. A. Graham Young took several specimens in the Kulu valley at the end of May and
in June, Mr. Otto Méller has taken it in Sikkim at about 3,000 feet elevation in October, and
Captain C. T. Bingham took one female in the Donat range in January ; we have no other
precise records of its capture. It seems a constant, well-marked species ; all the specimens
we have seen shew hardly any variation, except in the colour of the median fascia, which varies
from almost white to pale violet. The female from the Donat range has moreover the lower
ocellus of the upperside very large, and the general colour is paler, especially on the underside,
where it has a decided ochraceous tinge.
A species of MJycalesis occurs in the Malay peninsula and Borneo, which has been separated
by Moore as the type of a distinct genus characterised as follows under the name of Saéoa,
and placed between Gareris and Sadarga. Genus SATOA. ‘* Male.—Wings short 3 forewing
more arched than in Virafa, apex more rounded ; exterior margin less oblique ; second sub-
costal branch emitted before end of the cell ; a tuft of fine hair covering a glandular patch
below submedian nervure ; 2izdwing subconical, exterior margin oblique, anal angle convex,
abdominal margin short; a tuft of fine hair covering a glandular subcostal patch ; cell short,
broad at its end; subcostal deeply recurved at its end, first branch emitted near end of the
cell, the second bent downward ; disco-cellulars straight, slightly oblique ; middle median
emitted before end of the cell. Antenne with a slender club ; Za/z somewhat stout ; eves
hairy.” (Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc.. Lond., 1880, p. 157). This genus or subgenus contains but
a single species, Mycalesis maianeas, Hewitson. y
* Mycalesis maianeas, Hewitson. Hapirat: Malacca, Sumatra, Borneo. Expanst: Male, 1°9; female, 2'2
inches. ‘DwscripTion: “‘ Mave: Uppersipe dark brown; the outer half nearly of the forewings and the
outer margin of the Aixdwing, rufous brown Forewing with a tuft of hair near the inner margin; the margins
of both wings where they meet silvery white. UNps&rsipk dark brown to the middle, rufous brown beyond ; the
outer margin and two submarginal lines dark brown. ovewing with three ocelli, two near the apex minute and
touching, the third below the middle, large. Hindwing with seven, the first (touching the costal margin), the
fourth and fifth, large, the rest smaller, all black, with white pupil and rufous orange iris. FEMALB, like the
male, except that it has an orange band on both sides of the forewing, and has but one ocellus near the apex. on
the underside of the forewing.” (Hewitson, Ex. Butt., vol. iii, p. 87, AZycalesis pl. v, figs. 27, 28, (1864), female ;
id., Distant, Rhop. Malay., p. 48, pl. vii, fig. 4 (1882), female; Satoa mataneas, Moore, Trans, Ent. Soc.
Lond., 1880, p. 157).
NYMPHALID. SATYRIN A, MYCALESIS. 109
Third Group.—SADARGA: ‘' forewing shorter, with more rounded and less oblique
exterior margin than in Virafa, venation similar, but the veins more curved. MALE witha
slight tuft (but no perceptible glandular patch of raised scales) on submedian nervure before the
swollen base. Hindwing very convex externally, first subcostal in MALE not curved at the base ;
second concave at base and much swollen beneath between first and end of the cell, and with
a slight tuft of hairs above ; two upper median branches emitted from angle before end of the
cell. Zyes hairy.” (AMJoore, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1880, p. 157).
Only four species of this group are known, of which two are found in India ; both of them
inhabit Sylhet in N.-E. Bengal,
Key to the Indian Species of Sadarea.
A. a. 5%. Forewing with a very large lower and large upper ocellus on the upperside.
62, With the ocelli of the underside of both wings small.
go. M. (Sadarga) CHARAKA, Sylhet.
4°, With the ocelli of the underside of both wings large.
gt. M. (Sadarga) ocutata, Sylhet.
90. Mycalesis charaka, Moore.
M. charaka, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 566; Sadarga charaka, id., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,
1880, p. 158.
HasitraT: Sylhet, N.-E. Bengal.
EXPANSE: 1°75 inches,
DESCRIPTION : ‘* MALE and FEMALE: UPppERSIDE yellowish olive-brown, outer margins
paler. Forewing with two very prominent bright-coloured ocelli, the upper one the smaller;
and sometimes with two white pupils ; the lower ocellus fully a quarter of an inch in diameter.
UNDERSIDE pale olive-brown basally, greyish brown externally, divided by a nearly straight
transverse discal brown line ; two subbasal short zig-gag brown lines on forewing, and one on
hindwing. Both wings with a narrow black submarginal line, and a brown fascia or cloud
passing through the ocelli. /orewizg with a linear series of four minute subapical ocelli, and
a small, though larger, lower ocellus, the white pupil of whichis a half-circle, and occupies nearly
the whole of the black portion. Andwing with seven ocelli, the first three subapical, minute,
and disposed in a linear oblique series ; fourth very minute ; fifth the largest (though small) ;
sixth and seventh minute.”
‘*This species is very similar in appearance to JZ. gotama [from China], but may be
distinguished by the very considerable difference in the size of the ocelli beneath.”
‘* Note——The specimens of this species in the British Museum collection stand as the
representatives of Hiibner’s JZ. ofrea (Zutrage, figs. 79, $0), which name Professor Westwood
altered in the ‘Genera of Diurnal Lepidoptera’ (p. 394) to ostrea, believing Hiibner’s figure
to represent a species distinct from Cramer’s ofvea ; but I find, after a careful examination of
a lengthened series of specimens in the British Museum and others in my own collection, that
Hiibner’s figure well represents a ma/e of Cramer’s species (o¢7ea), whose figures (pl. cccxiv,
figs. A, B) are those of a female. The name ostvea, therefore, cannot be retained, as it was
applied to Hiibner’s figure, and zo¢ to the specimens which Professor Westwood erroneously
determined as representing it.” (JZoore, 1. c.)
91. Mycalesis oculata, Moore,
Sadarga oculata, Moore, Trans, Ent. Soc. Lond., 1880, p. 158.
HABITAT : Sylhet.
EXPANSE: 6, 1°83 §, 2°1 inches.
DESCRIPTION: ‘‘ MALEand FEMALE. Similar on the UPPERSIDE to S. charaka, the
ocelli of the same large size, but the lower somewhat laterally bulged, On the UNDERSIDE
110 NYMPHALID&. SATYRINZ. MYCALESIS.
the basal area is paler, being of a pale purplish ochreous, the discal transverse line having a
much broader yellowish border ; the ocelli on both wings are very prominent, and slightly
larger than those in S. gofama.” (Moore, |. c.)
There are four males and three females of this species in the Indian Museum, Calcutta,
and a single female specimen of the preceding species, AZ. charaka. They were all received
at the same time in the same box from Sylhet. The specimens of J/. oculata shew considerable
variation in the size of the ocelli on the underside, and it seems probable that the two species,
which occur in exactly the same locality, are really only one variable species.
Between Sadarga and the next subgenus Orsotriena are placed two species, AZ. sudra,
Felder, from Java and Sumatra, and JZ, orseis, Hewitson, from the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra
and Borneo, each of which has been taken by Moore as the type of a new subgenus, of which
in each case it is the sole representative. The subgenera are characterised as follows : DALAPA,
“Type, D. sudra.* Forewing more triangular than in Garerzs, costa less arched, the exterior
margin oblique. MALE with a similar glandular patch of raised scales and tuft on the submedian
nervure, but less prominent. Hindwing not so broad, somewhat quadrate in form ; exterior
margin and anal angle more convex, and waved ; first subcostal slightly swollen at the base
beneath, tufted above; second branch with a slightly raised fold on the upperside extending
from first branch to near the end. Club of azéenne thicker. Zyes hairy.” SuraLaya. ‘* Type,
S. orseis.§ Forewing comparatively long and narrow ; costa slightly arched ; exterior margin
oblique, almost straight and even. ' Mate with a very slight glandular patch (more distinct
beneath) sparsely covered with delicate short hairs. Hindwing small, oval; exterior margin
convex, waved; first subcostal branch slightly swollen at its base, second very concave at
its base ; cell narrow ; disco-cellulars very oblique. MALE witha long tuft of hair covering
a glandular patch above base of first subcostal branch. Club of antenna slender. Zyes
almost naked.” (JZoore, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1880, pp. 158, 159).
* Mycalesis sudra, Felder, Reise Nov., Lep., vol. iii, p. 500, n. 868, pl. Ixvii, fig. 10 (1867), female ;
Dalapa sudra, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1880, p. 159. Hapirar: Java, Buitenzorg, Sumatra. EXPANSE:
2°3inches. Description: ‘‘ FEMALE: UppersIDE almost as in WZ. zala, but darker as far as the line seen
through from the underside, beyond that the two ocelli of the forewing very distinct, the submarginal line drawn
back but conspicuous. A/ézdwing with two posterior, very distinct, ocelli, the two lines on the margin more
wavy, wider, on the paler ground, the inner one broadly palely defined within. Unnersipe darker than in JZ.
nada, much darker on the disc within the line, which is more distant from the cell than in that species, outwardly
defined with diffused whitish, almost straight in the Zizdzzng, the ochraceous border broader than in MZ. nada,
the submarginal line more drawn back. Forewing with two almost similar ocelli ; A2zxdwing with the upper
ones smaller than in 17. zala.” (elder, |. c.)
+ Mycalesis nala, Felder, Wien. Ent. Monatsch., vol. iii, p. 403, n. 46 (1859). HapiTat: Java. ExpANsE:
Not given. Description: ‘‘ Wings subpellucid. Uppersipe (darker in the MALR), with an exterior curved line,
and three obscure marginal wavy lines. /ovrewz2g with two exterior fuscous ocelli (in the MALE tinted more dis-
tinctly with yellow) included in a white patch ; in the FEMALE with twoothers between them obsolete. Hindwing
with a posterior ocellus circled with blackish yellow, marked with a white drop, and some others minute,
obsolete. UNDERSIDE brownish fuscous (darker in the MALE), with a swarthy flexuous basal streak (obsolete
in the FEMALE), the outer border pale yellowish brown, sprinkled with fuscous dots towards the maryin, the
exterior fuscous line of the upperside; another adjacent angulate obsolete, a third very angulate beyond, and
two others marginal undulate, fuscous. /ovewimwg of the MALE with the two ocelli of the upperside smaller
and more distinct ; of the FEMALE with six unequal exterior black ocelli, pupilled with white and circled with
yellow and brown (the first, third and fourth obsolete, the fifth larger). Azxdwing in both sexes with seven
exterior black ocelli, circled with yellow and brown (the fifth largest, the first three and the sixth obsolete in the
MALE.” (Felder, 1. c.)
It is not clear to what group 17. nada belongs in the absence of specimens for examination. =
§ Mycalesis orseis, Hewitson, Ex. Butt., vol. ili, p. 89, AZycaleszs pl. vi, figs. 36, 37 (1864), made; id.,
Distant, Rhop. Malay., p. 49, pl. v, fig. 4 (1882), sale; Suvalaya orseis, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1880,
p. 159. HasiTaT: Singapore, Sumatra, Borneo. EXxpaNsE: 2'1 inches. Description: ‘‘ Mate: Upper-
side rufous brown, tinted with lilac. Both wings crossed beyond the middle by an indistinct band of lilac
(scarcely seen on the hindwing), and with two submarginal lines of rufous brown. Forewing with two
or three very indistinct ocelli. UNDERSIDE: Both wings with the basal half rufous, crossed by a line
of darker brown, also crossed at the middle by a broad common band of lilac-white, beyond the band
yellow (lilac near the apex), with the outer margin and two submarginal lines (the inner line zig-zag) brown.
Forewing with six ocelli, the first four of equal size, the fifth large, the sixth minute, blind. AWindwing with
seven ocelli, the fourth and sixth [ ? fifth] largest ; the irides bright orange.” (//ew7tson, |. c)
Distant remarks :— ‘‘ This species appears to possess the usual variation in macular markings, and is included
among the Butterflies of the Malay Peninsula on the authority of the Singapore specimen in the Hewitsonian
collection, I have not seen it myself in any other collection from the Malay Peninsula, nor have I been able
to examine a female specimen.” (Déstant, |.c.)
NYMPHALID&, SATYRIN, MYCALESIS. 11
Fourth Group.—ORSOTRIZNA, Wallengren, Kongl. Vet.-Akad. Forh., vol. xv, p. 79
(1858) ; Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1880, p. 159. ‘“‘ Forewing comparatively shorter,
exterior margin less oblique, apex and posterior angle convex ; costal nervure only, in both
sexes, swollen at the base. MALE with a tuft of fine hairs covering a glandular patch above the
base of submedian nervure. Hizdzwing less arched at the base, anal angle convex ; first sub-
costal branch emitted immediately before end of the cell, middle median also emitted before
lower end of the cell. MALE with no erectile tuft at the base of subcostal, being replaced
by a slight tuft of more delicate and recumbent hairs above and below the median nervure.
Lyes naked.” (Moore, 1. c.)
The species of this group may be easily identified by several features, in them alone of
all the species of AZycalesis, the costal nervure only of the forewing is swollen at the base,
the median and submedian nervures being simple; in the MALES the tufts of hair on the
hindwing are placed by the median nervure instead of by the subcostal, and in both sexes the
white band of the underside is on an uniform ground, while in most of the other species the
ground-colour is darkest along the inner edge of the line. In this group alone of all the Indian
Mycalesis the eyes are naked, and the tuft of hairs on the hindwing of the males overlapped by
the inner margin of the forewing is absent. It is apparently well worthy of generic separation.
Six species are known, and the group extends throughthe Malay Archipelago to the New
Hebrides, New Ireland, and also to Hainan.
Key to the Indian species of Orsotriena.
A. Males, with a glandular pouch and tuft on both wings.
6,a@' With the white band of the underside narrow and nearly uniform in width throughout.
a? With the ocelli very large, prominent.
92. M. (Orsotriena) Mevus, North-India, Burma, Orissa, Nicobars.
32 With the ocelli small, obsolescent.
93. M. (Orsotviena) RUNEKA, North-India, Burma.
5! With the white band very wide, widest at the middle.
a? With all the ocelli large, prominent.
94. M. (Orsotriena) MANDATA, South-India, Ceylon.
5? With the ocelli smaller, those of the /orewzng obsolescent.
95. M. (Orsotviegna) MANDOSA, South-India.
92. Mycalesis medus, Fabricius.
Papilio medus, Fabricius, Syst. Ent., p. 488, n. 198 (1775) ; P. hestone, Cramer, Pap. Ex., vol. 1, pl. xi, figs.
C, D (1775) ; id., Herbst, Pap., pl. exciti, figs. 4, 5 (1796) ; Wycalesis hestone, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett.,
Pp. 55, N. 525 (1816) ; zd., Butler, Cat. Fab. Lep. B. M, p. 34, n. 11 (1868) ; Orsotriena hesione, Wallengren, Kongl.
Vet.-Akad. Férh., vol. xv, p. 80 (1858) ; Pafilio doris, Cramer, Pap. Ex., vol. iv, pl. ccclxii, fig. C (1781) ;
2. hamilcar, Herbst, Pap., pl. cxciii, fig. 3 (1796) ; Ovsotriena medus, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1880,
p. 160; Mycalesis medus, Distant, Rhop. Malay., p. 49, pl. iv, fig. 8 (1882), male.
HaBiTaT: Plains of North-India, Sikkim, Assam, Cachar, Sylhet, Burma, Upper
Tenasserim, Orissa, Nicobars, Malayana.
EXPANSE : 1°8 to 2°3 inches,
DESCRIPTION : ‘“‘UPPERSIDE, both wings fuscous, unmarked. UNDERSIDE fuscous, with a
common white streak which reaches neither to the costa of the forewing nor to the inner
margin of the hindwing. Avrewing with two black ocelli, with yellow iris and white pupil.
Hindwing with three; the third smaller.” (Fudrvicius, 1. c.)
The above is translated from the original description of AZ medus. The following is
Godart’s description of AZ. hesione, Cramer: ‘‘ UPPERSIDE obscure brown without markings.
UNDERSIDE with a common white streak and some ocelli, each surrounded with a plumbeous
circle, two on the forewing, and three on the A‘ndwing, of which one is small.” (Godart,
Enc. Méth., vol. ix, pp. 468 and 510 (1819).
The Indian specimens correspond best with J/. hesione, as in all the species of this
group in India there are indications more or less prominent of a plumbeous band round each
16
112 NYMPHALID. SATYRINE. MYCALESIS.
ocellus, except perhaps in AZ. runeka ; but there can be little doubt that the two descriptions
indicate the same species, which stands as AZ. medus, Fabricius.
On the UPPERSIDE the median white bar of the underside is usually faintly visible on
both wings, which are otherwise without markings, except two marginal whitish fine lines, the
inner one less distinct and more waved than the other. On the UNDERSIDE of the forewing there
is a subapical ocellus, and a larger one below it placed between the two lower median
nervules, and extending beyond them. The indwing has a small ocellus placed between the
subcostal branches, a larger contiguous ocellus placed below it, and a third sub-equal with
the second, between the two lower median nervules and extending beyond them ; all these
ocelli are black with a white pupil, rufous iris, then a ring of the brown ground-colour, and
lastly surrounded with an outer plumbeous ring. This latter ring does not extend completely
round the two upper ocelli of the hindwing, but forms one common margin to both, constricted
where the two ocelli join. The median white band does not quite reach the costa on the
forewing, nor the abdominal margin in the hindwing, and is widest at the costal margin of the
hindwing. The FEMALE is somewhat paler coloured above and below; the ocelli are rather
larger, the marginal lines more distinct, and the sexual tufts of hair, &c., are of course absent.
Some specimens from Sibsagar, Assam, have the margin of both wings on the underside,
but more especially on the hindwing, thickly irrorated with white scales between the ocelli and
the two fine marginal whitish lines.
M. medus is common in the Nicobars from August to November, and probably through-
out the year. Mr. Wood-Mason took it in Cachar in May, Mr. Oates at Pegu in the same
month, and Dr. Anderson in the Mergui archipelago in December and March, Colonel Lang’s
collection contains specimens from Oudh and also from Umballa; the latter is probably its
most westerly limit of distribution. Mr. Otto Moller has taken it in the Sikkim tarai in
August and September, and Mr. Taylor at Khurdah, Orissa, in November.
A closely allied species which appears to be distinct, though placed as a synomym of JZ.
medus by Moore and Distant, has been described by Butler under the name of JZ. cinerea.* It
inhabits the Malay peninsula.
93. Mycalesis runeka, Moore. (PLATE XVI, Fic. 56 ¢).
M. runeka, Moore, Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. C., vol. i, p. 234, n. 501 (1857); Orsotviena
xuneka, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1880, p. 160.
HapivaT: Plains and hills of N.-E. India, British Burma.
EXPANSE: 2°1 to2’3 inches.
DESCRIPTION: ‘‘UPPERSIDE uniform dark brown, UNDERSIDE dark brown, paler
along the exterior margins ; a transverse yellowish-white band crossing both wings. Forewing
with two, Aindwing with three pale-brown ocelli.” (AZoore, 1. c., in Cat. Lep. E. I. C.) The
FEMALE is similar in colour and markings, but lacks the sexual pouches and tufts of hair.
M. runeka is similar in colour to AZ, medus on the upperside, but the small obsolescent
ocelli of the underside, especially of the forewing, serve to distinguish it from the latter. Some
specimens from Sikkim and Sibsagar, Assam, have the outer margin of both wings, and especially
the hindwing, between the ocelli and the two fine marginal dark-brown lines, thickly irrorated
with greyish scales. There isa male specimen in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, two from
Shillong in Mr. de Nicéville’s collection, and others from Tenasserim in Major Marshall’s collec-
tion, in which the median band of the underside has almost entirely disappeared, leaving hardly
* Mycalesis cinerea, Butler. HaBiraT : Singapore. EXPANSE: 1'94 inches. DEscripTION. “ MALE: UPPER-
SIDE obscure brown, marbled with silky whitish all over, but especially on the forewing 3 a very indistinct
oblique median band of the same colour. Bopy cinereous. UN»xrsIDE coloured almost as in JM. hesione,
[=/. medus\ but ashy-fuscous, the white band shortened, the marginal line cinereous not white; the
marginal band wider, dilated at the anal angle ; the submarginal line more whitish, the ocelli smaller ; the
irides brownish and more slender, with all the cinctures more conspicuous and partly snow white.”
“ Nearly allied to 17. hesfone, [=M. medus] but grey, not brown, and with paler marbiings above, and
different marginal lines below; the ocellus-zones also brighter and varied with white.” (Bx¢/er, Ann. aud Mag.
of Nat. Hist., third series, vol. xx, p. 401, pl viii, fig. 9 (1867), male.
NYMPHALID, SATYRINE. MYCALESIS. 113
anything but its dark inner margin ; the ocelli are also almost rudimentary. In Burma it is not un-
common from January to May, and possibly in other months. Captain C. T. Bingham has taken
it inthe Donat range, and at Meplay and various places in the Thoungyeen valley ; Mr. C, T.
Hill tookit at Tavoy in March ; Mr. Wood-Mason took it in Cachar in April ; and Dr. Anderson
in the Mergui Archipelago in December. In the neighbourhood of Calcutta it is not uncommon in
November; and it is also recorded from the Khasi hills, Sikkim, where Mr. de Nicéville has
taken it in October, and the Dehra Doon, but it appears to be unknown in the south,
The figure shows the upper and undersides of a male specimen in Major Marshall’s
collection taken in the Barrackpore Park near Calcutta.
94. Mycalesis mandata, Moore.
M. mandata, Moore, Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. C., vol. i, p. 233, n. 499 (1857); zd., Butler, Cat.
Lep. B. M., Satyride, p. 139, n. 51 (1868); MZ. gamadiba, Butler, Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., third series, vol.
xix, pl. ii, figs. 3, 3@, 36 (1867) ; Orsotriena mandata, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1880, p. 160; idem, ids
Lep. Cey., p. 22, pl. r1, figs. 1, 1@ ( 1880).
HapitaT: Malabar, Canara, Wynaad, Travancore, Ceylon.
EXPANSE: 1°5 to 21 inches.
DESCRIPTION: ‘‘UppERSIDE brown, with transverse band of underside indistinctly
seen through the wing. UNDERSIDE with broad transverse very white band crossing both
wings. Forewing with two small ocelli, Aindwing with three ocelli, the anterior being small,
and all encircled with a silvery line.”
“‘Remark.—Differs from MMycalesis hesione [= M. medus], on the underside in having the
transverse band three times the width that it is in that species.” (JZvore, l.c. in Cat. Lep.
E. I. C.) The FEMALE only differs in lacking the sexual pouches and tufts of hair.
The UPPERSIDE has also the two marginal dark lines bordered inwardly with a whitish line
as in Af, medus; and on the UNDERSIDE the same lines but rather more conspicuous, the ocelli
are similar in number, size and position, but the yellow iris is narrower and darker, and the
external silvery cincture considerably more prominent.
M. mandata is found in Ceylon and in the south of peninsular India. In Ceylon it
‘frequents open ground at edges of forests. It is found in the plains, and up to about 3,000 feet
in the Western and Central Provinces from May to September. Flight slow and for short
distances ; it settles down among long grass and is easily captured.” (//utchison), Mr.
Harold Ferguson has taken it in May at Eridge in the Ashamboo hills in Travancore.
95. Mycalesis mandosa, Butler.
M. mandosa, Butler, Cat. Lep. B. M., Satyride, p. 139, pl. iii, fig. 9 (1868); Orsotriena mandosa, Moore,
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1880, p. 160.
HABITAT: South India, Malabar.
EXPANSE: 1°85 to 2°06 inches.
DescripTION: ‘* The largest of the JZ. hesione [=M. medus] group. UPPERSIDE
coloured as in AZ mandata. Forewing more elongate. Hindwing with the margin more
sinuate. UNDERSIDE darker brown, the external margin sprinkled with whitish scales ;
the ocelli placed as in JL. hesione not as in MZ. mandata ; a broad snow-white median band,
gradually narrowing towards the costa of the forewing, but on the Aindwing exactly asin JZ.
mandata ; the ocelli of the forewing brown, very indistinct, of the Azzdwing black, banded
with fuscous and inwardly bounded with a plumbous lunule.” (Bufé/er, 1.c.) The FEMALE only
differs in lacking the sexual pouches and tufts of hair.
A pair, male and female, of this species has been sent to us by Mr. G. Vidal, which were
taken at Malwan in the South Concan in March. These are only 1°85 inches in expanse, and
though larger than average specimens of A/. man-data are not so large as M, runcka ; they have
the same marginal lines on the upper and undersides, and the form of the white band is the
same, the only distinctions between them and J/. mandata being in the small size of the
ocelli, especially on the forewing, where they are obsolescent ; there is no perceptible
difference in the position of the ocelli in any of the species of this group.
114 NYMPHALID. SATYRINZ. - MYCALESIS.
Fifth Groupf.—CALyYsIsME: ‘* Wingsshort, broad. Forewing with the costa arched at base,
apex acute in male, less so in female, exterior margin oblique and curved, posterior angle acute ;
costal, median, and submedian nervures swollen at the base ; second subcostal branch emitted
immediately before end of the cell; cell broad ; disco-cellulars very concave, radials from
two angles in upper near subcostal. A/indwing oval; costa arched at base; exterior margin
convex, dentate ; first subcostal branch emitted and swollen before end of the cell; disco-
cellulars slightly concave, radial from their middle ; two upper median branches from end of
the cell. MALE with a tuft of long hairs at base of subcostal covering a glandular patch of
scales. Body slender ; palpi porrect, slender, finely pilose beneath ; /egs slender. Antenne
slender at tip. Zyes hairy.” (Aoore, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1880, p. 161.)
This group comprises about twenty supposed species, some of which are very closely
allied if not inseparable ; fourteen have been described from India, but of these we can only
admit four as clearly distinct ; and the remainder are found in the Malayan region extending to
China on the East and to Australia. There are two distinct types of colouration and markings—
first the ‘* mineus” type, in which the basal area of the underside is uniformly coloured,
many of the ocelli are always prominent, and they are enclosed in groups by fine
sinuous lines; second the ‘‘Zerseus” type, in which the basal area of the underside is
always more or less speckled or striated; the ccelli are usually minute, often replaced by
white or black dots, and sometimes quite obsolete ; always well separated in all cases ;
the transverse band too is less distinct, sometimes barely traceable. Both types present
variations in the outline of the forewing, some species having the apex angled, and others
having it rounded, with the outer margin more convex.
Eoy to the Indian species of Calysismo.
B. Males with a glandular pouch and tuft on hindwing only.
a, a}, a®, 2%, With the basal area of the underside uniformly coloured; the single median pale
fascia prominent, most of the ocelli prominent, and enclosed in groups by sinuous
lines ; five to seven ocelli on the hindwing.
a*, THERE with the ocellus on the ufferside small, rudimentary, or entirely
absent.
96. M. (Calysisme) BLasius, India, Burma, Ceylon.
M. (Calysisme) samba, North India, S. Andamans ?.
M. (Calysisme) lalassis, North India ?, Gilolo.
M. (Calysisme) lurida, Cachar.
34, Forewing with the ocellus on the ~fferside prominent.
a>, Forewing with two prominent ocelli on the wxderside, and often from one
to three additional smaller ocelli generally attached to the larger
ones above and below.
97+ M. (Calysisme) mINEuS, India, Burma, Ceylon, S. Andamans and
Nicobars.
M. (Calysisme) drusia, Ceylon, S. Andamans?
M. (Calysisme) Justina, Malabar.
M. (Calysisme) cepheus, Penang.
85. Forewing with four small equal-sized distinct ocelli on the underside.
98. M. (Calysisme) potypxcts, S. India? China.
M. (Calysisme) NAUTILUS, Malacca.
23, With the basal area of the wderside more or less speckled or striated ; the ocelli
usually minute or obsolete, and all well separated from each other; the median
fascia narrow and often inconspicuous.
g9. M. (Calysisme) PRRSEUS.
M. (Calysisme) visala.
M. (Caljsisme) subfasciata.
M. (Calysisme) indistans.
The first species of this group, JZ. b/asius, is chiefly to be distinguished from AZ, mineus,
which follows, by its usually smaller size and by its having the ocellus on the upperside of the
forewing very small, rudimentary, or altogether wanting ; the median fascia on the underside
is also narrower and usually tinged with purplish, The ocellation of the forewing on the
NYMPHALID. SATYRINZE, MYCALESIS, 115
underside varies in much the same way as in AZ. mineus. We include under the name dlasius
the AZ. samba of Moore, AZ, dalassis, Hewitson, and JZ. lurida, Butler. AZ. samoa much
more closely resembles the typical JZ, dlasius of Fabricius, than do the forms described by
Moore in the Lepidoptera of Ceylon and by Distant in the Rhopalocera Malayana under the
name of JZ, d/asius ; in fact these latter forms are indistinguishable from JZ, /alassis, Hewitson.
M. lalassis is perhaps the most distinct form of all, but Hewitson himself admitted later on
that JZ. /alassis was inseparable from M/. samba, and it is therefore 2 fortiort inseparable from
M. blasius, The claims of 7. Zwida to specific separation do not seem to have ever been
admitted. The various forms do not even appear to be geographical races, JZ, Jalassis was
described from Gilolo, but that form is the commonest in Burma and Ceylon also, as well as
in Northern India. Butler remarks with reference to Mycalesis blasius (Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1867, p. 720) :—‘‘This seems to be identical with the 1/7. samba of Moore; it differs
from JZ. Jalassis, Hewitson, in having smaller and less distinct ocelli, and not so many in
the forewing ; itis also rather smaller.” He also states (Cat. Lep. B. M., Satyride, p. 135) :—
**M. blasius isa distinct species closely allied to, if not identical with, JZ. saméa, Moore.
Westwood, however, makes it a synonym of JZ. mineus.”
96. Mycalesis blasius, Fabricius. (PLATE XVI, Fig. 55 &).
Papilio blasius, Fabricius, Ent. Syst., Suppl., p. 426, nn. 488, 489 (1798); Mycalesis blasius, Butler,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 7203p. 718, fig. 4, male ; idem, id., Cat. Lep. B. M., Satyride, p. 137, 0. 40
(1868) ; idem, id., Cat. Fabr. Lep., p. 34, n. ro (1869); idem, Distant, Rhop. Malay., p. 52, pl. vii, fig. 7
(1882), sale; Calysisme blasius, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1880, p. 162; idem, id., Lep. Cey., p. 21,
pl. xi, figs. 2, 2a (1880), male; Mycalesis samba, Moore, Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. C., vol. i,
p- 233, n. 498 (1857); Calysisme samba, id., Trans. Ent. Soc, Lond., 1880, p. 163; Myculesis lalassis, Hewit-
son, Ex. Butt., vol. iii, p. 89, Mycaleszs pl. vi, fig. 35 (1864), male; Calysisme lalassis, Moore, Trans. Ent.
Soc. Lond., 1880, p. 163 3 Mycalesis urida, Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 3, male.
HasitTaT: Northern, Eastern and Southern India, Ceylon, Burma, Malayana,
EXPANSE : I°5 to 19 inches.
DESCRIPTION: ‘*‘ Wings entire. UPPERSIDE sfoéless fuscous. UNDERSIDE scarcely paler,
with an oblique median white fascia ; forewing with three ocelli beyond the fascia, black,
with yellowish iris and white pupil, the middle one minute, the ocelli included in a common
kidney-shaped band ; marginal line slender. Aindwing with seven unequal ocelli enclosed
between two wavy ashy marginal lines meeting on both sides, the marginal line slender.”
( Fabricius, |. c. in Ent. Syst.)
Var. samba, ‘‘ UPPERSIDE dark-brown, exterior margins paler; narrow marginal line
black. UNDERSIDE with transverse white line ; forewing with two occelli; hindwing with
seven ocelli, the anterior second and third very small; exterior margins pale, with narrow
marginal lines.” (Zoore, 1. c., in Cat. Lep. E. I. C.)
Var. /alassis. ‘‘ MALE: UPPERSIDE rufous brown, paler at the outer margins, which have
near them a line of brown. Forewing with a minute white spot opposite the lowest ocellus of the
underside. UNDERSIDE rufous brown ; doth wings crossed at the middle by a narrow band of
lilac-white ; both with two submarginal lines, and a very fine line which borders the ocelli (not
singly but all together), lilac-white. ovewing with four ocelli, the first two touching, the
fourth the largest. indwing with seven, the second, third and sixth [? seventh] minute.”
(Hewitson, |. c., in Ex. Butt.)
Var. durida. ‘* MALE allied to MZ. dalassis, but the basal half of the forewing both on
upper and undersides suffused with lurid ochraceous; the white stripe of the UNDERSIDE
reduced to a slender brown-edged squamous white line, the third of the four ocelli of the
forewing reduced in size, and only the two first united.” (Bztler, 1. c., in Trans. Ent. Soe.
Lond.)
The commonest form of the species is well described as follows by Moore in the Lep.
Ceylon :—
DESCRIPTION : ‘‘ MALE and FEMALE: UppErsIDE dark brown glossed with olive-brown.
Forewing with or without a discal small white-pupilled black spot. UNDERSIDE dark
116 NYMPHALID&. SATYRINAE. MYCALESIS.
uniform vinous-brown, with a narrow purple-white discal band crossing doth wings, and two
marginal lunular lines. Forewing with four ocelli, the three upper ones small, all encircled
by a single purple band, some specimens having a small lower fifth ocellus, which is also
encompassed within the single purple band. Hindzwing with seven ocelli, the second and
third upper and the seventh the smallest, all being encircled by a single purple band.”
The ocellation of the forewing on the underside exhibits in this country in addition to
the variations above noted, many of those detailed in the description of J. mineus. The form
in which the upper ocellus has a smaller one below it, and the lower ocellus a smaller one
above it, and either all four enclosed in one band or enclosed in pairs by two bands, is very
common in Northern India. There are also sometimes five ocelli, owing to the appearance
of a minute ocellus beneath the fourth ocellus. The presence of the small ocellus on the
upperside of the forewing does not accompany any particular disposition of the ocelli of the
underside, but is common to all, and the gradations from a spotless upper surface, toa
distinct though small ocellus on the forewing are regular and complete.
M. blasius has a slightly different geographical distribution from that of JZ mineus. It
is common in Burma and North-East India, but has not been found in the Andamans or
Nicobar Islands, though it was included, apparently erroneously, in Moore’s list of the Butter-
flies of the South Andamans under the name of J/. saméba.* On the other hand it has a more
westerly range in continental India, being common in Oudh as far as Lucknow at any rate,
and we have a single specimen from the Punjab. It is also found in Ceylon and in the extreme
south of the peninsula, but we are unable to say yet whether it, like AZ. mineus, is found along
the Eastern Coast. Mr. de Nicéville has taken it commonly in Calcutta throughout the warm
months, and Mr. Wood-Mason took it in Cachar in May ana June. In Ceylon it is ‘‘ found at
all times in the western and central provinces ; plains and up to 2,000 feet elevation on
grassy land. Flight short and slow, along edges of forest-paths and grass land, settling on
tufts of grass.” —(/utchison.)
The figure shews the upper and undersides of a male specimen taken at Calcutta, and
now in the Indian Museum, Calcutta.
In the next species under the name AZ. mineus, Linnzus, we have included three forms
that have been named as distinct species—JZ. drusia, Cramer, MM. justina, Cramer, and the
original AZ. mineus. Regarding the distinctions between these supposed species great dif-
ferences of opinion have been shown by various writers. In 1851, Westwood, in the Gen,
D. L. (vol. ii, p. 393) placed both drusia and justina as probable varieties of JZ. mineus ;
in 1857 Horsfield and Moore in the Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. (p. 231) placed A¢ drusia as a
distinct species, giving AZ. justina as a variety, and AZ. mineus as a synonym of the latter, with
a mark of interrogation ; in 1868, Butler in the Cat. Lep. B. M., Satride (p. 135) placed
M. justina asa variety of AZ. mineus, and M. drusiz as a distinct species with the following re-
mark (p. 134): ‘‘It seems improbable that this is a variety of JZ. mineus as the position of the
central band and the ocelli of the underside are quite different. It is just possible that Cramer’s
figure is from a broken specimen, which might account for these differences ; but there is still a
distinctive character in the dark colour of the ocellus-irides and the different form of the
marginal lines. Mr. Moore has considered some specimens of JZ. mineus to represent M/Z. drusia.”
In 1871 Kirby, in his Synonymic Catalogue of Diurnal Lepidoptera (p. 89) also retains JZ,
drusia as distinct, giving 7. justina asa variety of AZ. mineus; and again in 1880 Moore,
in his Lepidoptera of Ceylon, keeps AZ. mineus and AZ. drusia as distinct species, and
describes and figures both ; but as he figures AZ. drusia with a yellow fascia on the underside
and only four ocelli on the hindwing, while he describes it as having a greyish-white fascia
and the hindwing with seven ocelli ; and as he figures AZ. mineus with a narrow bluish-white
fascia, and describes it as having a prominent broad yellowish-white transverse discal band,
his work only adds to the obscurity in which the point is involved.
fe eR, See SL ee OR Dees eae
* Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 583.
NYMPHALID. SATYRINAE. MYCALESIS. 117
The description of AZ mzneus which we extract in full from the newly published ‘* RAefa-
locera Malayana,” by Mr. W. L. Distant, is the first detailed description of the species that
has been published authoritatively ; it was taken after careful comparison of the specimens
figured, with the Linnzan typical specimens in the possession of the Linnean Society
of London, and may be accepted as conclusively settling the question as to what JAZ. mineus
really is.
The only authority for identifying JZ. justina is Cramer's figure, a detailed description
taken from which is appended for reference* ; the only point in which this figure appears
to differ from typical AZ, mineus is in having the median fascia of the underside ochreous
instead of white.
Similarly the only authority for identifying J/. drusia is Cramer’s figure, a description
taken from which is also appended for reference}. This figure differs from typical JZ. mineus
in having, like that of JZ justina, the median fascia ochreous, and in the absence of the
seventh (anal) ocellus in the hindwing on the underside, but neither of these characters can
be here relied on as indicating specific differences. The great variation in the ocellation of
the forewing on the underside which is detailed further on is not referred to in any of the
three original descriptions or shewn in the figures, and with these variations manifested in a
long series of what are all undoubtedly the. same species, we are unable to accept the absence
of a single ocellus on the hindwing as a specific character; and as the white and ochreous
fascize occur with the same distribution of the ocelli, and the gradations from white to ochreous
and to greyish are numerous, we cannot arrive at any other conclusion than that the three
belong to one and the same species which stands as JZ, mineus, Linneeus.
97. Mycalesis mineus, Linneus,
Papilio mineus, Linneus, Syst. Nat., vol. i, pt. 2, p. 768, n.126 (1767); id., Fabricius, Syst. Ent.,
p- 488, n. 197 (1775); Sazveus mzineus, Godart, Enc. Méth., vol. ix, p. 510, n. 97 (1819) 3 Mycalesis mineus,
Butler, Cat. Lep. B. M., Satyrida@, p. 135, . 31 (1868) ; id., Cat. Fabr. Lep., p. 34, n. 8 (1869) ; id., Distant,
Rhop. Malay., p. 59, pl. iv, figs. 13, male, 14, female ; and var., pl. iv, fig. 7, male (1882) ; Calysisme MINEUS,
Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1880, p. 162; idem, id., Lep. Cey., p. 22, pl. xi, figs. 4, 44, sale; 4a, female
(1880) ; Papilio drusia, Cramer, Pap. Ex., vol. i, pl. Ixxxiv, figs. C, D (1775); Mycalesis drusia, Butler,
Cat. Lep. B. M., Satyride, p. 133, n. 26 (1868) ; idem, id., Cat. Fabr. Lep., p. 33, n. 6 (1869) ; Calysismte
drusia, Moore, Trans. Ent Soc Lond., 1880, p. 161; idem, id., Lep. Cey., p. 20, pl. xi, figs. 3, 3@ (1880),
male ; Papilio Justina, Cramer, Pap. Ex., vol. iv, pl. cccxxvi, fig. C (1780) ; Mycalesis justina, Hiibner, Verz.
bek. Schmett., p. 55, D. 524 (1816) ; Cady stsme gustina, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond , 1880, p, 161.
HasitaT : Throughout North-East, and South India, Ceylon, Burma, Malay Peninsula,
Andaman and Nicobar Isles, Sumatra, Java and China,
EXPANSE : 1°8 to 2°2 inches.
DESCRIPTION: ‘MALE: UPPERSIDE fuliginous-brown., Forewing with a very faint,
pale, straight fascia, which passes a little beyond end of cell, and from which to outer
margin the colour is slightly paler ;a black spot with a white centre and a faint ochraceous
margin between first and second median nervules, and two marginal fuscous lines, the inner-
most of which becomes faint and obsolete towards apex ; ci/ia smoky ochraceous. Hindwing
with a tuft of long pale hairs situated near costal base of the wing. Two distinct marginal
* Mycalesis justina, Cramer. Hapsitat : Coromandel Coast. Expansr : 2 inches. DrscripTION: UNDRR-
sipB rich brown. Both wings crossed beyond the middle by a narrow pale ochreous fascia, not quite reaching
the costa in the forewing, and extending to the abdominal margin near the anal angle in the hindwing. The
usual marginal wavy dark lines, the innermost bounded inwardly by a paler fascia than the ground-colour ; on
the hindwing the space between the dark lines is ochreous. Forewing with a subapical and a larger lower ocellus
black, pupilled with white, and surrounded with a rufous iris. A/indwing with seven similar ocelli, the second.
third and seventh the smallest and equal-sized ; the first and sixth also equal-sized and larger ; the fourth
and fifth the largest of all. (Cxamer, Pap. Ex., pl ccexxvi, fig. C (1780).
t Mycalesis drusia, Cramer. Hasirar: Coromandel Coast and China. Expans®: 2°4 inches. Drs-
CRIPTION : Upprrsipk, reddish brown, with two paler marginal lines. Forewing with an ocellus placed be-
tween the upper median nervules, black, pupilled with white, and with a deep yellow iris Hindwing unmarked.
Unpversipk paler dull brown Both wings crossed beyond the middle by a pale ochreous fascia, reaching the
costa of the forewing and the abdominal margin of the hindwing. Two marginal pale lines, broader than on
the upperside. Forewing with an upper and larger lower ocellus. Hindwing with six ocelli, the first and
sixth equal-sized, the second and third smaller, the fourth and fifth largest. (Cramer, Pap. Ex., pl Ixxxiy,
figs. C, D (1777).
118 NYMPHALID&. SATYRIN#. MYCALESIS.
lines, on each side of which the colour is dull ochraceous (in some specimens a minute white-
centred fuscous spot between second and third median nervules). UNDERSIDE with the
colour brighter and paler ; o/h wings crossed by a narrow fascia [pure white in the figures],
on forewing passing somewhat beyond, and on Aindwing about end of cell. Forewing with
two submarginal ocellated spots, which are black, with white centres and yellow margins,
the first and smallest situate on the discoidal nervules, and perfectly surrounded by a pale
greyish line ; the second and largest placed on the second and third median nervules, with
a pale surrounding greyish line, which terminates inwardly on the transverse white fascia
(both these spots sometimes throw off a smaller one, the upper one generally posteriorly and
the lower one usually anteriorly) ; two pale greyish marginal lines, the inner one waved, and the
cilia also pale greyish. Hindwing with seven submarginal ocellated spots of a similar
pattern and colour to those on forewing, of which the second and third are minute, the whole
series being surrounded by a much waved pale greyish fascia, which in some specimens tends
to coalesce and perfectly surround the sixth and seventh spots; two pale greyish marginal
fascize, the inner one most strongly waved, and the marginal cé/ia also pale greyish. Body
and /egs concolorous with the wings. FEMALE, larger than male. UPPERSIDE, forewing
with the ocellated spot larger and brighter : Aixdwing with two more obscure ocellated spots
situate on the second and third median nervules (there are sometimes indications of the
commencement of a third spot between the third median nervule and submedian nervure).
UNDERSIDE as in male, but with all the spots and markings larger and brighter.”
(Distant, 1. c.)
Distant also enumerates two varieties of JZ. mineus as follows :—
Var. a. Mycalesis cepheus,* Butler. ‘‘MALE: This variety differs on the UNDER-
SIDE of the forewing in having an additional spot in front of the lower ocellated spot,
and enclosed by the same pale greyish line; and on the UNDERSIDE of the hindwing in
having the second and third submarginal spots a little longer, which renders the series
apparently a little more arched, as Butler describes.”
‘¢ Var. &., Rhop. Malay., pl. iv, fig 7. ‘* MALE: Differs from typical specimens on the
UNDERSIDE by the lower ocellated spot of the forewing having a smaller one attached or non-
attached to it beneath, but which is also enclosed by the same surrounding pale greyish line.
Mr. Moore (Lep. Cey., vol. i, p- 22) describes a like varietal form as not uncommon in
Ceylon, and which is indicated in his figure, plate xi, fig. 46. Hindwing with the second and
third small ocellated spots of typical specimens totally absent.” (Déstant, l.c.)
Distant remarks of AZ. mineus : ‘* This is a very variable species, but not more so than we
might expect, when we remember analogous cases of Satyrid variation in Europe.” This is quite
borne out by the numerous specimens we have examined. On the UPPERSIDE it is very constant,
there being invariably one median-sized ocellus between the two lower median nervules in the
forewing ; the hindwing in the female shews occasionally one or two subanal ocelli by trans-
parency. The variations of the UNDERSIDE are as follows :—
(a) In the forewing with two ocelli, the upper one small, the lower twice the size, each
encircled with an outer complete ring.
(6.) The upper ocellus with a smaller one attached beneath it, both surrounded with a
single outer complete ring ; the large lower ocellus as in (a).
(c.) The upper ocellus as in (a) ; the lower with a smaller one attached above it, and both
surrounded with a single ring.
* Mycalesis cepheus, Butler. Hasitat: Penang. Expansr: 1°87 inches. Drs oats
fuscous, with the external margin, the median fascia, and the iris of the Pes ies Sager ate
qwing with a discal blind ocellus obscure fuscous ; a marginal line of the same colour ; the margin ersclE blacks
Body fuscous. UnpDeERSIDE almost as in MZ. mineus, but with the median fascia more slender and duller ; the
series of ocelli on the hindwing more arched. Closely allied to JZ. mineus, but paler on ‘the upperside with -
brown blind ocellus in the forewing ; below with a narrower and straighter central band, and the row "of hind
wing ocelli much more arched ; the marginal lines also pale ochreous.” (Butler, Ann. and Mag. of Nat Hist :
third series, vol. xx, p. 402, pl. 1x, figs. 3, 4 (1867). Kirby has included MZ. cepheus asa variety of MZ, blasius :
but Distant confirms Butler's view as to its being closely allied to 42. meineus. ‘ if
NYMPHALID&, SATYRIN. MYCALESIS, 119
(d.) Asin (c), but with a second small ocellus attached beneath the large one.
(e.) The upper ocellus with a smaller one attached beneath it ; and the lower ocellus with
a smaller one above it, all four encircled with one outer ring.
(7.) Asin (e), but with a small ocellus beneath the lower ocellus, making five in all.
(g.) The median band is also variable in width and distinctness, and varies in colour from
pure white to dull ochreous and in some specimens to greyish white.
In the Aindwing the second and third ocelli are sometimes entirely wanting (usually in
Andaman specimens, sometimes also in Nicobar and continental Indian examples) ; in some
specimens they are rudimentary, in others distinct and equal to the seventh anal one in size.
Occasionally, but very rarely, the seventh (anal) ocellus is obsolete. The Andaman specimens
referred to above are the J/. drusia of modern writers ; some specimens agree fairly well with
the figure of that species. They have the fascia always ochreous, and a male specimen sent
to Mr. Moore for identification, with the second and third ocelli on the underside of the
hindwing absent, has been named JZ. justina by him, but it does not agree with Cramer’s figure
of that species, as the latter has all the ocelli present.
M. mineus has been taken in Naini Tal and Mussoorie in the North-West Himalayas, and
is found throughout India, except in the dry North-West, extending through the Malay
Peninsula in the regions of heavy rainfall. We have specimens from Tenasserim, Pegu, Sylhet,
Cachar, the Naga Hills, Assam, Sikkim, Calcutta, Bombay, the Godaveri districts, Travancore,
Ceylon, the Andaman and Nicobar islands. The specimens from the Andamans are fairly
constant having usually two ocelli on the forewing and the median fascia ochreous ; the Nicobar
specimens are more variable like those from Continental India. Mr. Otto Moller has taken
numerous specimens in the Sikhim tarai from July to September, and in the Sikhim Hills in
May and August ; also Mr. Wood-Mason in Cachar between those months. We have specimens
from the Godavari District, Travancore and Ceylon, which have the median fascia on the
underside very narrow and pure white ; they are also of very small size, 18 inches only
in expanse. Typical specimens with a white fascia also occur in the Malay peninsula.
98. Mycalesis polydecta, Cramer.
Pafilio polydecta, Cramer, Pap. Ex., vol. ii, pl. cxliv, figs. E, F (1777) ; Mycalesis polydecta, Butler, Ann.
and Mag. of Nat. Hist., third series, vol. xx, p. 402, pl. ix, figs. 5, 6 (1867), female ; idem, id., Cat. Lep. B. M.,
Satyrid@, p. 135, n. 33 (1868) ; idem, id., Cat. Fabr. Lep. B. M., p. 34, n. 9 (1869) ; Calysisme olydecta, Moore,
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1880, p. 162.
HaBITAT: Tranquebar ? (Cramer), Burma, Sumatra, Borneo, Celebes.
EXPANSE : 2°2 inches.
DESCRIPTION : ‘‘ UPPERSIDE fuscous, with the margins slightly paler ; forewing with a
large ocellus ; Aindzwing with two smaller ocelli, the inner the larger of thetwo. UNDERSIDE
paler, with a whitish median fascia, the outer area bearing ocelli, five on the forewing, seven
on the Aindwing ; the outer margin pale with black lines.”
“Cramer gives the locality of this species as Tranquebar ; but I have a specimen, exactly
agreeing with his figure, from Borneo. In the British Museum we have it from Celebes,
and a variety from Sumatra without ocelli on the upperside of the hindwing.” (2zfler, 1. c.
in Ann, and Mag. of Nat. Hist.)
We have specimens from Burma which have been identified by Mr. Moore as varieties of
M. polydecta ; they agree fairly well with Cramer’s figure, but better still with Butler’s figure of
this species, and they differ only from AZ. mineus in having a separate ocellus between the
second and third median nervules on the underside of the forewing ; thus showing either four
or five ocellias follows :—a moderate-sized lower ocellus on the first median interspace, a
rather smaller one on the second median interspace, and a subapical one the same size with
a smaller one attached below it, and sometimes another attached above it.
With reference to the foregoing note by Butler regarding the British Museum specimens,
Distant, in his ‘‘ Rhopalocera Malayana,”’ (p. 51) remarks:—‘*Mr. Butler has also included
M. polydectain his Malaccan species. The form he has figured (Ann. and Mag. of Nat.
Ilist., third series, vol. xx, pl. ix, figs. 5, 6, 1867), however, does not agree with Cramer’s
17
120 NYMPHALID#, SATYRIN. MYCALESIS.
figure of that species, and from an examination of the Malaccan specimens thus identified in
the British Museum I certainly incline to the opinion that such are but varieties of AZ. mineus,
and that the true AZ. folydecta, Cramer, cannot, as such, be at present included in this fauna.”
It is doubtful whether this species really occurs in India either. The specimens from Burma
noted above appear to us to be varieties of mines rather than of folydecta, and they confirm
Distant’s view.
A description of JZ. folydecta from Cramer’s figure of that species is appended for
reference.*
An allied species, MZ. autilus,+ occurs in Malacca.
99. Mycalesis perseus, Fabricius.
Papilio perseus, Fabricius, Syst. Ent., p. 488, n. 199 (1775), female ; id., Donovan, Ins. New Holland,
pl. xxvi, fig. 3 (1805); Mycalesis ferseus, Butler, Proc. Zool Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 719, n. 23 p. 718, fig. 2 ; idem,
id., Cat. Lep. B. M., Satyride, p. 133 (1868) ; idem, id., Cat. Fabr. Lep. B. M., p. 35, n- 5 (1869); Papilio otrea,
Cramer, Pap. Ex., vol. iv, pl. cccxiv, figs. A, B (1780), female ; Papilio tabitha, Fabricius, Ent. Syst., vol. iii,
pt. i, p. 243, n. 756 (1793); Satyrus zopyrus, Kollar, in Hiigel’s Kashmir, vol. iv, pt. 2, p. 450, n.8 (1844) ;
Calysisme perseus, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1880, p. 163 idem, id., Lep. Cey., p. 21, pl. xii, figs. i, 1a
(1880), male ; Mycalesis visala, Moore, Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. C., vol. 1, p. 230, n. 488 (1857) ;
Calysisme visala, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1880, p. 164 ; Calysisme subfasctata, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1882, p. 237, pl. xii, fig. 8 ; Calysisme indistans, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1880, p. 164.
Hapitat: India, Burma, Ceylon, Andamans.
EXpANSE: 6, 1°75 to 2°03; 9, 2°0 to 2°4 inches.
Description: ‘* Papilio danai festivi. Wings most entire, fuscous. UNDERSIDE with
ocellular dots ; forewing with three, Aéndwing with seven. Body fuscous immaculate. ore-
wing fuscous, sometimes immaculate, sometimes with a small ocellus with white pupil before
the outer margin. Hindwing fuscous immaculate. UNDERSIDE. Both wings fuscous at the
base, paler outwardly. Forewing with three dots. Hindwing with seven, white, subocellular.
Hagitrat: In Nova Hollandia. Mus. Banks.” (Fabricius, 1. c. in Syst. Ent.)
M1. perseus is the commonest of all the A/ycalesis in India, and has a wider range than
even JZ. mineus, being found in the north from Burma to Kashmir ; and with the exception
of the hot dry plains of the Punjab, it is found throughout continental and also peninsular
India extending to Ceylon. It is even more variable than AZ. mineus, showing great diver-
gencies in form and size, as well as in colour and markings. There are three well-marked
varieties, WZ. visala, M. subfasciata, and M. indistans, which are usually accepted as distinct
species, and which, in certain localities, are widely distinct from the typical JZ ferseus as it
there co-exists with them; but an examination of large series of specimens from different
parts of the empire leads us to the conclusion that these specific separations cannot be main-
tained, and pending the discovery of the earlier stages of each form, they must all be considered
for the present as varieties more or less specialised of A7/. perseus.
Typical AZ. perseus is a small insect, with the apex of the forewing rounded, not sharply
angled. The ocellus of the forewing on the upperside is placed between the first and second
* Mycalesis polydecta, Cramer. HABITAT: Tranquebar. ExpANsE: 2°2 inches. DEscRIPTION : UpPER-
sIpE deep brown, outwardly somewhat paler; the margins ochreous, with the usual sinuous dark fine lines.
Forewing with a medium-sized ocellus between the second and third mediam nervules. Wzudwing with two
smaller ocelli between the median nervules the upper the smaller of the two. All these ocelli black, with white
pupil and ochreous iris. | UNDERSIDE with the basal areaas dark as on the upperside, and bounded by a white
medium fascia on both wings, the ground-colour much _ paler beyond. ‘The margin ochreous with two sinuous
darker lines. Forewing with four equal-sized small ocelli. Azndwing wlth seven ocelli, all but the fourth
and fifth, which are a little larger, equal in size to those on the forewing. The ground-colour of the outer border
is pale brown, thickly irrorated with darker brown within the row of ocelli, and beyond it whitish, as far as
the inner dark line on the forewing, and extending to the outer dark line on the hindwing. - (Cvaer, Pap., Ex.
pl cxliv, figs. E, F (1777).
+ Mycalesis nautilus, Butler. Hasitat : Malacca. ExpaNsE: 1°87 to 2°12 inches. DescripTION: ‘‘ UppRR-
stp dilute fuscous ; forewing with three blackish ocelli with scarcely perceptible iris, pupilled with white,
of which two are small, subapical, and the third discal ; Aindwing with wavy marginal fuscous lines, and a
small blackish subanal ocellus with fulvous iris ; the dody ashy fuscous. UNDERSIDE paler, with the margins as
in M/. mineus ; a silvery median fascia, defined with fuscous inwardly and diffused outwardly ; a fuscous sub-
basal line almost entire ;_/orew7zg with five distinct ocelli; the fifth much the larger, arranged in a straight series ;
hindwing with seven ocelli, the first and fourth larger, the fifth largest, the seventh smallest, arranged in an
arched series; the Jody ochreous-fuscous. The sexes differ only in size. Closely allied to 7. anardana,
but differing in many essential characters.” (Butler, Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., third series, vol. xx, p. 402,
pl. ix, fig. 7 (1867); Cadysisme nautilus, Moore, Trans, Ent. Soc. Lond., 1880, p. 162).
-
NYMPHALID. SATYRIN AE, MYCALESIS, 121
median nervules ; it is small, and lacks the outer yellowish ring, but is prominently white
pupilled. The variations of the UPPERSIDE consist on the forewing in the occasional presence
of a yellow iris to the ocellus, sometimes very prominent, and sometimes placed on a square
lighter vatch of the ground-colour ; the occasional appearance of a minute subapical ocellus, and
the presence of a transverse dark line more or less sharply defining the darker basal area ;
and on the 4indwing, in the occasional appearance of one or more blackish spots, sometimes
faintly pupilled with white, and placed between the median nervules ; these spots are more
frequent and more numerous in the females than in the males, but occur in both sexes.
On the UNDERSIDE, the variations are far greater. Typically the colour is dusky grey,
speckled with dark brown, darkest at the base, and palest near the outer margin ; there is
scarcely a trace of the subbasal line, and the discal transverse line consists of a series of fine
blackish dentate marks, slightly margined outwardly with ochreous ; the submarginal dots on the
forewing are minute, white, those on the hindwing also minute, but distinctly ocellular, especially
the three nearest to the anal angle. In some specimens the ground-colour is paler throughout ;
the subbasal line is distinct, and the dark colour is distributed in patches on the base of the
wings, and in the forewing between the two lines, there being scarcely any trace of the ochreous
edging to the discal line. In others, the discal line iscomplete and prominently bordered with
ochreous sharply defining the basal area, which is uniformly dark in strong contrast to the
outer area, which is ochreous brown, more or less completely clouded with earth-brown
inwardly and grey outwardly ; but the variations in this respect are too numerous to define.
In others, again, the subbasal line is distinct, and the entire space between the two lines is
conspicuously darker than the rest of the wings. Finally in some specimens the ocelli are well-
developed, being even large on the hindwing, very black and minutely pupilled with white,
but in all cases well-separated, and not enclosed in groups by sinuous lines, as are those of
MM, mineus.
Typical MZ. ferseus is common in the neighbourhood of Calcutta, in Orissa, and
throughout the plains of Northern and Central India where there is sufficient moisture. It is
found almost throughout the year, and there are certainly numerous broods.
In the Andamans JZ. Zerseus is very rare, the only three specimens as yet received and
which are in the Indian Museum, are considerably larger than the typical Indian ones, the
ocellus of the upperside is very large, with a narrow iris; the underside is brown with an
ochreous tinge, the basal half being slightly, but perceptibly darker, and the fifth ocellus is
prominent on the hindwing, and very black.
Specimens from Burma, where it is common, agree pretty closely with the continental
Indian specimens, and show much the same variations, but many have the discal line straighter,
narrowly, but distinctly bordered with ochreous, the subbasal line being indistinct and
very irregular, the tone of the underside paler grey, with a more distinctly ochreous
tinge throughout, in some much more ochreous than in others.
In Travancore there is a variety which has been taken by Mr. H. S. Fergusson, with
the strize and subbasal line almost obsolete, the discal line nearly straight, and narrowly
edged outwardly with whitish, not ochreous, the outer area being distinctly and abruptly paler
than the basal area, but almost equally uniform in colouration. There is also a specimen
in the Indian Museum from the Wynaad, which is larger than typical specimens, has the apex
of the forewing more pointed, and in which the underside approximates to the variety indistans
(described further on) more closely than any specimens do which we have seen from North-
India.
The FEMALE is similar to the male in colouration, but has the ocelli often more pro-
minent ; and the wings more rounded, It of course lacks the sexual pouch and tuft on the
hindwing.
Var. visala, (PLATE XVI, Fic. 52 3).—‘*‘ With the apex of the forewing sharply
angulated ; the UNDERSIDE with two transverse lines across both wings, the outer
line across the middle, the inner towards the base of the wing ; the row of dots minute,
122 NYMPHALID. SATYRINA. MYCALESIS.
white, the third from anal angle being black. Expanse: 2°25 inches.” (Moore, Horsfield and
Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. C., vol. i, p. 230, n. 488 (1857).
M. visala is typically considerably larger than AZ. ferseus (8, 2°t to 2°23; 2, 2°4 inches),
and has the ocellus on the upperside of the forewing larger. The apex of the forewing is sharply
angulated in the male, but sometimes less prominently so in the female ; it also presents
considerable variation on the UNDERSIDE, the most distinctly specialised form having the
underside uniform pale greyish-brown, scantily and indistinctly irrorated with dark brown
scales ; the two transverse lines prominent, brown ; and all the nervures of both wings dark
brown, contrasting strongly with the greyish brown ground-colour: then come specimens in
which the discal line is outwardly, and the subbasal line inwardly, margined with suffused
ochreous ; then in others a clouded brown band appears beyond on the line of the obsoles-
cent ocelli. Again in others the space between the two transverse lines is darker than the rest
of the wing, forming a broad transverse bar darkest at its edges, Again, in others, the discal
line is broad, dark brown, and suffused, while the subbasal line is evanescent. And lastly in
some specimens both the transverse lines are evanescent, and the nervures are concolorous with
the rest of the wing. In all these latter forms the tone of the ground-colour is subject to
great variation, being suffused in some entirely, in others more or less, with various shades of
ochreous ; in others clouded here and there with chestnut, and in others again more or less
profusely irrorated with grey. The third spot from the anal angle of the hindwing is usually black,
but this is by no means universal, nor is it confined to any particular variety. In many
specimens the spot between the lower median nervules on the forewing is Somewhat large and
pure white. JZ. visala is the commonest form in the Sikkim tarai and hills where typical
M. perseus is comparatively very rare. It is also found in Bhutan and Upper Assam, and
specimens inseparable from it have been sent from Burma, Bombay and Travancore. In the
neighbourhood of Calcutta it gives place to the variety zzdzstans, but the two forms appear to
us to be inseparable, except by selecting typical representatives of each.
Mr. de Nicéville took the male specimen figured, and which shows the upper and under-
sides, in Sikkim in October. It is now in the Indian Museum, Calcutta,
Var. subfasciata. ‘* Nearest allied to visala, UPPERSIDE of doth sexes with a greyer
marginal border, and the ocellus on the forewing only half the size. UNDERSIDE of both sexes
much greyer, more densely covered with black-speckled strigee, the two transverse lines
comparatively nearer each other, and the outer line bordered by a broad chestnut-brown
suffused fascia. EXPANSE: 6, 1°88; @, 2°0 inches.”—(Afoore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1882, p. 237, pl. xii, fig. 8).
This variety was described from Dharmsala in the N.-W. Himalayas. We have not seen
the types, but we have specimens, fairly answering to the description, from Sikkim. It is
evidently intermediate between visa/a and typical Zerseus, both from its size and from the
shape of the forewing which, in the plate, is shown as having the apex rounded.
Var. indistans. ‘* Differs from Zersens in having a more distinctly-pointed apex, and
straighter exterior margin, resembling in these respects visa/a, The colour is uniformly much
paler above. The UNDERSIDE is especially paler, the transverse discal pale-bordered line
more even, and that on the forewing is slightly curved inward ; the marginal spots are
less prominent, or only visible as white spaces, and sometimes are quite obsolete. EXPANSE:
3, 1°753 @, 2'0 inches.” —(Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1880, p. 164).
This variety is developed in the plains of North-East India, examples of it from Calcutta
(from whence the type was described) being most distinctly specialised, and there it is easily
separable from the typical AZ. ferseus which co-exists commonly with it. The FEMALE has the
apex of the forewing almost as angulate as in the male, the most prominent characteristic
of this form is the very pale, almost uniform colouration of the underside, the
transverse lines being almost entirely obsolete in typical specimens. It is found in
Tenasserim, also in the plains of N.-E. India as far north as Upper Assam, and as far south
as Orissa ; but in these localities it is far less distinct, specimens from Assam being almost if not
NYMPHALID., SATYRIN &. MYCALESIS. 123
quite inseparable from visa/a, and one from Orissa in the Indian Museum being almost
inseparable from ferseus, except that the apex of the forewing is pointed not rounded.
Sixth Group.—TELINGA, Moore, ‘* Forewing comparatively long and narrow, apex
slightly convex, exterior margin oblique, nearly straight, posterior margin convex near the
base ; celllong. AHindwing broad, somewhat quadrate ; costa arched at base, and thence
straight to apex ; exterior margin waved, convexly angular in the middle ; anal angle convex ;
cell broad, triangular; disco-cellulars very long and oblique ; second subcostal emitted just
before end of the cell ; upper and middle median branches from lower end of the cell. MALE
with a small subcostal tuft and glandular patch. Padé stout at tip. Club of antenna well
formed. yes hairy.” (Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1880, p. 167).
Telinga differs but little structurally from Calysisme ; the forewing is rather more elongate,
and the lower disco-cellular nervule in that wing is straight not concave ; the Aindwing is also
more quadrate and more distinctly waved ; but the colouration is far richer and darker, or
more rufous; the ocelli of the underside are all well separated as in the erseus type. Only
two species are known, both from the hills of South India.
Key to the species of Telinga,.
B. Males with a glandular patch and tuft on the hindwing only.
a, a, 67, a®, Upperside rich dark rufous brown, darkest at the apex of the forewing.
a‘. The medium-sized lower ocellus on the upperside of the forewing not placed
on a rufous patch.
too. M./(Telinga) aADoLPHE!, Nilgiris,
a°, The large lower ocellus on the upperside of the forewing placed on a
rufous patch.
tor. M. (ZYedinga) ocuLus, Travancore.
too. Mycalesis adolphei, Gucrin.
Satyrus adolphet, Guérin, Deless. Souv. Voy. Inde, pt. 2, p. 76 (1843); Mycalesis adolphei, Butler, Cat.
Lep. B. M., Satyride, p. 139, n. 54 (1868) ; M7. onatas, Hewitson, Ex. Butt., vol. iii, p. 90, Mycalesis pl. vi,
fig. 40 (1864) male; Telinga adolphet, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1880, p. 168.
Hapirtat: Nilgiris, South India,
EXPANSE : 2°2 to 2°3 inches.
DESCRIPTION : ‘‘ UPPERSIDE blackish brown, darker towards the costa of the Sorewing,
which has near the apex, and a little below the middle, near the outer margin, two very small
scarcely visible white points. A/idwing with two small ocelli, not prominent, of a tawny
yellow, pupilled with black, equally near the outer margin. UNDERSIDE, both wings paler
brown than the upperside ; the /orewing showing the two small white points of the upperside.
The hindwing with two oblique transverse brown bands, the first near the base rather
sinuous and not reaching the outer margin ; the other beyond the middle, starting from the
costa at two-thirds the length of the wing, and terminating at the anal angle. This latter
band is straight, clearly defined exteriorly, and diffused interiorly. Between this band and the
margin is a series of four small white points, of which the second from the anal angle is circled
with black.” (Guérin, |.c.)
Hewitson described A/ycalesis onatas as a distinct species with the following remarks :—
**This species is very near to Satyrus adolphei, of which it is probably only a variety, but
since his descriptions are always so full and accurate, and he does not mention the undulations
of the underside, I have come to the conclusion that it is distinct.” Guérin certainly does
not mention these, nor the rufous tinge of the upperside, nor the presence of the transverse
lines on the underside of the forewing ; but as these latter are an unvarying character of all the
species in the genus, they can hardly have been absent from JZ, adolphei, but were probably
overlooked. We prefer, therefore, to follow Mr. Moore in uniting these two species under the
older name. Hewitson’s description of JZ. onatas is appended for reference.*
* Mycalesis onatas, Hewitson. Hapsitat: Nilgiris. Expansk: 2 inches. DESCRIPTION: “ MALE:
UpprrsibE ruious brown. Forewing with the apical half dark brown: one ocellus below the middle, the usual
apical ocellus represented on both sides by a minute white spot. A/indwing with two blind ocelli. Unprrstp
rufous brown, undulated with darker colour. Both wings crossed bevond the middle bya straight. rufous brown
line. Forewing with the ocellus as above, but smaller Hindwing with six ocelli, five minute, the sixth
[? fifth] the largest.” (/Zewstson, Ex, Butt , vol. iii, Mycadesis pl, vi, fig. 40 (1864), wale, ;
124 NYMPHALID&, SATYRIN2. MYCALESIS.
The Indian Museum, Calcutta, has received male specimens from Conoor, taken in
July. The FEMALE is unknown,
tor. Mycalesis oculus, Marshall. (PLATE XVI, Fic. 53 2).
M. oculus, Marshall, Journ, A. S, B., vol. xlix, pt. 2, p. 247 (1880),
Habitat: Ashamboo Hills, Travancore.
EXPANSE: 6, 2'13 9%, 2°4 inches.
DESCRIPTION : MALE: UPPERSIDE rufous brown, darker on the outer half of the
forewing. orewing with an indistinct small black subapical ocellus, pupilled with white, and
a large lower black ocellus also white pupilled, and broadly surrounded with ferruginous-
yellow ; this patch almost reaching the inner margin, and almost connected with the costa
by a band of the same colour. Axdwing with four increasing black ocelli, white pupilled
and with yellow rings, the yellow rings sometimes coalescing. In some specimens these ocelli
are blind. UNDERSIDE rich rufous, abruptly paler beyond the discal line; the basal area
undulated with darker colour ; the discal line slightly sinuous, edged outwardly with a yellow
band prominent at the costa of forewing, and obsolete on the hindwing. Forewing with the
ocelli as on upperside, but smaller, and with much more prominent white pupils ; occasionally
a third minute ocellus is present between them. /éxdwing with six ocelli, the fifth from the
apex largest, but all varying much in size in different specimens. The FEMALE is larger, and
has the yellow edging to the discal band on the underside prominent on both wings. All th
ocelli larger, and the markings more distinct. It of course lacks the glandular patch and tuft
of hairs of the male.
M. oculus occurs only in the extreme south of the peninsula ; it was taken in the Asham-
boo Hills in Travancore in May, by Mr. Harold Ferguson.
The figure shows the upper and undersides of a female specimen in the Indian Museum,
taken by Mr. Harold 5. Ferguson at Eridge, Trevandrum, South India,
Seventh Group.—PacHaMa, Moore. ‘* Wings large and broad, but comparatively shorter
thanin Samanta. Forewing with costa arched in the middle, apex rounded, exterior margin
slightly oblique and convex ; cilia prominent. Hindwing somewhat bluntly conical ; exterior
[? anterior] margin slightly arched, apex somewhat angled ; exterior margin very oblique and
scarcely convex ; cé/ia prominent ; first subcostal emitted at some distance before end of the
cell ; cell longer, end much pointed ; disco-cellulars very oblique, radial from a slight angle
near subcostal. MALE with a subcostal tuftand glandular patch, asin Samanta. Palpi slender
at tip. Club of antenna gradually formed. Zyes hairy.” (J/oore, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,
1880, p. 165).
This group contains only two species, which are distinguished chiefly by the prominence of
the white cé/ia to both wings, and by the very much arched costa of the forewing. So far as
there is any certain record both these species are confined to North-East India.
Key to the species of Pachama.
B. Males witha glandular patch and tuft on the hindwing only.
a, a, c?, a8, Underside crossed by a very prominent white band showing through on the upperside.
a*. Basal two-thirds of underside densely striated with short dark lines.
1oz. M. (Pachama) MesTRA, Deccan? Khasi Hills.
&*. Basal two-thirds of underside not striated but uniformly coloured.
103. M.(Pachama) SUAVEOLENS, Cachar.
102. Mycalesis mestra, Hewitson.
M. mestra, Hewitson, Ex. Butt , vol. iii, p. 79, Mycadesis pl. i, figs. 2, 3 (1862), female ; Pachama mestra,
Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc, Lond., 1880, p. 165.
Hapitat : Khasi Hills (AZoore) ; Deccan (Hewitson).
EXPANSE : @, 2°8 inches.
DEscRIPTION: ‘FEMALE: UPPERSIDE dark brown. Jorewing crossed beyond the
middle by a narrow band of white, followed by two ocelli ; one near the apex minute, the
NYMPHALIDA, SATYRIN. MYCALESIS. 125
other larger ; two submarginal black lines, the margin white. indzwing crossed beyond the
middle by an indistinct band (seen through) ; followed by two ocelli towards the anal angle,
the one nearest the angle minute, oval, and ill-formed : a submarginal line of rufous-white :
the margin broadly white, traversed by a very fine black line. USDERSIDE rufous, the basal
half undulated with dark brown ; crossed beyond the middle by a continuous band of white,
followed by a broad band of purple-brown marked with several ocelli: on the forewing by
three ; the first (which is minute) and second near the apex; the third (larger) beyond the
middle: on the hindwing by five, three of them near the apex (the third indistinct), two
near the anal angle, large, all with white pupils and rufous border; doth wings with
white and rufous submarginal bands ; the margins white.” (//ewitson, 1. c.)
In the figure by Hewitson of the upperside, the ocellus of the hindwing between the
first and second median branches is the largest of all ; in that of the underside the anal ocellus
of the hindwing is bipupilled, almost geminate. The large size and pure white marginal
lines of this Butterfly distinguish it from all other Indian species of AZycalesis, as well as the
large size of the anterior subanal ocellus of the hindwing on the upperside. The locality,
** Deccan,” given by Hewitson is probably erroneous, but it is a very rare Butterfly,
103. Mycalesis suaveolens, W.-M. and de N.
HaBitTaT : Cachar.
EXPANSE: 6, 2°5 inches.
DESCRIPTION : MALE: Wings above and below dark sepia, tinged with ashy-white.
Forewing with the costal and outer margins regularly arched. With a narrow and very
indistinct light brownish discal band extending parallel to the outer margin from the subcostal
nervure to the third median nervule ; with two velvety-black, white-pupilled ocelli encircled
by a slender iris of ochreous-brown of almost the same shade as, but more distinctly expressed
than, the discal band; with the first of these ocelli the smaller, triple (having a minute
white-pupilied ocellule run together with it at either end), and so placed that its pupil lies in
the fold between the discoidal nervules ; with the second ocellus much the larger, circular,
and placed in the middle of the first median interspace, whence it extends a short distance
into the two adjoining interspaces ; and with two obsolete anteciliary pale lines. Hindwing
above with a single perfect and slightly elongated ocellus in the first median interspace, the
bounding nervules of which it does not reach ; with a minute rudimentary ocellus on the fold
of the third median interspace on one side only ; and with the pale anteciliary lines more
distinct than in the forewing. UNDERSIDE darker and more richly coloured. but not striated 5
with a narrow cretaceous-white common discal band extending from the subcostal nervure in
the forewing to the submedian nervure in the hindwing, where it runs into the inner of the
two pale anteciliary lines, which, equally distinct in both wings, are somewhat coarser in the
forewing ; and with a third pale line following the outer configuration of the ocelli. ove-
wing ocellated as above. Hindwing with seven ocelli arranged in two decreasing series, the
first of which consists of four slightly decreasing ocelli, and the second of three more rapidly
decreasing ones, of which the ftrst corresponds to the one visible above, but is larger, extend-
jng beyond the limits of its interspace on both sides, so as to touch the second, which is
united to the third or anal. Axfenne above concolourous with the wings and body, below
lighter and indistinctly annulated, becoming orange towards the black orange-tipped club.
A single specimen was taken on Nemotha, N. Cachar, at an elevation of 3,300 feet, in
September. Mr. Wood-Mason notes: ‘‘ The scent-glands and fans, which are much as in
MW. malsara, Moore, emitted a powerful and delicious odour resembling that of vanilla for
some hours after the death of the insect.”
Between Pachama and Samanta Moore places a Javan species, JZ. moorei, Felder,* as
the type of a distinct genus of which it is the sole representative, and which he characterises as
* Mycalesis moorei, Felder, Reise Nov., Lep., vol. iii, p. 502, n. 870, pl. Ixvii, fig. 9 (1866), sade.
Hasitat: Java. ExpaAnsE: 2 inches. : DESCRIPTION : ‘© MALE Se UppERSIDE fuscous, with an obsolete darker
external line, beyond which the margin is paler. Aiudwing with a very obsolete line before the margin.
126 NYMPHALIDE. SATYRIN MYCALESIS.
follows : Gents INDALASA. ‘MALE: Forewing somewhat narrow ; costa arched at base ; apex
convex ; exterior margin oblique, straight. Aindwing narrow, conical ; anterior margin arched
at base ; apex slightly produced ; exterior margin oblique, slightly convex ; cell long, fusiform 3
a tuft of fine hair at base of subcostal; first subcostal branch half way between the costal
and second ; disco-celiulars very oblique ; two upper median branches from end of the cell.
Antenne with a moderately formed club. /a/fi pointed, and hairy to tip. yes slightly
hairy.” Type, Z. mooret. (Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc., Lond., 1880, p. 166).
Eighth Group.—Curara, Moore. ‘‘Forewing longer than in Calysisme; costa very
slightly arched ; apex produced ; exterior margin very oblique and slightly convex below the
apex; cell longer and narrower; third subcostal branch nearer the fourth. Hindwing
somewhat quadrate, apical angle slightly acute ; exterior margin convex hindward and trun-
cated at anal angle ; abdominal margin long; cell triangular; disco-cellulars very oblique ;
middle median branch emitted at some distance before lower end of the cell. MALE with
a tuft of fine hair exserted from base of cell, and covering a small glandular patch above base
of first subcostal branch. Axtenne witha well-formed, slightly-stout club. Pa/pi compactly
clothed with shorter hair. yes hairy.” (JZoore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 825 ; id.,
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1880, p. 165).
Only a single species of this group is known, occurring in Sumatra, and reappearing in
Upper Tenasserim. Its elongate forewing, and the great size of the lower ocellus on that
wing, are its chief distinctive features.
Key to the species of Culapa.
B. Males with a glandular patch and tuft on the hindwing only.
a, 6', a', a. Upperside of forewing in female with one very large ocellus occupying the”entire space
between the third median nervule and submedian nervure, not quite so large in
male.
104. M. (Culafa) MNASICLES, Upper Tenasserim, Sumatra.
104. Mycalesis mnasicles, Hewitson.
M. mnasicles, Hewitson, Ex. Butt, vol. iii, Mycalesis pl. v, figs. 32, 33 (1864), sale ; Culapa mnasicles,
Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc., Lond., 1878, p. 825 ; idem., id., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1880, p. 165.
HasitTaT: Tenasserim, Sumatra. : :
EXpANSE: &, 2°53 , 3°0 inches.
DESCRIPTION: ‘*MALE: UPPERSIDE rufous brown; both wings with a submarginal
black line. Forewing with two ocelli, one at the apex minute, the other below the middle,
very large. Hindwing with one indistinct ocellus and a submarginal band of indistinct
lunular spots. UNDERSIDE with the basal half rufous ; both wings crossed before the middle,
and at the middle by common rufous brown narrow bands ; both with two black lines near
the outer margin, and aesubmarginat zigzag rufous band. Forewing with five ocelli, the first
four minute, the fifth larger, and marked with a large white pupil. Anzdwing with seven
small ocelli, the first and fifth the largest. The FEMALE does not differ except in size
[and of course in lacking the sexual tuft on the indwing].” (Hewitson, 1. c.)
M. mnasicles is a rare insect and has only as yet been taken in Upper Tenasserim within
Indian limits. Limborg took it in April at Ahsown, 2,000 feet elevation, and Meetan, 3,000
feet elevation; and Captain C. T. Bingham took a single female also in April in the
Thoungyeen forests.
The figure shows the upper and undersides of the female specimen taken by Captain
Bingham, and now in the Indian Museum, Calcutta.
Unpersipe darker, the line of the upperside swarthy, unequally defined with white externally, the margin
beyond it very dilute brown ; with five ocelli in the sorewing, seven in the Aindwing, coloured as in AZ. sudra,t
and surrounded with fuscous dots, beyond them divided by a submarginal line, much drawn back in the Sore-
wing, another before the margin, and a third before the cilia slender fuscous.” (/edder, 1. c.)
{7 Described on p. 110.
NYMPHALID., SATYRIN 4, MYCALESIS, 127
Ninth Group.—Kapanda, Moore. ‘* Wings short, broad. Forewing very much arched
from the base, apex and exterior margin slightly convex and even ; cell short and broad.
Hindwing bluntly conical, short ; exterior margin almost even, anal angle very convex ;
costal nervure quite short and nearly straight ; first subcostal branch emitted immediately
before end of the cell; disco-cellulars almost erect; cell very short ; middle median branch
emitted before lower end of the cell. MALE with a slight subcostal tuft and glandular patch of
scales ; median branches dilated and grooved at their base on the upperside. Avdenne short,
slender. Palfi slender at tip. yes hairy.” (JZoore, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1880, p. 168.)
Only two species of this group are known, from North-East Bengal and the Khasi
Hills. The ocelli are very similar to those of the JZ. mineus type in the group Calysisme, but
the immaculate upper surface and the vinous or rufous tinge of the colouration as well as
the arrangement of the subcostal and median nervules of the hindwing serve to distinguish
them.
Key to the Species of Kabanda.
B. Males with a glandular patch and tuft on hindwing only.
&. at, The upperside without ocelli on either wing.
a*, ‘Vhe ground-colour rufous-fuscous, the ocelli of the underside prominent.
“tos. M. (Kabanda) matsaripa, N.-E. India.
22. The ground-colour dark vinous brown, the ocelli of the underside minute.
106. M. (Kabanda) KHASIANA, Khasi Hills.
105. Mycalesis malsarida, Butler.
M. malsarvida, Butler, Cat Lep. B. M., Satyride, p. 134, n. 27, pl. iii, fig. 14 (1868) ; Kabanda malsarida,
Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1880, p. 168.
HasitaT: Khasi Hills, Cherra Punji, Sibsagar, Sylhet, Cachar.
EXPANSE : I°9 to 2°I inches,
DESCRIPTION : ‘‘ UPPERSIDE rufous-fuscous, the apical area of the forewing slightly
paler ; a submarginal line and the external margin darker undulate, a marginal line and on
the A7zdwing inwardly another ochraceous not very distinct line; the costa of the hindwing
ochraceous, at the base sericeous. UNDERSIDE very little darker, the basal area smeared with
fuscous. A median fascia almost entire, oblique, violet-plumbeous, abbreviated in the
forewing ; another surrounding the ocelli, and a third submarginal, violet ; a submarginal line
and the margin itself black, a fulvous marginal line, all undulate. Forewing with three small
subapical obliquely placed ocelli (the middle one a little larger), and one rather large discal.
Hindwing with seven ocelli, the second, third, sixth and seventh small, the fifth largest, all
deep black, with white pupils and fulvous rings.” (Azéler, 1. c.)
There is a male and a female from Sibsagar, Assam, in the Indian Museum, Calcutta.
The FEMALE differs from the male only in the absence of the tuft of hairs on the costa of
the upperside of the hindwing. Mr. Wood-Mason took a single male on Nemotha, Cachar,
3,300 feet, in September. In all these specimens the basal area of the hindwing on the under-
side is densely striated with darker colour.
106. Mycalesis Ehasiana, Moore.
M. khasiana, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 566; Kabanda khastana, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc,
Lond , 1880, p. 168.
Hasirat : Khasi Hills.
EXPANSE : 1°75 inches.
DESCRIPTION : “‘ MALE: UPPERSIDE dark vinous brown, paler at the apex, and along
exterior border ; marginal lines black. UNDERSIDE bright vinous brown, purplish grey
along exterior border ; covered with minute black and grey strigz : both wines with a trans-
verse discal narrow purplish grey band, and a distinct yellow narrow marginal black-bordered
band. Forewing with five, and hindwing with seven minute perfect ocelli.” (AZoore, 1. c.)
This species is apparently to be distinguished from the only other speciesin this group,
M. malsarida, by the tone of the upper surface and the size of the ocelli on the underside.
18
128 NYMPHALID/, SATYRINA, MYCALESIS.
An allied species, 4/7. janardana, has been separated as the type of a distinct genus under
the name of A/artanda* ; the type species occurs in Malacca, and also in Java and Sumatra,
and two other species belonging to the same group have been described, one from North
China, JZ. sangaica, the other from Macassar, Gilolo, &c., J. megamede. This group is
evidently closely allied to Samanta from the position of the subcostal nervules in the
hindwing, both branches arising from the end of the cell, and it is intermediate between
that group and Aabanda. Probably AZ. nautilus (p. 120) belongs to this group.
Tenth Group.—SAMANTA, Moore. ‘‘ Forewing arched towards the apex, angle convex.
Hindwing conical ; exterior margin waved; first and second subcostal branches emitted
together from end of the cell, base of the first straight, disco-cellulars straight and very
slightly oblique ; cell short. MALE with a small tuft covering a glandular patch of scales above
base of subcostal branch. yes hairy.” (Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1880, p. 166.)
All the species of this group are found in Northern India only, most of them in the
hills of N.-E. India extending to Burma,
Koy to the Species of Samanta.
B. Males with a glandular patch and tuft on hindwing only.
c, a',a?. With the ocelli of the underside distinct and prominent.
a*, With only two ocelli on the underside of forewing.
107. M. (Samanta) HERI, Bhutan.
6%, With five ocelli on the underside of forewing.
a*, With the ocelli of the underside on a lilac ground in the middle
of a broad, dark brown band ; the ocelli blind on the upperside,
more or less so on the underside.
ro8. M. (Samanta) MALSARA, Mussoorie, Sikkim, Khasi Hills, Assam.
6*, With the ocelli of the underside on a dark brown band with lilac-
grey beyond ; the ocelli distinctly pupilled above and below.
109. M. (Samanta) nicoTia, Sikkim.
4? With the ocelli of the underside minute, indistinct or obsolete.
a*, With the ocelli of the upperside blind.
a*, The discal band of the underside broad.
tro, M. (Samanta).Ruvis, Orissa, Manipur, Naga Hills, Tenasserim.
4+, The discal band of the underside narrow.
arr. M. (Samanta) LxpcHa, Himalayas, Burma.
53, With the ocelli of the upperside pupilled.
’ riz. M. (Samanta) LanGi, Mussoorie, Sikkim, Naga and Khasi Hills,
107. Mycalesis heri, Moore.
M. heri, Moore, Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. C,, vol. i, p. 233, n. 496 (1857) ; Samanta heri, Moore,
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1880, p. 167.
HABITAT : Bhutan.
EXPANSE : 2°37 inches.
DEscRIPTION :—‘‘ MALE: UPppERSIDE brown. Forewing with large upper and larger
lower ocellus. Aindwing with two larger and third smaller ocelli. UNDERSIDE paler,
the base covered with short brown undulated strize; transverse line, inner and outer border
to the oceili pale ochreous. Forewing with the two ocelli as above. S/imdwing with six
ocelli } marginal lines brown and pale ochreous.” ( AZoore, 1, 7¢3))
* Martanda, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1880, p 169. ‘‘ Wings short. Horewzng somewhat triangular,
apex slightly pointed, exterior margin slightly oblique, nearly straight and even. /Hindwing bluntly oval ;
costa very broadly convex at the base; exterior margin convex, slightly waved ; cell long, very pointed at
lower end; first and second subcostal branches from end of the cell ; disco-cellulars very oblique ; MALE with
a double subcostal tuft covering the glandular patch of scales. Avtenne@ short, club stout. Pad slender at
tip. Ayes hairy.” (AZoore, 1. c.) j
Mycalesis janardana, Moore, Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. C., vol. i, p. 234, n- 502 (1857) ; idem,
id., Distant, Rhop. Malay , p. 54, pl. v, fig. 2 (1882) ; Martanda janardana, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,
1880, p. 169. Hapsirar: Malacca, Sumatra, Java. EXPANSE : Male, 175 5 female, 1°7 inches. DESCRIPTION :
“Mate: Uppersipg dusky brown, palest on the hindwing, which has two rather indistinct black spots.
UNDERSIDE brown, the basal parts being covered with small narrow stri@; two transverse lines, the outer
margined exteriorly with white; /orewzzg with six, and hindwing with seven small ocelli, FEMALE paler on
the upper and undersides, the latter nearly covered with small dark strize 5 the transverse lines paler; the
ocelli somewhat larger than in the male.” (Joore, |. c. in Cat. Lep bk. 1. C.)
NYMPHALID. SATYRINA. MYCALESIS. 129
We have never seen a specimen of this species. The underside of the forewing bearing
two ocelli only is a character not found in any other species of this group.
108. Mycalesis malsara, Moore.
M, malsara, Moore, Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. C., vol. i, p. 231, n. 492 (1857); id., Hewitson,
Ex. Butt., vol. iii, p. 80, Wycadeszs pl. i, figs. 5, 6 (1862); Samanta malsara, Moore, Trans. Ent, Soc. Lond.,
1880, p. 166.
HasiTat: Mussoorie, Sikkim, Khasi Hills, Sibsagar, Cherra Punji.
EXPANSE : 1°90 to 2'25 inches.
DESCRIPTION: ‘‘ UPPERSIDE dark brown. Forewing with a transverse brownish-white
band, and upper and lower ocelli. Aindwing with very indistinct transverse brownish-white
streak, and two small ocelli. UNDERSIDE with transverse yellowish-white band well defined
across both wings. Forewing with five ocelli, the first and third minute. AMzzdwing with
seven larger ocelli, the third and seventh smallest.” (JZoore, I. c.)
The above is the original description ; the following is a more detailed description by
Hewitson, who gives excellent figures of both upper and undersides in his ‘‘ Exotic
Butterflies’ :—
*“UpPERSIDE rufous-brown ; forewig crossed beyond the middle by a band of white,
followed by three blind ocelli (the middle one minute) ; A7dzwing with one ocellus, indistinct ;
the outer margins of both wings rufous-white, traversed by two black lines. UNDERSIDE
rufous, undulated ; crossed beyond the middle by a band of yellowish-white, interrupted where
the wings meet, followed by a broad band of dark brown with numerous ocelli; on the
forewing five, the second and fifth largest ; on the Aindzwing seven, the first, second and fifth
largest, most of them with white pupils and rufous borders, the whole enclosed on each wing
by a tortuous line of lilac; the margins broadly white [yellowish-white ?] traversed by two
dark lines.” ( Hewitson, 1. c.)
In some specimens there are only two blind ocelli on the upperside of the forewing ;
sometimes no ocelli, sometimes two on the hindwing. The width of the discal band on the
underside is also very variable; in some Sikkim, and in a Mussoorie specimen in the Indian
Museum, Calcutta, it is less than kalf as wide as in other Sikkim and Sibsagar specimens.
The FEMALE differs in being paler, all the markings more distinct, and in the absence of the
male sexual secondary characters.
Mr. de Nicéville took it commonly in Sikkim in October, both in the tarai and lower hills,
109. Mycalesis nicotia, Hewitson.
M. xicotia, Hewitson, Gen. D. L., p. 394, pl. Ixvi, fig. 4 (1851), female ; id., Ex, Butt., vol. iii, Mycalesis
pl. i, fig. 1, wale ; Samanta nicotia, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1880, p. 167.
Hapirar: Sikkim; S. India (afd Butler.)
EXPANSE : 2°3 to 2°5 inches.
DescripTION: ‘*‘UppersiDE dark brown; the outer margin paler, traversed by
two submarginal lines of dark brown. /ovewing with two ocelli, one near the apex,
small; the other below it, large. Aindwing with one ocellus near the middle of
the outer margin; all black with white pupils and rufous borders.” (Aewitson, 1. c. in Ex.
Butt.) ‘* UNDeRsIbe rufous brown, undulated with numerous darker striz, broadly
margined with lilac [grey], on which are three black lines [the margin is rufous between
the two marginal lines] ; crossed beyond the middle by a narrow common band of yellow,
followed by a broader band of dark brown in which are numerous ocelli ; on the forewing
five, the lowest much the largest ; on the A/dwing seven, the first oval, larger than the three
following, which are small, the fifth largest, the sixth and seventh small ; all deep black, with
rufous margins and white pupils.” (ezwitsom, 1. c. in Gen. D. L.)
In the Indian Museum, Calcutta, there is a single male specimen of this species from
Sikkim, where it was taken in August. -On the upperside of the forewing there is an ocellule
attached to the upper ocellus posteriorly, and corresponding with the third ocellus of the
130 NYMPHALIDE. SATYRINA. MYCALESIS.
underside ; and on the hindwing there are two small ocelli in the interspaces above and below
that which bears the ocellus described above between the second and third median neryules.
110. Mycalesis rudis, Moore.
Samanta rudis, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1880, p. 166.
Hasitrat: N. India, Manipur, Naga Hills, Orissa, Upper Tenasserim.
EXPANSE: 1°75 to 2‘IO inches,
DESCRIPTION : ‘‘ MALE: UPPERSIDE similar to S. malsara, the pale band on the /fore-
wing being narrower. UNDERSIDE ochreous-brown, with darker brown strige, somewhat
greyish-brown on external borders. oth wings with an ochreous-yellow transverse discal
band, the inner margin of which is well defined, the outer suffused; a submarginal series of
minute indistinct white-speckled spots, the two subanal being ringed with black ; an indis-
tinct ochreous-speckled pale streak crossing middle of the cell on both wings.” (JZoore, 1. c.)
Captain C, T. Bingham took two males of this species in the Donat range in Upper
Tenasserim in January, and a female in the Upper Thoungyeen forests in April. Mr. A. O.
Hume took a single male specimen in the eastern hills of Manipur in May. In some
specimens the whitish bar on the upperside of the forewing is as narrow and indistinct as in
the following species JZ. depcha ; the two are very nearly allied, but the transverse bar of the
underside appears to be constantly much broader in this species than in JZ. lepcha. The
underside is irrorated with grey at the base and abdominal margin of hindwing, as well as on
the outer margin. The ocelli of the upperside appear to vary ; in all the Burman specimens
there are three on the forewing, and two on the hindwing distinct ; in the Manipur specimen
those of the hindwing are indistinct and of the forewing almost entirely obsolete. A single male
from Kurdah, Orissa, is a little aberrant. It is somewhat smaller ; there are no ocelli on the
upperside of the hindwing, and the discal band on the underside is yellow, not ochreous-
white, and outwardly more diffused. The underside of this specimen closely resembles some
varieties of AZ. Zerseus from the same locality.
The FEMALE differs in its much paler colouration, the transverse band of the underside
being almost white, and in lacking the sexual tuft.
rit. Mycalesis lepeha, Moore.
Samanta lepcha, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1880, p. 167.
Hapitat: N.-W. Himalayas, Nepal, Burma.
EXPANSE: 2'0 to 2'I inches.
DESCRIPTION : ‘‘ MALE: UPPERSIDE brown. Aorewing with an indistinct pale transverse
discal narrow line, and two or three submarginal indistinct blind ocelli, the upper two minute.
Hindwing with one or two similar subanal ocelli. UNDERSIDE brighter coloured, greyish exter-
nally, covered with numerous darker brown strige. oth wings with a prominent very narrow
ochreous-yellow transverse discal band, and a submarginal series of indistinct minute black and
white speckled spots ; a pale speckled indistinct streak crossing both cells.” (JZoore, 1. c.)
A single male of this species has been sent to us from Moulmein by Capt. C. H. E,
Adamson, and another from Chamba in the N.-W. Himalayas by Major C. H. T. Marshall;
in both these specimens the lower ocellus of the forewing alone is prominent on the upperside;
the upper one and those of the hindwing being almost completely obsolete; the underside of
the Moulmein specimen is irrorated with ochreous on the external margin.
Colonel Lang’s collection contains four specimens from Mussoorie taken in May at 7,000
feet elevation.
112. Mycalesis langi, de N., x. sf.
Hasitat: Naga and Khasi Hills, Sikkim, Mussoorie.
EXPANSE : 2°10 to 2°35 inches.
DescRIPTION : MALE: UPPERSIDE brown, with two marginal lines on both wings, more
prominent on the hindwing ; both inwardly defined with ochreous. forewing with a median-
NYMPHALID&, SATYRINA, MYCALESIS. 131
sized subapical ocellus, often with a smaller ocellule attached to it posteriorly, and a large
lower ocellus placed in the first median interspace, and extending beyond it on both sides.
Hindwing with one subanal ocellus placed in the first median interspace, variable in size, but
usually subequal to the anterior ocellus of the forewing ; Sometimes with a minute ocellule in
the next interspace posteriorly, and another in the interspace between the third median and
discoidal nervules. All these ocelli black, pupilled with white, and with a yellow iris.
UNDERSIDE brown with a greenish tinge. All but the area immediately interior to the
median band profusely striated with darker ; beyond the band the ground-colour is somewhat
lighter than the rest of the wing. .A prominent common wide ochreous median band, inward-
ly sharply defined, outwardly diffused ; beyond this a series of more or less obsolete minute
ocelli, in the forewing that in the first median interspace, and in the hindwing the three anal
ones usually perfect. A submarginal wavy indistinct line, and the marginal lines as above.
FEMALE paler above and below, and without the black-centred glandular patches on both
wings, and the tuft of hairs to the hindwing present in the male.
Differs from JZ. rudis and MW. lepcha chiefly in the large size of the posterior ocellus on
the upperside of the forewing, and all the ocelli on the upperside of both wings being white
pupilled. This is apparently a distinct species, as the eight specimens (six males and two
females) from which this description has been made, show but little variation. Two of the
specimens, those from Mussoorie, are in Colonel Lang’s collection 3 one male from Sikkim is in
Mr, Otto MOller’s collection ; the others are in the Indian Museum, Calcutta.
Eleventh Group.—NissanGa, Moore. ‘Wings short. Forewi2g slightly arched at the
base ; exterior margin long, slightly convex, and nearly erect ; second subcostal emitted at ead
of the cell. “indwing bluntly conical; costa broadly convex at the base, and thence
oblique to the apex ; exterior margin oblique ; cell short, quadrate, broad at its end ; subcostal
not swollen, its first branch emitted immediately before end of the cell ; disco-cellulars erect,
equal in length ; two upper median branches emitted at some distance beyond the cell. Mae
with a tuft of fine hair covering a glandular patch at base of subcostal branches. Avtenne
gradually thickened to tip. Apical joint of fa/pi long and slender. yes hairy.” (JZoore,
Trans, Ent. Soc. Lond., 1880, p. 169.)
Only two species of this group are known, both of small size, and distinguishable at once
by the peculiar nature of the lower ocellus of the forewing which is placed eccentrically at the
lower edge of a light-coloured patch, giving it the appearance of a squinting eye. They are
confined to South India and Ceylon.
Key to the Species of Nissanga.
B. Males with a glandular patch and tuft of hairs on hindwing only.
With the lower ocellus of forewing at the lower edge of a light coloured patch.
a’. Upperside ochreous brown ; the ocellular patch yellow.
113. M. (Wissanga) PATNIA, Ceylon.
2°. Upperside dull brown, the ocellular patch ochreous-white.
114. M. (Néssanga) JUNONIA, South India.
113. Mycalesis patnia, Moore.
M. patnia, Moore, Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. C., vol. i, p. 232, n. 494 (1857), male; Nissanga
patnia, id., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1880, p. 170 ; idem, id., Lep. Cey., p. 23, pl. xii, figs 2, 2a (1880), male.
hy (PO
HasiraT : Ceylon.
EXPANSE: 6, 1°62; 9, 1°75 inches. |
DESCRIPTION : **MALE and FEMALE: UPPERSIDE blackish ochreous-brown, a marginal
double yellow line on both wings. Forewing with a subapical per eae Meee
spot, a large lower black spot (or upper half of an ocellus) pupilled with white, and ie y
bordered on the upper half with pale ochreous-yellow, a broad medial ochreous streak si
thence to base of wing. Aindwing with the discal area suffused with ochreous, and in the
132 NYMPHALID. SATYRINA, MYCALESIS.
MALE with two minute discal ocellii UNDERSIDE ochreous-yellow, marginal lines bright
yellow. Forewing with an elongated subapical white spot and large prominent lower ocellus,
the lower portion of which is suffused with black ; five transverse lines commencing from the
base, and circle round the subapical spot and lower ocellus ochreous-red ; a silvery band across
the middle of the wing, and another round the upper spot and lower ocellus, Aindwing with
a subapical and two subanal white spots distantly encircled by a black line, and then by a
red line, each again enclosed by a silvery band ; a subbasal silvery band and two red lines.
Bopy brown ; fa/yz at the side and /egs beneath greyish.” (AZoore, 1.c. in Lep. Cey).
‘*Very common, and easy to capture. Taken at Galle and Kandy.” (Caeplain Wade).
It is apparently confined to the island of Ceylon.
114. Mycalesis junonia, Butler. (PLare XVI, Fic. 57¢).
M. junonia, Butler, Cat. Lep. B.M., Satyride, p. 146, pl. ili, fig. 4 (1868) ; Nissanga junonia, Moore, Trans.
Ent. Soc. Lond., 1880, p. 170.
HasitaT: Hills of South India.
EXPANSE: 1°6 to 1°8 inches.
DescrIPpTION : ‘*MALE and FEMALE: UPPERSIDE fuscous, with the margin pale, with
a [two] black line [s] on it, the c¢//a varied with greyish and fuscous. Sovewing with two black
ocelli pupilled with white, the upper one circled with brown, the lower one much larger,
circled above with an irregular whitish lunule. Azzdwing with one or two minute indistinct
discal ocelli [often absent]. UNDERSIDE olivaceous, otherwise marked almost as in AZ. patna.”
(Butler, \.c.) Th FEMALE is rather larger than the male, and lacks the secondary sexual characters.
Mr. Harold Fergusson writes of this species that in Travancore it was not common in April,
and only to be found in heayy forest at about $800 feet elevation; and later on in May that it
was fairly common in the hills at the end of the month. There are specimens in the Indian
Museum, Calcutta, taken at Koppa Anchee, Kadur District, Mysore.
The figure shows the upper and undersides of a male specimen in the Indian Museum,
taken at Trevandrum, South India.
The remaining groups of this section are chiefly confined to the Austro-Malayan region ;
one species only, AZ. fuscum,* Felder, is found as far north as the Malay Peninsula. It belongs
to a group separated by Moore as a new genus under the name of AZydosama.+ Thesame group
was previously characterised by Felder as Dasyomma, but that name was rejected owing to
its having been previously used in the order Diptera,
Twelfth Gioup.—LOESA, Moore. **MALE: Sorewing somewhat elongate and narrow ;
costa arched at the base and apex; exterior margin oblique, slightly convex ; second subcostal
branch emitted at some distance beyond the cell. A¢nadwing bluntly ovate ; costa arched
at base ; apex, exterior margin and anal angle convex ; a tuft of fine hair at base of subcostal,
and a slender tuft covering a groove on middle of submedian nervure ; cell short, broad
in the middle ; subcostal concave at its base, first branch emitted close to end of the cell,
* Dasyomma fuscum, Felder, Wien. Ent. Monatsch., vol. iv, p. 401, n. 27 (1860); MMycalesis diniche,
Hewitson, Ex. Butt, vol. iii, p. 85, J/ycalesis pl. iv, fig. 23 (1862), made; id., Journ, Linn. Soc., Zoology,
vol. viii, p. 146 (1865); AZ. margites, id., Ex. Butt., vol. v, Mycalesis pl. ix, fig. 59 (1874), /emale ; Mydosama
Juscum, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1880, p. 170; Mycalesis fusca, Distant, Rhop. Malay., p. 53, pl. v,
fig 1 (1882), female. Hapirat: Malay Peninsula, Singapore, Sumatra, Borneo. Exranse: Male, 19;
female, 2°3 inches (from lHewitson’s figures). Descriprion: ‘‘MaLe: Upprersibe fuscous. Forewing
with a blind ocellus. Mindwing with the disc slightly suffused with violet, with two ocelli scarcely distinct.
UnvERSIDE. Both wings brown, powdered with fulvous, with two ferruginous discal lines. /orewing with
four ocelli. Aéndwing with seven on a ferruginous ground.” (edder, |. c.)
+ Genus Mydosama, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1880, p. 170. ‘‘Wings short. Forewing regularly
arched along the costa; exterior margin slightly convex and oblique; second subcostal branch emitted imme-
diately before end of the cell; disco-cellulars very slightly concave. AHudwing bluntly conical; costa convex;
exterior margin and angles convex, slightly waved ; cell broadly triangular ; first subcostal branch emitted close
to end of the cell, and in the MALE swollen at its base ; disco-cellulars oblique, slightly concave ; two upper
median branches emitted from end of the cell. Maver with a tuft of fine hair covering a glandular patch at
bose of first subcostal branch. Club of axtenne moderate. Padfi less laxly clothed beneath than in Vissanga,
and the terminal joint shorter. Zyes hairy.” (Aoore, 1. c.)
NYMPHALID. SATYRIN#. NEORINA. 133
second concave at its base ; disco-cellulars long, oblique, straight ; two upper median branches
from end of the cell. Avtenne with a well-formed terminal club ; fa//z pointed at tip.
Eyes hairy.” (Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1880, p. 177.)
Only two species of this group are known: the type species Z. oreatis* inhabits Java ;
the other, which is apparently very closely allied, and may be only the continental representative
of the Javan species, was discovered in Upper Tenasserim by Captain C. T. Bingham. ‘The
bright rufous colouring of these species gradually darkening to the outer margin, distinguish them
from all other Asiatic AZjycalesis.
Eeoy to the Indian Species of Loesa.
C. Males with two glandular pouches and tufts on hindwing.
a. Upperside rich bright rufous, darker towards the costal and outer margins.
11s. M. (ZLoesa) sunKHA, Upper Tenasserim.
115. Mycalesis surkha, Marshall.
M. surkha, Marshall, Journ. A. S. B., vol. li, pt. 2, p. _, pl. iv, fig. 1 (1882), sale; Loesa fervida, Butler,
Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., fifth series, vol. x, p. 372 (1882).
Hapitat: Donat Range, Upper Tenasserim,
EXPANSE: 2°15 inches.
DESCRIPTION: MALE: UPPERSIDE rich bright fulvous; the costa, the apical area
broadly, and thence decreasing to the inner angle of the forewing, and the outer margin of the
hindwing suffused darker. Forewing with a minute black dot in the upper discoidal, and a
larger spot in the first median interspace, black, suryounded with an indistinct lighter iris than
the ground-colour. UNDERSID# rich brown, with a common narrow discal purple band, beyond
which the ground-colour is much lighter. An indistinct dark bar crosses the middle of the cell
in the forewing, and a similar subbasal line in the Aindwing. Forewing with the spots of the
upperside replaced by two small equal-sized ocelli Azndwing with a series of seven ocelli,
the first three small, subequal, the fourth minute, the fifth the largest, the sixth and seventh in
the same interspace equal in size to the three first. Two indistinct waved marginal lines to both
wings. The sexual characters consist of a pale glandular patch on the underside of the inner
margin of the forewing, and a similar patch on the upperside of the costal margin of the
hindwing, with, on the latter, a tuft of hair at the base of the subcostal nervure, which tuft is
dark brown at the base, and the tips of the hairs yellow. A similar tuft of hairs occupies
a slit in the middle of the submedian nervure of the hindwing, With the opening above.
Differs from MZ. oroatis in the smaller size of all the.ocelli. In A. oroatis the lower
ocellus on the upperside of the forewing is large, perfect, and occupies the entire breadth of
the interspace. i
A single specimen was taken by Captain C. T. Bingham in the Donat Range in January,
which is now inthe Indian Museum, Calcutta ; and another taken in the lower Thoungyeen
forests has been deposited in the British Museum, where it now stands as ZL. fervida, Butler,
The FEMALE is unknown. ,
Genus 9.—NEORINA, Westwood. (PLATE XIV).
Neorina, Westwood, Gen. D. L., p. 369 (1851).
‘*“Bopy robust; WINGs large, subtriangular. Forewing with a broad oblique pale
fascia. Loth wings with a large ocellus near the outer angle on the underside. HEAD large,
hairy, not tufted in front. Zyes large, smooth. Ax/enn@ not more than two-fifths of the
length of the forewing, very slender, much curved downwards at the tip ; joints scarcely
distinct, terminated by an elongated, very slender, and gradually forméd club. Palpi broad,
much compressed, very hairy in front, and with a small tuft of hairs in the middle of
* Mycalesis oroatis, Hewitson, Ex. Butt., vol. iii, p. 90, Aycalesis pl. vi, figs. 38, 39 (1864) male; Loesa
oroatis, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond , 1880, p. 177. HapiraT: Java. ExpaNnSE:20 inches. DkSCRIPTION:
“Mave: UppersIvE rufous. Forewing with the costal margin, and the apical half dark brown, with two ocelli,
one near the apex small and indistinct [not shown in the figure], the other large. Aimdwing with the outer
margin broadly brown. UNorrsipE dark brown, paler beyond the middle. Both wings crossed at the middle
by a narrow common band of lilac ; both with the outer margin, and two submarginal lines (the inner much
curved [highly lunulate] brown. Forewing with two large ocelli, Hindwing with seven, the first four of equal
size (the fourth immature), the fifth large.” (Hewitson, 1. c.)
134. NYMPHALID#. SATYRINA. NEORINA.
the back of the middle joint ; terminal joint very small, slender, and oval, obliquely porrected,
but scarcely reaching to the level of the top of the eyes. Zhorax robust, oval, hairy.
Abdomen elongate, rather narrow. Forewing large, subtriangular ; costal margin much arched,
apex slightly rounded ; outer margin fivé-ninths of the length of the costal margin, nearly
Straight, and very slightly scalloped; inner angle rounded ; inner margin nearly straight
in both sexes, considerably longer than the outer. Cos¢al nervure but slightly swollen at
the base, and extending only to the middle of the costa. Szdcostal nervure with its branches
free ; the first and second arising close together before the anterior extremity of the discoidal
cell, and uniting with the costa far beyond the extremity of the costal nervure ; third branch
arising half way between the cell and the tip; fourth branch arising at a little distance
beyond the third, extending to the tip of the wing ; the terminal part of the nervure extending
below the tip. Offer disco-cellular nervule very short and oblique, arising at about two-fifths
of the length of the wing (at the tip of the little dark brown tooth on the inside of the fulvous
bar in J. Alda, which in fact forms the boundary of the discoidal cell). A/¢ddle disco-cellular
rather longer, transverse. Lower disco-cellular much longer, more oblique, and slightly
curved, uniting with the third branch of the median nervure ; closing the discoidal cell almost
ina right angle, this third branch being angulated at the point of junction, which is at the
same distance from the origin of the third branch as exists between the first and second
branches. A/indwing nearly semicircular, the outer angle rounded ; costal margin much arched ;
outer margin slightly scalloped. The nervures arranged as in Orinoma, the discoidal cell not
extending more than two-fifths of the length of the wing, and closed by a slightly curved
lower disco-cellular nervule, united to the median nervure at the origin of its third branch.
Forelegs of the MALE small, moderately feathered; the divisions being of nearly equal
length and thickness. our hindlegs long and strong, scaly, with very few hairs ; ¢déa nearly
as long as the femur, with two rows of small spines beneath ; “dal spurs long and very
acute ; fa7sw#s with several rows of short spines beneath and at the sides. C/aws strong, acute,
simple, and very much curved. Paronychia minute, bifid.”
“‘V. hilda, the type of the genus, might easily, from its general appearance and colouring,
be mistaken for one of the A/orfhine, but its hairy palpi and the arrangement of the nervures
of the wings refer it to the present subfamily, from most of which it is distinguished by the
slightly swollen base of the nervures of the forewing, its large size, and peculiar style of
markings.” (Westwood, 1. c.)
Eey to the Indian Species of Neorina.
A. A prominent band crossing the forewing.
a. Of moderate size (under five inches in expanse) ; the band yellow ; hindwing rounded.
116. N. HiLpA, Sikkim, Assam.
&. Of large size (over five inches in expanse in Indian specimens) ; the band almost white;
hindwing with a distinct tail.
117. N. crisHna, Cachar, Assam, Java,
c. Of smaller size (about three inches iu expanse) ; with a complete series of ocelli on both wings,
on upper and undersides.
118. N. MARGARITA, Sikkim.
The latter species, V. margarite, is only tentatively placed here ; it was placed by the
describer, Mr. H. J. Elwes, as Lethe (?), and it probably is generically distinct from both
Neorina and Lethe, but in the absence of specimens we can give no positive opinion, nor can
we assign to ita place among the Ze¢hes for the same reason.
Only one other species in the genus has been described, JV. /owi?, from Sumatra and
Borneo, This genus contains the largest and perhaps most striking species of the subfamily
Satyrin@ that occur in India.
116. Weorina hilda, Westwood.
NV. hilda, Westwood, Gen. D. L., p. 370, pl. Ixv, fig. 2 (1851), male.
HapiraT: N.-E. India (Sikkim and Sibsagar),
EXPANSE: 4°6 to 4'8 inches.
DESCRIPTION : MALE: UPPERSIDE, velvety blackish brown. Forewing with a transverse
yellow macular band from before the middle of the costa to the hinder angle, and passing just at
NYMPHALID. SATYRIN ZS. NEORINA. 135
the outer edge of the short discoidal cell; a large black round somewhat obscure subapical spot
with a minute white pupil ;- a white spot on the upper edge of the large black spot (with a
smaller one above it), and a smaller one on its lower edge, and two indistinct dark submarginal
sinuous lines. C7/éa dark brown, paler towards the inner angle. “indwing with the apical
margin yellow, in continuation of the transverse band of the forewing ; the rest of the outer
margin irrorated with yellow scales ; two indistinct sinuous submarginal lines of a darker brown
colour ; the nervules and a spot between each pair along the margin brown, owing to the ab-
sence of the yellow irrorations. Cz/ia pale yellow. UNDERSIDE paler and brighter brown.
Forewing with the yellow macular band of the upperside broader and paler ; two dark sinuous
submarginal lines, and irrorated with lilac within the inner one towards the apex ; a prominent
black ocellus between the discoidal nervules, minutely pupilled with white, and narrowly ringed
with yellow and dark brown, with two prominent white spots above, and two below, sometimes
narrowly ringed with dark brown, Aindwing with two dark irregular indistinct subbasal lines,
a prominent ocellus between the subcostal nervuies as on the forewing. The abdominal margin
irrorated with yellow extending into and slightly beyond the cell, the irroration more dense at
the anal angle ; a submarginal band of lilac irrorations most pronounced towards the apex and
anal angle, broadest and most diffused in the middle ; four small bluish submarginal spots, the
fourth developed as an ocellus, and two dark sinuous submarginal lines ; the outer angle yellow
as on upperside, The FEMALE differs only in the abdomen being shorter, and the forelegs
clothed with short hairs. The markings of the wings are identical with those of the male.
Sikkim and Assam are the only localities from which we have received this species.
117. Neorina crishna, Westwood. (PLATE XIV, Fic. 34 ?).
Cylio crishna, Westwood, Gen. D. L., p. 361 (1851), male; Neorina crishna, Butler, Cat. Lep. B. M.,
Satyrfd@, p. 111, n. 2 (1868).
HasirTaT: N.-E. India, Java.
EXPANSE : 3°75 ( Westwood) ; 5°3 tc 58 inches.
DESCRIPTION : *‘ MALE; Forewing scarcely angulate below the apex. Hindwing caudate
in the middle. Upprrsipe, both wings fuscous. Forewing with a broad oblique yellowish white
band from the middle of the costa to the hinder angle, including a black mark at the extremity
of the discoidal cell ; a large black subapical ocellus with a minute white pupil, and two white
spots circled externally with yellowish [above it]. Aindzwing with the apex whitish 3; two
ocelli towards the anal angle ; both wings with a submarginal wavy yellowish streak. UNDER-
SIDE similar, with the subapical ocellus of the forewing minute. Aixzdzezng with an ocellus near
the apex, and two minute ocelli towards the anal angle.” ( Westwood, 1. c.)
The species which we have called MV. cvishna differs from the original description trans-
lated above in the following points : On the UPPERSIDE of the Azzdwing there is no trace of an
ocellus in some specimens, and in others there is only one towards the anal angle, which shows
through by transparency very indistinctly from the underside. On the UNDERSIDE of the /ore-
wing the subapical ocellus islarge not minute, black, pupilled with white, with a yellow and then
a narrow black ring. The Azzdwing has a subapical ocellus as in the forewing, but with the yel-
low iris dilated at that portion of its circumference directed towards the base of the wing; a
somewhat smaller but still large subanal ocellus between the two lower median nervules, and
between these two ocelli there are three other much smaller ones, one between each pair of the
nervules, their violet centres somewhat blurred ; these ocelli are sometimes obsolescent, and only
represented by suffused violet dots. Both wings with two submarginal dark wavy lines, the
area within the inner one and along its outer margin irrorated with violescent scales, which in
the hindwing extend up the abdominal margin. There is also an irroration of yellowish scales
just beyond and below the discoidal cell. The FEMALE is identical with the male in markings,
but can be known by its shorter abdomen, and the forelegs clothed with short hairs.
The great difference in size between the species originally described by Westwood and
those referred to above, as well as the notable differences in the ocellation, suggest a doubt as
to whether the above identification is correct. Westwood’s species is described from Java and
19
136 NYMPHALID. SATYRIN. LETHE.
North India, but we know of nothing in North India that answers to it. If it should turn out
that the WV. crishna of Westwood is really confined to Java, anew name would have to be
given to the Indian species here described.
Mr. Wood-Mason took numerous specimens on Nemotha, 3,300 feet elevation, in Cachar,
in September and October ; and there are specimens in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, from
Cherra Punji, Assam, and in Major Marshall’s collection from Shillong. A female specimen
from Cherra Punji is figured, and shews the upper and undersides.
118. Neorina margarite, Elwes.
Lethe (?) margarite, Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882, p. 405, pl. xxv, fig. 1, male.
HaBiTaT: Sikkim.
EXPANSE: 3'1 [3°4 in the plate] inches.
DeEscRIPTION: ‘*MALE: Colour hair-brown, paler on underside. [Forewing] with a
transverse pale fawn-coloured band beyond the discoidal cell, well defined on underside and
fainter above ; a similar band near the margin of the wing at an acute angle to the first,
enclosing five white-pupilled ocelli in a straight row, [distinct on underside, indistinct on
upperside] ; on the exterior margin are two narrow lines of similar colour to the bands [on
both wings on both sides]. Pattern of Aimdwing on the underside somewhat similar, but the
transverse band is rather curved outwards, and there is a large ocellus between the first and
second subcostal nervules. The ocellus at anal angle has a double pupil. The bands on the
hindwing do not show onthe upperside, and the ocelli are indistinct. Antenne in size and
shape like those of Meorina hilda, rufous with reddish tip. Pa/fi longer, more pointed, and
less hairy than in WV. hilda. Abdomen and legs rather shorter.” (Ziwes, 1. c.)
UpprersIDE : Both wings hair-brown, with two narrow pale fawn-coloured bands on the
outer margin." Forewing with a pale fawn-coloured band beyond the cell, and a submarginal
row of indistinct ocelli fading into fawn-coloured spots near the costa. Aindwing with five
submarginal black spots, the two lower pupilled with white and ringed with yellow, brightest
on the outer edge, the three upper blind, and the iris disappearing towards the costa. UNDER-
SIDE paler, the fawn-coloured marginal lines as on upperside. orewing with a submarginal
fawn-coloured band bearing five perfect ocelli ; and the transverse fawn-coloured band of the
upperside but wider and more distinct. Aixdwing with a similar submarginal band, also
bearing five perfect ocelli, the lowest bipupilled ; a separate very large ocellus between the sub-
costal nervules, and a straight fawn-coloured band from the costa crossing the end of the cell, but
not passing the submedian nervure or reaching the lowest ocellus. (Described from the figure).
Captain Elwes, in describing this species, writes: ‘‘ A single male specimen of this fine
and distinct species was in the collection [from Sikkim], and appears very distinct from any-
thing which has been described. At first sight it seems most nearly allied to WV. hilda, but
does not quite agree with that species in neuration. Neither does it agree exactly with either
Zophoessa ox Lethe, though it somewhat resembles Z. /unaris, Butler, in markings. Until we
know more of the insect, it will be best to leave it in the genus Zethe, which requires careful
revision, as the species at present comprised in it are very varied.”
In the absence of specimens for examination we are unable to assign a place for this insect
in the genus Lethe, which embraces forms showing several distinctive structural features. We
have, therefore, provisionally placed it with Meoriza immediately preceding Lethe.
J Genus 10.—LETHE, Hiibner. (PLATES X anp XI).
Lethe, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett., p. 56 (1816) ; Dedis, Westwood, Gen. D. L., p. 358 (1851).
‘* Bopy, rather small ; wINGs large ; Aindwing generally angulated in the middle, with
a row of large ocelli. HEAD, rather small, scarcely tufted in front. Zyes hairy, prominent,
especially in the males. Palpi rather elongated, elevated obliquely as high as, or higher than,
the level of the top of the eyes, and porrected to a short distance in front of the face ; the
long middle joint without any tuft on the back, clothed in front with moderately short fine
hairs, not forming a close mass ; terminal joint very short and slender. <Amsfenne@ not, or
NYMPHALID. SATYRIN. LETHE. 137
scarcely, half the length of the forewing, very slender; terminated by a slender gradually
formed club, composed of very short joints. 7orax very short, thick, and hairy. Addomen
small. FOREWING triangular-ovate ; costal margin strongly curved ; apex rounded ; outer margin
straight, or but little emarginate, about three-fifths of the length of the anterior margin ; inner
margin nearly straight, about as long as the outer margin. Cosva/ nervure dilated at the base,
extending rather beyond the middle of the costa. Swdcostal nervure with its first and second
branches arising before the anterior extremity of the discoidal cell, the third and fourth
beyond it, about the same distance apart as between the origin of the second and third
branches, and of the fourth branch and the tip of the wing. Offer disco-cellular very
minute, oblique ; middle disco-cellular much longer, curved at the extremity, being directed
rather outwards ; lower disco-celludar longer than the middle one, nearly straight, also directed
obliquely outwards, uniting with the third branch of the median nervure at about the same
distance from its origin as exists between the first and second branches ; the third branch
being considerably angulated at the point of junction, whereby the discoidal cell is closed
somewhat acutely rather beyond the middle of the wing. HINDWING subovate, more or less
scalloped along the outer margin, which is generally deeply angulated, or rather shortly
tailed at the extremity of the third branch of the median nervure. /recostal nervure curved,
the tip directed outwards. Costal nervure extending to about two-thirds of the length of
the costa. First branch of the subcostal nervure arising at a moderate distance from its base,
the extremity extending to the outer angle of the wing. Ufper and lower disco-cellular nervules
oblique, curved, of nearly equal length ; the upper one arising at a short distance from the
origin of the first branch of the subcostal nervure ; the lower one uniting with the median
nervure close to, or exactly at, the origin of the third branch, closing the discoidal cell in an
acute point, FORELEGS very minute, and thickly clothed with long silky hairs. The tarsus
slender, as long as the tibia, and destitute of joints or claws. ore/egs of the FEMALE rather
longer than those of the male, slender, scaly, destitute of hairs, of nearly equal thickness
throughout ; the tarsal articulations concealed by scales ; obliquely truncate at the tip, where
are a few short spines, indicating the very short terminal joints. MIDDLE and HINDLEGS rather
short, slender, scaly ; ¢b¢a but very slightly furnished with a few short spines ; ¢2d7a/ spurs rather
long ; ¢arsi nearly cylindrical ; basal joint half the length of the tarsus, with but a few very
short spines on the underside. CLAws very much curved ; paronychia very slender.”
‘* The hairy eyes, slender elongated palpi, dilated base of the costal nervure of the forewing,
the middle and lower disco-cellular nervules of nearly equal length ; and the acute termination of
the discoidal cell of the hindwing are the chief characters of this genus.” (Westzvood, 1.c.)
This is an Indo-Malayan genus. The species are very numerous, and are widely spread,
though, except in East and South India, they seem entirely confined to the hilly regions. They
are for the most part brown on the upperside, often with a prominent white bar on the forewing;
the underside being always ocellated, often richly variegated, though as a rule not so richly as
in Zophoessa; and are of rather small size, seldom exceeding three inches in expanse,
They are chiefly found in forests and shady places amongst the undergrowth, settling on or
near the ground, or upon dead leaves.
There are thirty-five species recorded from India. By far the largest number are found in
the Eastern Himalayas and Assam. One species only, Z. europa, seems very widely spread,
as it occurs throughout India, Malayana, Java and China. Z. vofria also has a wide range, as
it is found all along the Himalayas and on our eastern frontier, in Burma, Tenasserim and
again in Java. The others are local and many of them rare. The genus requires revision, but
the material at our command is not yet sufficient for the purpose ; of the thirty-five species
recorded we have specimens of only twenty-five, and even of these we have in many instances
only one or two, representing a single sex.
The genus is divisable into two main groups, in the first of which the male insects possess
sexual glands, and tufts of hair on the wings, showing affinity in this point with Cel/ites and
Mycalesis ; in the second group the male insects lack these characters, showing affinity with
Zophoessa and Neofe. The second group is further divisible into two subgroups, by the shape
of the discoidal cell in the hindwing.
138 NYMPHALID:. SATYRINA LETHE.
Eey to the Groups of Lethe.
A. Males with a long narrow patch of differently formed scales from those of the rest of the wing, placed
on the upperside of the forewing below the median nervule,
B. Males without sexual glands and tufts on either wing.
a. The apex of the cell in the hindwing a# the origin of the second median nervule.
b. The apex of the cell in the hindwing deyond the origin of the second median nervule.
C. White with rufous brown markings *
The differentiation of the sexes in this genus, as regards colour and markings, is consider-
able and varied, but in most cases the general pattern and style of colouration of the underside
of the hindwing is identical in both sexes. The usual difference consists in the presence in
the female of a conspicuous white bar or series of spots in the forewing, which in the male
is absent ; but this is not universal ; in some the colouration of the upperside also differs, while
in three at least, Z. vohria, L. vermaand L. masoni, the white bar is found in both sexes. In
the first species, Z. scanda, the sexes are of totally different colours on the upperside, the male
being indigo-blue, and the female dark brown, neither sex having white markings. In JZ.
Jatiavis, the female has a narrow pale ochreous fascia on the forewing, which is wanting in the
male ; and in the other four species of the first group, the female has white markings, which
are altogether absent in the males.
The first group contains six Indian species, and is further divisible into three subgroups
based on the different nature and position of these sexual tufts, and these subgroups correspond
exactly with the geographical distribution of the insects ; three species from North-East India
have a conspicuous tuft of hairs on the hindwing, in addition to the narrow raised patch near
the inner margin of the forewing ; one species from Burma and Malayana has the conspicuous
tuft of hairs on the hindwing, but in a different position ; and, lastly, two species from Ceylon
lack the tuft on the hindwing altogether. The principal characters of the species of the first
group, found within Indian limits, are given in the key below.
Key to the Indian species of Lethe.
First Group.
A. Males with a long narrow patch of differently formed scales from those of the rest of the wing, placed
on the upperside of the forewing below the median nervure.
a. The narrow patch of raised scales placed on either side of the middle of the submedian
nervure. :
a'. Males witha conspicuous tuft of long black hairs placed upon a glandular
patch onthe upperside of the hindwing immediately below the cell, and
on the base of the second median nervule ; the apex of the cell beyond the.
origin of the second median nervule. The ocelli on underside of hind-
wing not disintegrated, but some of the ocelli bearing several white dots
besides the pupil.
a”. Male, upperside rich deep indigo-blue, paler on the margins.
Female dark brown, with only two indistinct yellowish sub-
apical marks on the upperside of the forewing.
11g. L. scanpa, Sikkim.
52, Male, upperside rich rufous brown, crossed at the middle of the fore-
wing by a band of darker brown. Female, with the darker brown
band outwardly margined by a series of pure white spots.
z20. L. BHAIRAVA, Sikkim.
©?. Male, upperside pale dull brown; forewing without markings.
Female, similar in colouration, but the forewing crossed by a
transverse oblique ochreous band.
121. L,. LATIARIS, N.-E. India, Burma.
4’, Males with the tuft of hairs on the hindwing placed between the first and
second median nervules. The apex of the cell at the origin of the second
median nervule. Ocelli on underside of hindwing disintegrated.
122. L. MINERVA, Tenasserim, Malayana.
* The proper position of this species cannot be ascertained in the absence of specimens for examination,
NYMPHALID. SATYRINZ, LETHE. 139
é. Males with the tuft of hairs on the forewing placed between the first median nervule and
submedian nervure. Ocelli on underside of hindwing not disintegrated.
a. Male, upperside dark brown, with a few indistinct markings. Female also
dark brown, with a conspicuous white band across the forewing.
123. L. (Hanipha) sinaca, Ceylon.
6). Male unknown. Female, upperside ferruginous-brown, with markings some-
what as in Z. sthala
124. L.(Hanipha) pyNSATE, Ceylon.
The glandular patch of scales on the forewing of the North-Indian species is not very
conspicuous, but can easily be detected by careful examination.
119. Lethe scanda, Moore.
Debis scanda, Moore, Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. C., vol. i, p. 218, n. 451 (1857), male; Debis
nada, idem, id., n. 452, female.
HABITaT ; Sikkim.
EXPANSE: 6, 2°53 2, 2°62 inches.
DESCRIPTION ; ‘‘ MALE: UPPERSIDE blackish, glossed with blue; along the margins
pale purplish-blue. AZizdwéng with indistinct submarginal black spots. [There is a conspi-
cuous tuft of black hairs placed on the second median nervule from its origin at the median
nervure.] UNDERSIDE deep ferruginous-brown. Sorewing with a transverse paler band across
the discoidal cell, and another across the disc; a submarginal row of [four] pale ocelli.
findwing with two transverse darker lines, and a submarginal series of six, and
a geminated seventh ocellus; margins pale, with a narrow darker line.” ‘* FEMALE:
UPPERSIDE dark brown. forewing with two indistinct yellowish subapical marks. A7nd-
wing with a row of four small black submarginal spots. UNDERSIDE deep bright fer-
ruginous. orewing with transverse band across discoidal cell, and another across the disc,
yellowish ; a submarginal row of pale ocelli. Aindwing with two transverse darker lines and
a row of submarginal ocelli ; margins pale, with a darker narrow line. Cz/ia white. Remark.
—This may possibly be only the female of the preceding species [Z. scanda].” (Joore, 1. c.)
L. scanda is a rare insect, and we have never seen the female. The male is at once
distinguished from all the other species of the genus known to us by the upperside being
most beautifully glossed with indigo-blue. It has as yet only been found in Sikkim,
120. Lethe bhairava, Moore.
Debis bhairava, Moore, Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. C., vol. i, p. 217, n. 450 (1857), female; Debis
anysis, Hewitson, Ex. Butt., vol. iii, Dedzs pl. i, fig. x (1862), male.
HABITAT: Sikkim.
EXPANSE: 6, 2°62 to 2°80; 9, 2°6 inches.
DEscRIPTION : “* MALE: UPPERSIDE rufous-brown. Forew7ng crossed at the middle by
a band of darker brown. Hindwing witha tuft of long hair in the middle, and half way between
it and the outer margin, four ocelli, the lower two only with white pupils, the iris indistinct
light brown. UNDERSIDE rufous. /orewing crossed by three bands of rufous-brown ; one
near the base ; one a little beyond it, crossing the cell only; the third beyond the middle,
followed by four nearly blind ocelli, though pupilled with white, with a rufous border above
and below. Hindwing crossed by two rufous bands, one near the base, the other near the
middle (curved), followed by seven ocelli ; the first near the costal margin (largest), the seventh
near the anal angle (minute, united to the sixth), all black with white pupils ; the iris rufous-orange,
bordered with black, and again by rufous-yellow and rufous-brown ; the outer margin and
a line near it brown.” (/Zewitson, 1. c). ‘* FEMALE: UPPERSIDE olive-brown., Forewing with
a transverse sharply-defined dusky line, bordered with a series of small white spots, disposed
obliquely from beyond the middle of anterior to near posterior margin, one-fourth from the
angle ; also a subapical row of four small yellow spots, parallel with exterior margin. Aind-
wing with four submarginal round black spots encircled with pale brown, and medially
disposed from near anterior to near anal angle. UNDERSIDE luteous-brown. forewing with
140 NYMPHALID/:. SATYRINA. LETHE.
two transverse ferruginous-brown lines, the inner one bifid across discoidal cell, the outer
straight, and bordered by the white spots ; a submarginal row of four pale ocelli, also an ante-
rior terminal yellow spot. Aindwing with two transverse ferruginous-brown lines, and a sub-
marginal row of six ocelli; a narrow dark marginal line to both wings. ” (Moore, |. c.)
‘Except in the form of the hindwing, Z. anysis seems identical with Z. dhairava. May it not
be the male of that insect?” (Butler, Cat, Lep. B. M., Satyride, p. 117, n. 22 (1868).
Both sexes of this species appear to be rare.
The next species has somewhat the aspect of Z. Ayrania, especially on the underside, but
is larger, and the male has a tuft of hair on the upperside of the hindwing.
121. Lethe latiaris, Hewitson.
Debis latiaris, Hewitson, Ex. Butt., vol. iii, Dedzs pl. i, fig. 4 (1862), female; Lethe latiaris, Butler, Cat.
Lep. B.M., Satyride, p. 117, n. 23 (1868).
HasitTaT: Sylhet, Assam, Khasi Hills, Upper Tenasserim.
EXPANSE: 2'0 to 2°7 inches.
DESCRIPTION: ‘‘ FEMALE: UPPERSIDE yellow-brown. Forewing with an indistinct
transverse band at the middle, and a small rufous spot near the apex. indwing with three
indistinct blind ocelli [in one specimen all the ocelli of the underside show through indis-
tinctly by transparency on the upperside] ; the outer margin and a line near it dark brown, the
space between the lines yellow. Cz/ia grey. UNDERSIDE light grey or yellow-brown.
Both wings with the outer margin and a line near it dark brown, with between them a line of
yellow. Forewing crossed before the middle by two short rufous bands ; at the middle by
a band of white (its inner border rufous), forming a triangle with a broad grey band,
which runs parallel to the outer margin, and incloses four small indistinct ocelli. Aendwing
crossed before the middle by a straight rufous band; at the middle by a curved band of the
same colour, followed by seven ocelli ; the first apart from the rest, the sixth and seventh
(at the anal angle) in one; all black with white pupils, the iris yellow, margined with dark
brown, and again with lilac-white.” ( Hewitson, lic.) ‘* MALE, differs in several particulars
from the female. Aindwing less angulated, with a discal hairy streak above, and the central
bands on the UNDERSIDE are placed slightly nearer together.” (Budler, 1. c.) The forewing on
the UPPERSIPE is unmarked.
Somewhat rare ; it has been taken at Shillong in May.
The next species has the same general aspect as Z. mekarva, and the female has a bent
macular band of pure white spots, as in the females of Z. mekara and its allies.
122. Lethe minerva, Fabricius.
Papilio minerva, Fabricius, Syst. Ent., p. 493, n. 216 (1775) ; Papilioarcadia, Cramer, Pap, Ex., vol. ii, pl,
exvi, figs. E, F (1777), female; Satyrus caumas, Godart, Enc. Méth., vol. ix., p. 479, n. 7 (1819); Lethe
arcadia, Butler, Cat. Lep. B. M., Satyride, p. 118, n. 24 (1868) ; id., Moore, Proc. Zool. Sec. Lond., 1878,
p. 824.
HapsitaT: Upper Tenasserim, Sumatra, Java.
EXPANSE: 2°5 inches.
DESCRIPTION: MALE: UppersIDE dark brown, with the extreme outer margins of doth
wings and the cilia pale brown. Forewing with the basal two-thirds thickly clothed with paler
brown hairs than the ground-colour, especially on either side of the middle third of the sub-
median nervure ; the ground-colour on either side of this nervure, but especially behind it
being black. Two or three subapical pale spots. //izdwing with the basal area and the
costal margin dark brown ; the cell and abdominal margin thickly clothed with long paler hairs.
Outer margin and disc bright ferruginous. Three oval small black spots in the median and
discoidal interspaces, a larger and outwardly diffused spot in the upper discoidal interspace. A
marginal orange line bounded on either side by very fine dark lines, A conspicuous oval
patch of black scales placed at the base of the first median interspace, with a tuft of long
hairs lying over it, UNDERSIDE ochreous, suffused darker on the disc and at the outer angle
NYMPHALID/E, SATYRINZE. LETHE. 14t
of the forewing. A common subbasal brown line commencing before the apex of the cell in the
forewing, and ending near the middle of the abdominal margin of the hindwing ; the area beyond
it paler ; a discal very irregular similar line across both wings. /orewing with a submarginal
series of four inconspicuous rudimentary ocelli placed on a violet ground, which is continued
to the apex ; a series of three minute dots with paler borders placed transversly in the middle
of the cell. Aindwing with a submarginal series of seven indistinct yellow ocelli, the two anal
ones run together, with black centres broken up into numerous minute dots ; marginal lines to
both wings as on upperside. FEMALE differs on the upperside in having all the ground-colour
except the apex and outer margin of the forewing, bright ferruginous. Forewing, with the sub-
apical spots pure white, and with a bent macular band of pure white spots across the disc. The
anterior spot elongate and somewhat quadrate, reaching from the costa to the lower discoidal
nervule ; a large rounded spot in the second median interspace ; a smaller one in the interspace
below, and the last, double the size of the one above it, in the space below the first median
nervule. Aindwing with a fifth diffused black spot in the space above the subcostal nervure.
UNDERSIDE paler than in the male, with a white band across the disc of the forewing, out-
wardly sharply angled, and inwardly clearly defined with a dark brown line.
Godart’s description of Satyrus caumas* is appended for reference. It is not known why
Messrs. Moore and Butler have rejected the older Fabrician name for this species.
Captain C. T. Bingham took this species in the Donat Range and Meplay in January, at
Meplay in January and February, in the Thoungyeen Forests in March and May, and at
Houndraw in November ; and Limborg took it at Ahsown probably in the cold weather.
The next two species are closely allied, and have the same general aspect as Z. daretis
and Z. drypetis of the second group ; and having, in the female only, a conspicuous white bar
on the forewing. Moore, in his ‘‘ Lepidoptera of Ceylon,” page 18, has placed them in a distinct
genus from Zethe, which he characterises as follows :—Genus HANIPHA. ‘* Wings similar in form
and venation to Zethe, but the forewing comparatively shorter and of less breadth, and the Aznd-
wine longer. MALE with a conspicuous lengthened tuft of short hairs transversely covering a
sericeous patch of compact raised scales between the first median nervule and submedian ner-
vure ; first median nervule much curved. Type, &. sihala,” (Moore, 1. c.)
123. Letho sihala, Moore.
L. sihala, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, p. 555 ; Hanipha sihala, id. Lep. Cey., p. 19, pl. viii, figs.
2, 2b, male ; 2a, female (1880).
HABITAT : Ceylon.
EXPANSE: 6, 2°25 ; 2, 2°50 inches.
DESCRIPTION : ‘SMALE: UPPERSIDE dark olive-brown. Horewing with two very indistinct or
obsolete dusky-white apical spots, and a longitudinal tuft of long blackish-brown hairs between
first median nervule and submedian nervure. Aindwing with a submarginal series of indistinct
black spots. ‘UNDERSIDE, basal area dark brown, apical area pale brown, being divided on the
forewing by an oblique discal chalybeate-purple streak, and on the Aindwing by a discal me-
dially-angled dark brown line ; asubmarginal series of four very indistinct ocelli on forewing form-
ed by a central black dot, and two chalybeate rings ; a submarginal series of six larger ocelli
on hindwing, formed by a black spot with a single white central dot and fulvous outer ring,
each being encircled by a purple border; 40/2 wings with a dark brown purple-bordered
subbasal transverse line. FEMALE: UPPERSIDE brown, basal area paler. Forewing with
a broad oblique discal white band and a terminal spot near posterior angle; a small
* Satyrus caumas, Godart. DESCRIPTION: *‘ MAL® ; UppERSIDE dark brown, with a little tuft of black hairs
on the disc of Aixdwing ; and an ashy spot, elliptic. longitudinal, surrounded with black, towards the middle of
the inner margin of the forewing. FRMALR: UpprrsipR dark tawny, terminated on the Sorewing by a blackish
space, triangular and very large, on which there is a transverse white macular band. bent hindwards, and followed
by a white dot which faces the apex. Hindwing has parallel to the outer margin a row of four large black eye-
like spots. These spots are also present inthe male, but of a darker colour. Boru s8xrs: UNDERSIDE red-
dish-grey, with three transverse ferruginous lines, of which the second and third are more undulate than the
anterior one, and enclosing on the hindwing six yellowish contiguous ocelli, having the iris of a pearly-grey, the
pupil black and sprinkled with dots, which appear as if gilded. On the /ovewing these same lines enclose some
indistinct ocellated dots. Body brown ; antenne reddish.” (Godart, Enc. Méth, vol. ix, p 479, n. 7 (1819).
142 NYMPHALID. SATYRINZ. LETHE.
white apical spot and two indistinct streaks below it; an indistinct series of blackish
submarginal spots. Hindwing with a submarginal series of five black spots, the middle spot
very small ; the upper spots with broad irregular whitish-brown borders, the two lower with
pale brown rings and a white central dot. UNDERSIDE brown at base ; outer borders paler.
Forewing with oblique band as above, and five submarginal spots. Axdwine as in male ;
subbasal transverse line purple-bordered, and the irregular medial line with whitish-brown
outer border. -The female of this species is much like that of Z. dynsatz, but it differs in
having a narrower oblique discal band, and more defined subapical white and black spots on
the forewing, and the hindwing has paler interspaces between the outer series of spots. The
underside also differs in the forewing having five submarginal ringlet spots instead of four,
and the hindwing has all the spots smaller, the costal spot and the second anal being one-
third less in size.” (AZvore, |.c. in Lep. Cey.)
“Rare and very local; observed only in two places in forest land near Newera Eliya.
Habits similar to those of Z. dryfetis.” (Hutchison). We have never seen this Butterfly.
124. Lethe dynsate, Hewitson.
Debis dynsate, Hewitson, Ex. Butt., vol. iii, Dedzs pl. ii, figs. 9, 10 (1863), female; Lethe dynsate, Butler,
Cat. Lep. B. M., Satyride, p. 115, n. 10 (x868) ; Hanipha dynsate, Moore, Lep. Cey,, p. 20, pl. ix, figs. 1, 14
(1880), female.
HasitaT: Ceylon.
EXPANSE : 2°55 inches.
DESCRIPTION : ‘* FEMALE: UpPERSIDE rufous-brown. Forewing dark brown, except near
the base, crossed at the middle by a broad egual band of white, and a solitary white spot ; two
indistinct white spots near the apex [the lower one with a rounded dark spot contiguous to it in-
ternally]. Hindwing with a large bilobed spot near the apex, followed by three black blind ocelli
(one [the first] minute). [The apical spot is on a yellowish ground ; internal to it is a yellowish
spot; and an indistinct yellowish band crosses the wing from just beyond the extremity of the
cell, where the third median nervule is given off, to the first median nervule. The forewing
has a submarginal black line, and the hindwing two similar lines]. UNDERSIDE rufous and
grey-brown. Forewing with the white band continuous to the anal angle, with, between
it and the apex, a band of three blind ocelli [placed on a lilac ground reaching to the
apex where it expands and coalesces with a lilac submarginal line, which latter is
bordered on both sides with a black line. A violet band from the subcostal nervure
crosses the middle of the cell, and is continued across the wing till it meets the band on the
hindwing. It is bordered on both sides with a dark. brown line]. Aindwing with a band
of six perfect ocelli, the first and fifth large, the other four small and somewhat misshapen, each
with two or three white dots.” (ewztson, 1. c.) A violet line edged internally only with dark
brown, crosses the wing before the middle in continuation of that on the forewing ; beyond the
middle of the wing the brown ground-colour deepens and terminates abruptly in an irregular
line greatly extended above the third median nervule, succeeded by a grey band above the dis-
coidal nervule, and a yellow band below from the third median nervule; the usual yellow and
violet submarginal lines, separated by and edged with dark brown ; the violet line wide at apex
where it extends beyond the brown line up to the ocelli; the ocelli ringed with yellow, then
brown, and then incompletely with grey. MALE unknown.
We have never seen a specimen of this insect ; the additions to the description have been
made from Hewitson’s figures of the species.
The second group contains a very large number of species, and presents considerable varia-
tions in the outline of the wings, but the transition from the elongate forewing and highly cau-
date hindwing of Z. sinorix to the short broad forewing and rounded, scarcely caudate, hindwing
of Z. sidonis, is so gradual that the separation into subgroups on this point only would be impos-
sible. The only structural variation in this group of any note is inthe position of the apex of
the cell in the hindwing. The differentiation of the sexes varies widely,
eS
—— eee
Satyride, p. 118):
NYMPHALID. SATYRIN AS. LETHE. 143
Eey to the Indian species of Lethe.
Second Group.
B. Males without sexual glands and tufts on either wing.
a. The apex of the cell in the hindwing a¢ the origin of the second median nervule.
a, Males with the forewing narrow and elongate; the outer margin concave.
Ocelli on underside of hindwing zo¢ disintegrated.
a, Hindwing with a long narrow tail. Underside ground-colour
nearly uniform, with two distinct narrow dark transverse lines,
the inner one not outwardly bordered with lilac.
a*, With the ocelli on the upperside of the hindwing placed
on a ferruginous ground.
125. L. stnorix, Assam.
63. With the ocelli on the upperside of the hindwing not
on a ferruginous ground.
126. L. KANsA, Sikkim, Assam, Burma.
47, Hindwing with the tail shorter and more blunt. Underside with
the ground-colour paler externally, and darker on the disc ; the
inner transverse line distinctly bordered with lilac on its outer
edge.
a°, Upperside of forewing uniform brown.
a*. Male, upperside, hindwing with the ocelli placed
on a ferruginous ground,
127. L. samio, East India.
128. L. purANA, Habitat unknown_*
6°. Upperside of forewing with the outer area abruptly paler.
a*, Male, upperside, hindwing with five blind ocelli;
underside, forewing with five ocelli.
129. L. vinpuya, Assam, Tenasserim.
x30. L. potopes,t Sikkim.
6+. Male, upperside, hindwing with four blind ocelli ;
underside, forewing with six ocelli.
131. L. ALBERTA, Benares, Tenasserim.
&*. Males with the forewing somewhat broader and less elongate; the outer
margin less concave ; tail short and inconspicuous. Ocelli on underside of
hindwing disintegrated FEMALE with the white band angulate, macular.
a@?, The dark median fascia on the underside of the hindwing slightly
angled outwardly at its middle.
132. L. MEKARA, N.-E. India, Burma,
$2, The dark median fascia on the underside of the hindwing sharply
angled outwardly at its middle, being produced into a conspicuous
projection outwards.
a3, Male with the outer margin of the upperside of the
hindwing bright ferruginous. Female with the base
of both wings on the upperside bright ferruginous,
133. L. pisTans, Sikkim.
63, Male with the upperside of the hindwing entirely deep
brown. Female with the base of both wings on the
upperside dull ferruginous.
134. L. cHannpica, N.-E. India, Burma.
ct. Forewing short and broad; outer margin slightly concave; hindwing, tail
somewhat long; ocelli on underside disintegrated. FEMALE with the
white band straight.
a*, Witha prominent single straight violet-white streak crossing the
subbasal area of both wings on the underside.
135. L. EuRopaA, India, Burma, Andamans.
* iption of this species neither sex nor habitat are given. Butler remarks (Cat. Lep. B. M.
eSrecaea abs “Ts not ia die female of Z. samio?’ The description of ZL. furanais apparently that
of a female.
+ The specimen described is a female. It seems probable that it is the opposite sex of ZL. vindhya,
20
144 NYMPHALID. SATYRINZ. LETHE.
42, Male, upperside, forewing unmarked. Female with the discal
white band on the upperside of the forewing reaching the first
median nervule.
136. L. pryretis, Ceylon.
137- L. Topara, S. India.
c?, Male, upperside, forewing with three small ochreous costal spots,
the outer two touching. Female with the discal band on upper-
side of forewing reaching the submedian nervure; hindwing,
upperside, with the blind ocelli having distinct irides.
138. L. DARETIs, Ceylon.
d?, Male, upperside, forewing with the spots larger, and an additional
subapical spot beyond and below the outer ones. Female,
hindwing with a few dark spots on upperside, with no distinct
irides.
139. L. pyrta, Himalayas, Assam, Burma.
¢?. Male, upperside, forewing with another additional spot near the
margin between the lower median nervules. Female with the
discal band on upperside of forewing broken up into three large
quadrate spots.
140. L, NEELGHERRIENSIS, S. India, Ceylon,
d@’, Forewing short and broad ; outer margin straight or convex, hindwing with
the tail short and inconspicuous.
a*, Ocelli on underside of hindwing disintegrated.
141. L. SATyAvATI, Assam.
62, Ocelli on underside of hindwing not disintegrated.
a°, Male, underside, forewing with two brown lines crossing
the cell. Female with a conspicuous straight discal
white band across the upperside of the forewing.
a*. Underside not tinted with lilac; the ocellion
a pale ground.
142. L, nyrania, N.-W. Himalayas.
6*, Underside tinted with lilac; the ocelli on a
shining lilac ground. Female unknown.
143. L. pinarsas, Sikkim.
4°. Male, underside, forewing with three brown lines crossing
the cell. Female unknown.
144. L. sERBoNIS, Sikkim.
e*. Male and female, upperside, forewing with a conspicuous
even curved white band across the disc.
145. L. rowers, Himalayas to Tenasserim.
125. Lethe sinoriz, Hewitson.
Debis sinorix, Hewitson, Ex. Butt., vol. iii; Dedzs pl. iii, figs. 19, 20 (1863), sale.
HaBiTaT: Cherra Punji and Sibsagar, Assam ; Dafla Hills.
EXPANSE: 2°6 to 3'0 inches.
DESCRIPTION : ‘‘ MALE: UPPERSIDE rufous-brown. Forewing with three pale yellow
spots near the apex. Aindwing with a broad rufous band near the outer margin, encircling four
round black spots: the second spot large, the fourth small. [In some specimens there is a fifth
spot placed between the third median and discoidal nervules; and a sixth placed in the inter-
space behind the first median nervule.] UNDERSIDE rufous. oth wings crossed by two
continuous linear bands of rufous-brown. Forewing with the apex lilac-white; the three yellow
spots as above, and associated with them two small ocelli. indwing with a band of six small
ocelli, the third out of line [sometimes entirely absent], each with white pupil and rufous
iris bordered with brown, and again with silvery white [the anal one is usually bipupilled]: a
triangular white spot at the anal angle : a submarginal line of lilac-white ; the margin rufous,
bordered on both sides with black.” (Hewitson, 1, c.) The FEMALE is unknown.
We have no precise record of the capture of this species. It is closely allied to Z. hansa,
and seems confined to our eastern frontier.
NYMPHALID. SATYRINAS, LETHE. 145
126. Lethe kansa, Moore.
Debis kansa, Moore, Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. ©., vol. i, p. 220, n. 456 (1857).
Hasirar: Sikkim, Manipur, Sibsagar, Upper Tenasserim,
EXPANSE: 275 to 300 inches.
DESCRIPTION: ‘‘ MALE: UPPERSIDE glossy olive-brown. Hindwing with caudal
appendage somewhat long; marginal row of blackish spots indistinct. UNDERSIDE drab,
with two transverse dark lines. Forewing with four pale ocelli. AHindwing with six small
black ocelli, encircled by a yellow, brown, and then a lavender-coloured line ;_ the sixth minute
and geminated.” (Jfoore, 1. c.)
Moore’s description of the female, which is appended below,* is manifestly erroneous, and
appears to have been taken from a specimen of Z. windhya, Felder.
The MALE on the UPPERSIDE of the forewing frequently has three submarginal ochreous
spots, the first placed in the interspace above the termination of the costal nervure, the other
two in the interspaces below the second discoidal and third median nervules, one in each,
In the Azzdwing the submarginal spots are very distinct, black, rounded, and enclosed each
in an ochreous ring ; the first and fifth are subequal in size ; the second the largest, but only a
little larger than the fourth ; the third the smallest of all. The usual marginal fine lines. On
the UNDERSIDE the ground-colour is usually glossed with violet ; the forewing in many speci-
mens has a short dark brown transverse bar across the middle of the cell ; and the disco-cellular
nervules in doth wings defined with dark brown. The FEMALE differs from the male in the
wings being broader and the markings more distinct, especially the ochreous spots on the
forewing, and it has in addition two or three ochreous subcostal spots as the outer edge of the
transverse line which partially shows through from the underside ; the outer dark line on
the UNDERSIDE of the ézdwing is more conspicuously dilated into a round spot in the middle
of the interspace between the third median and discoidal nervules than in the male.
Messrs. Otto Mller and de Nicéville have taken both sexes of this species in the Sikkim
Hills at low elevations in October. Mr. A. O. Hume took it in the eastern hills of Manipur in
May, and Captain C. T. Bingham in the Thoungyeen forests in March.
127. Lethe samio, Doubleday, Hewitson.
Debis samio, Doubleday, Hewitson, Gen. D. L., p. 360, n. 8, pl. Ixi, fig. 3 (1851), male.
HaBItaT: East India,
EXPANSE : 2°7 inches.
DESCRIPTION : MALE: UPPERSIDE, doth wings dark rich brown. Forewing narrow,
produced ; outer margin slightly concave, without spots or markings. Aindwing with a broad
rufous band near the outer margin, bearing four round black spots, the third very small and
out of line, being placed close to the outer margin, A fifth spot between the first and second
median nervules is black, oval, and has an outer ferruginous ring. An indistinct submar-
ginal black line. (Described from the figure in the Gen. D. L. The underside is not shown,
but some hints regarding it can be gathered from the description of Z. distans, p. 148.)
On the upperside the forewing agrees exactly with Z. mekara, but differs from Z. sinortx
‘in being quite immaculate. The Azxdwing differs from both Z. mekara and ZL. sinorix in
having the rufous band much brighter in colour, more sharply defined, and not extending to the
fifth spot, which is separated from it by the ground-colour.
We have not seen a specimen of this species, nor, as far as we are aware, has any record
of the capture of a second specimen ever been published. See remarks on the following
species ; also Z. distans, p. 148.
* Debis kansa. “ FEMALE: Uppersipe dark brown. Forewing with darker line across the disc. Hindwing
with five large black spots, narrowly encircled with red, from anterior angle. UNDERSIDE brown, darkest within
the outer transverse line ; the inner line within, about the apex of forewing, glossed with lavender-colour ;
ocelli pale. Ainxdwing with the anterior first and fifth ocellus large, that at the anal angle geminated, all en-
circled with a glossy lavender band.” (Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. C., vol. 1, p. 220, n. 456 (1857).
146 NYMPHALID#. SATYRINZ. LETHE.
128. Lethe purana, Felder.
Debis purana, Felder, Wien. Ent. Monatsch,, vol. iii, p. 401, n. 43 (1859) ; Lethe purana, Butler, Cat. Lep.
B. M., Satyride, p. 118, n. 28 (1868).
HaBITAT : Not given.
EXPANSE: Not given.
DESCRIPTION : *‘ UPPERSIDE fulvous-brown. Forewing subfalcate, with the apex sub-
truncate, with an external nearly straight macular fascia, diffused outwardly, and an adjacent
obsolete spot, white. indwing extended, subcaudate externally; the ci/ia white at the tips,
with an angulate discal striga, and an adjacent obsolete spot, swarthy ; an external band pale
fulvescent, with four large spots uniform, each spot (the third excepted) large, rounded, marked
with swarthy, with a round black ocellus circled with yellow, including a white spot near the
anal angle ; a marginal fulvescent line. UNDERSIDE pale brown, shining with lilac. Forewing
paler outwardly, with a subbasal striga, terminated externally with lilac powdering, and
another oblique discal, broadly bordered with white externally, ferruginous swarthy ; four
obsolete exterior ocelli whitish-brown, with a swarthy pupil marked with white, margined
with brown, and placed on a white ground tinted with lilac ; with two marginal swarthy lines.
Hindwing with a straight submedian striga, margined externally with lilac ; a discal litura
and another striga, angulate, corresponding to the upperside, swarthy; six exterior black ocelli
arranged in a bent line, broadly circled with yellow, and margined with swarthy, including a
white drop (geminate in the anal one), each placed upon a whitish lilac ground ; an anal spot
of the same colour, and two swarthy marginal lines.”
“D. purana is allied to D. samio, Doubleday, but is sufficiently distinguished from it by
the white band of the forewing, the different position and formation of the ocelli, the more
angular hindwing and the bands being entirely differently formed.” (Feder, 1. c.) ‘* Is not
this the female of Z. samio?? (Butler, 1.c.) The description is apparently that of a female,
and it is not improbable that Butler’s suggestion is a correct one. We have never seen a
specimen of this species, nor has any other record of its capture been published to our
knowledge.
129. Lethe vindhya, Felder.
Debis vindhya, Felder, Wien. Ent. Monatsch., vol. iii, p. 402, n. 44 (1859).
HaBiTaT: Assam ; Donat Range, Upper Tenasserim.
EXPANSE: 6, 3'6 to 3'8 inches.
DESCRIPTION: ‘* MALE: UPPERSIDE ferruginous-swarthy, with an exterior obsolete
swarthy line. Jvrewing subfalcate, the outer border paler. Hindwing subcaudate, with five
large exterior obsolete blackish-swarthy spots, the last marked with a white dot. UNDERSIDE
brown, with the basal half (especially about the disc) obscure swarthy, terminated outwardly
by a swarthy line (in the forewing oblique, continuous ; in the hindwing curved, subangulate
in the middle) ; with a submedian striga on both wings, swarthy, margined outwardly with
lilac, and two marginal swarthy lines. Forewing outwardly and at the apex powdered with
lilac ; acellular patch swarthy, circled with white ; five exterior ocelli arranged in a line,
yellow, circled with swarthy and white, including a black pupil marked with white. Hindwing
with six unequal ocelli arranged in a bent line, black, narrowly bordered with yellow and
fuscous, marked with a white drop, each on a lilac ground, the first and fourth [? fifth] much’
larger, the sixth geminate. Zhovax and abdomen black above, beneath pale fawn-colour.”
‘* This species reminds one on the upperside of Debis [= Lethe] samio, Doubleday, and
differs from Z. fuvana in the absence of the white band on the forewing, the different curve
of the outer line of the hindwing, and the less projecting angles of the same.” (Feder, 1. c.)
There can be but little doubt that Z. dolopes which follows is the female of this species, but
in the absence of sufficient evidence to decide the point, we retain them for the present as distinct.
This is a very distinct and beautiful species. In the Indian Museum, Calcutta, there
are two male specimens, one from Sibsagar, Assam, the other with no precise locality; and in
NYMPHALID. SATYRIN A. LETHE. 147
Major Marshall’s collection there isa single male taken by Captain C. T. Bingham in the
Donat Range, Upper Tenasserim, in January. (See remarks on LZ. alberta, below.)
130. Lethe dolopes, Hewitson,
Debis dolopes, Hewitson, Ent. Month. Mag., vol. ix, p. 85 (1872).
HABITAT: Sikkim.
EXPANSE : 2°5 inches.
DESCRIPTION : “ FEMALE: UPPERSIDE rufous-brown. Forewing crossed from the costal
margin beyond its middle to a little above the anal angle by a band of paler colour, straight
until it reaches the submedian nervure, where it makes an angle inwards. 7ndzwing tailed :
crossed by a submarginal band of five blind black ocelli bordered with dull yellow, the middle
ocellus much smaller than the rest. UNDERSIDE: Both wings rufous-brown to beyond: the
middle, crossed by acontinuous common band of dark brown, bordered outwardly by lilac-
white, the margin of the brown sharp and well defined : the wing beyond it rufous-white.
Forewing with four scarcely visible ocelli. Aindwing with seven ocelli, which are small and
black, each with a white centre and yellow iris bordered with brown, the first and fifth
largest.”” ( Hewitsov, 1. c.)
We have not seem a specimen of Z. dologes, but as the description of the underside
agrees well with that of Z. vwindhya, we are inclined to believe, as noted above, that Z. dolopes
is only the female of that species.
131. Lethe alberta, Butler.
L. alberta, Butler, Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., fourth series, vol. viii, p. 283 (871) ; idem, id., Lep. Ex.,
p. 87, pl. xxxiii, fig. 5 (1872), sale.
HAasiTaT: Benares, Tanasserim,
EXPANSE: 2°92 inches.
DESCRIPTION: ‘MALE: UPPERSIDE olivaceous-fuscous. Forewing with the apical
area abruptly paler. Aindwing with four large black blind ocelli, circled with ferru-
ginous; the external margin blackish; a very indistinct swarthy submarginal line,
UNDERSIDE chestnut-swarthy ; the apical area paler; a black median line, margined
outwardly with grey; another discal defining the basal area, angulate in the hindwing.
Forewing with the margin tinted with rosy ; a black submarginal line ; the discal area rosy
towards the inside, swarthy outwardly, with the apex bluish ; six discal ocelli black, circled
with yellow, and zoned with rosy. Aindwing with the external margin greenish ; a black
submarginal line ; the discal area ochraceous-fuscous inwardly, blackish chestnut outwardly ;
seven ocelli in an irregular series ; the fifth the largest, black, circled with yellow, and zoned
with pale green. ody cinereous-fuscous. Allied to Z. samio, distans, &c.” (Butler, 1. c. in
Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist.)
Butler in his Lep. Ex. states that he has seen a female of this species in Mr. Moore’s collec-
tion, but it is as yet undescribed. We have never seen Z. alberta: the habitat given
(Benares) is almost certainly incorrect, no Lethe, except possibly Z. europa, is likely to occur in
the plains of the North-West Provinces, at all events so far away from the hills.
Among a collection of Butterflies taken to England by Captain Bingham from Tenasserim
and presented to the British Museum is a Zefhe regarding which Butler wiites ‘‘ probably
conspecific with Z. a/derta, though differing from the type of that species in having five
instead of four large ocelli on the upperside of the hindwing, and lilacine instead of green-
ish zones to the ocelli on the underside. A nearly allied, though apparently distinct, species
found in Darjiling has sericeous pink zones to the ocelli.” (Butler, Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist.,
fifth series, vol. x, p. 373, 1882). It is probable that Mr. Butler’s remarks apply to the
Tenasserim Lethe we have identified above as Z. vindhya, and it seems further probable that
in describing Z. alberta Felder’s description of Z. vindhya was overlooked by Mr. Butler, and
that the two are inseparable ; if the four ocelli of the Aindwing on the upperside and the green
zones on the underside are not constant characters, there is nothing that we can trace to
separate the two as distinct species.
148 NYMPHALID&. SATYRIN 4. LETHE.
132, Lethe mekara, Moore. (PLATE XI, Fic. 24 ¢ 9.)
Debis mekara, Moore, Horsfield and Moore, Cat., Lep. E. I. C., vol. i, p. 219, n. 454 (1857).
Hasirat: N.-E. India and Upper Tenasserim.
EXPANSE : 2'6 to 3'I inches.
DESCRIPTION: ‘*MALE: UPPERSIDE glossy olive-brown. Hindwing with four round
spots encircled with red. UNDERSIDE with two transverse lines. Forewing with five
submarginal pale ocelli. Aindwing with six brown ocelli, encircled by a yellow and
then a black line, the centre being minutely spangled with white.” (JZoore, 1. c.)
FEMALE: UPPERSIDE rufescent brown. Jorewizg with the apical area darker, almost
black in a fresh specimen from Tenasserim, crossed beyond the cell by an angulate macular
white band, consisting of a short oblique bar from the costa to third median nervule, below
which are two triangular spots directed inwards, one on each median interspace: a subapical
bifid white spot near the costa. /4indwing as in the male, but rufescent instead of brown, and
having five or six round black spots circled with paler red, the two upper large, the third
smallest, except when the sixth is present, in which case the latter is the smallest.
UNDERSIDE ochreous. Both wings crossed by a continuous brown subbasal line not quite
reaching the margin at either end, beyond which the ground-colour is paler ; a broad median
dark brown band sharply defined externally crosses both wings, straight on the forewing,
somewhat angled on the hindwing at the middle. /orewéng with the white macular band as on
the upperside, cutting through the median brown band in its upper half, the white spots
below following its exterior margin ; five or six obscure ocelli, the first and fourth incomplete ;
the outer margin brown bearing two ochreous lines finely defined with dark brown. “/ind-
wing with six ochreous brown ocelli, complete, of irregular shape spangled with whitish,
and circled with yellow and dark brown; outer margin as in forewing, but the marginal
lines clearer and brighter. Except in the absence of the white band of the forewing, and
the straighter outline of the median band the underside of the male closely resembles that of
the female.
The underside of this species very closely resembles that of Z. chandica, but in the
latter species the outer margin of the median brown band on the hindwing is far more
sharply angulate extending into a lengthened point beyond the cell. JZ. mekara is found in
the same tracts as Z. chandica, and extends also into Tenasserim, where it has been taken both
by Limborg and Captain C. T. Bingham, but not commonly. Captain Bingham has sent a
female from the Donat Range, taken in April, and a male in February. The latter of these
two specimens differs from North-Indian examples in having the ferruginous outer area of
the upperside of the hindwing brighter in shade, and rather more extended. On the
underside the ground-colour is more ochreous. The ferruginous ground-colour of the
upperside of both wings of the female is also brighter. Mr. Otto Moller has taken it in
Sikkim in April, August, and October.
The figure is taken from a male specimen from Sikkim, and a female specimen
from Sibsagar, in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, and shows the upperside of both.
133. Lethe distans, Butler.
L. distans, Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 488; idem, id., Lep. Exot., p. 87, pl. xxxiii, figs. 4,
6 male, 7 female (1872).
HaBitat: Darjiling,
EXPANSE: 6, 2°75; $, 3°1 inches.
DESCRIPTION: ‘* MALE, allied to Z. samzo,* differing in the more arched costa, and
sinuate outer margin of the forewing. Hindwing above, with dusky-ferruginous outer area,
exhibiting five blackish spots, the second the largest, outer margin dusky, especially towards the
anal angle. UNpbersipe paler than in Z. samio ; the prevailing colour pale ochraceous, the
central lines much more irregular and wider apart than in Z. samo ; the ocelli of the hindwing
irregular, with numerous pupils ; the fourth not thrown out of the series as in Z. samio.”
* Lethe samtio, p. 145, ante.
NYMPHALID/:. SATYRIN&, . LETHE. 149
(Butler, |. c. in Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.) ‘* FEMALE: UPPERSIDE, with the basal area ferru-
ginous. Forewing with a small band beyond the cell, a bifid subapical spot ; and three [as in
L. minerva not twoas in Z. mekara] discal, submedian, in an angulate transverse row, white.
Hindwing with the ocelli circled widely with yellow ; a median angulate line black inwardly,
and yellow outwardly ; otherwise almost as in the male.” (Butler, 1. c. in Lep. Ex.)
This appears to be a very rare species ; we have never seen a specimen. It differs from Z.
mekara in the MALE, in the outer area of the forewing being abruptly paler as shewn in the
figure (in Z. samio it is concolorous throughout), and in having five instead of four black
spots in the Aindwing. On the UNDERSIDE the central lines in Z. distans are far more
irregular than they are in Z. mekara. The FEMALE differs on the UPPERSIDE of the hind-
wing from LZ. mekara in the basal ferruginous area being produced into a long curved point
at the third median nervule, and this area and the spots being outwardly defined with
yellow.
134. Lethe chandica, Moore.
Debis chandica, Moore, Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. C., vol. i, p. 219, n 455 (1857).
Hapsitat : North-East India ; Tenasserim.
EXPANSE: ¢, 2'5 to 30; 9, 2°62 to 3'00 inches,
DESCRIPTION : ‘‘ MALE: UppERSIDE dark brown, about the disc blackish. Findwing with
indistinct submarginal spots. UNDERSIDE: Forewing pale drab-brown, and having a purple
tinge ; along costal margin, and broadly on exterior margin, yellowish; transverse red line
crossing from middle of discoidal cell ; and another irregular brown line across the disc ; five
pale ocelli; straight marginal, and wavy submarginal line. findwing drab-brown, two
irregular zig-zag transverse lines, anteriorly within yellowish, posteriorly ferruginous-brown ;
six ocelli encircled with a yellow and brown line, the three anterior, and last posterior, black,
the other two drab, all minutely spangled with white ; exterior margin yellowish ; marginal line,
and submarginal row of ill-defined lunular marks, ferruginous-brown. FEMALE: UPPERSTDE :
Forewing with the basal half obliquely brownish-red, anterior half brown, with a band obliquely
from middle of costal margin, terminated by two spots, white: also a small white subapical
spot. Hindwing brownish-red, anterior angle and along exterior margin yellowish, a sub-
marginal row of indistinct spots and marginal line black. UNDERSIDE as in male, excepting
that the oblique band of forewing is more distinct.” (AZoore, 1. c.)
Lethe chandica is not uncommon in the lower valleys in Sikkim, where Mr. Otto Moller
has taken it in May, August, and October. It also occurs in the Khasi Hills and Sylhet. Mr.
A. O. Hume took it in the Eastern hills of Manipur in May ; Captain C. T. Bingham in the
Thoungyeen forests in Upper Tenasserim, in September ; and the late Mr. Cock took it at
Shillong. See remarks on Z. mekara, p. 148.
135. Lethe europa, Fabricius.
Papilio europa, Fabricius, Syst. Ent., p. 500, n. 247 (1775); Oveas marmorea europa, Hiibner, Samml;
Exot. Schmett., vol. i, pl. xc, figs. 1-4 (1805) ; Lethe europa, id., Verz, bek. Schmett., p 56, n. 534 (1816) ;
Satyrus europa, Godart, Enc. Méth., vol. ix, p. 478, n. 6 (1819); Papilio beroé, Cramer, Pap. Ex., vol. i, pl.
Ixxix, figs. C, D (1775), female; Papilio arete, Cramer, Pap. Ex., vol. iv, pl. cccxiii, figs. E, F (1780), ale 3
Lethe arcuata, Butler, Cat. Lep. B. M., Satyride, p. 114,n. 4, pl. ii, fig. 3 (1868), male; Lethe europa,
Distant, Rhop Malay., p. 43, pl. v, fig. 5, male, 6 female (1882).
HasitaT: The plains of India, Sikkim, Burma, the Andamans, Malayana, and China.
EXPANSE : 2°4 to 3'0 inches.
DESCRIPTION : MALE: UPPERSIDE dull brown. Jorewing with an incomplete pale band
from the costa just beyond the cell, and coincident with the white inner band below, nearly
obsolete in some specimens ; a trifid whitish spot with a pale ochreous spot below it near the
apex ; two ochreous marginal ipterrupted lines edged with dusky, broadly internally. Aind-
wing also with two ochreous marginal lines defined with dusky, broadly bordered with dusky
internally; a row of submarginal black spots sometimes obsolete, that near the apex
150 NYMPHALID. SATYRIN&. LETHE.
coalescing with the dusky margin. UNDERSIDE with the basal area dark umber brown, cross-
ed by a prominent silvery white subbasal streak on both wings. Forewng with a white oblique
transverse discal band tinged with yellow, joined at the middle by a pale band from the apex,
forming together a Y-shaped figure, and enclosing a dark brown triangular patch; a row of
six ocelli on the outer pale band, the sixth geminate, all grey with irregular black pupils,
and circled with pale brown and violet ; the area beyond the ocelli yellowish, shading into
dark brown towards the margin, and grey at the apex ; two ochreous marginal lines sharply
defined with black lines. Ainawing with six very large ocelli, all profusely irrorated with
white, and all, except the first, disintegrated, the whole enclosed by a silvery lilac line; an
outer ochreous and an inner silvery marginal line both sharply defined with black. Cilia
ochreous. FEMALE similar to the male, but paler coloured ; on the UPPERSIDE the forewing is
crossed from middle of costa to outer angle by a broad straight pure white band, the subapical
spots are pure white ; and on the Aindwing the submarginal black spots are more prominent.
UNDERSIDE similar to the male, but having in addition a broad transverse white bar on fore-
wing which more or less obliterates the two lower ocelli.
This is the type corresponding with Z. arete of Cramer, which is common in Sikkim, Assam,
Sylhet, Upper Tenasserim, Calcutta, South India, and the Andaman Islands. There is another
form corresponding with Z. 4ev0é of Cramer, in which the basal portion of the wings on the
underside is much paler, and the silvery subbasal streak is broadly bordered externally on the
hindwing, and up to the cell of the forewing with pale grey. This form was found commonly
in the Barrackpore Park in November, by Major Marshall, and was taken by Captain C. T.
Bingham in Upper Tenasserim from December to April. The only specimen from Calicut in
the Indian Museum seems to be intermediate between the two forms. The specimens from
the Andamans are the largest and darkest of all. It occurs also in Orissa, but has not been
recorded from Ceylon ; and Mr. de Nicéville has taken it in Sikkim, in October. Its range
is exceedingly wide, and it is the only Zetfe that we know to occur in the plains of
India.
Mr. Kirby in his supplement places Z. ave¢e as a distinct variety.
136. Lethe drypetis, Hewitson.
Debis drypetis, Hewitson. Ex. Butt., vol. iii, Dedzs pl. ii, figs. 11, 12 (1863), female ; Dedbis embolina, Butler,
Ent. Month. Mag., vol. iii, p. 77 (1866), male ; Lethe drypetis, Moore, Lep. Cey., p. 17, pl. vill, figs. 1, 15 male,
1a female (1882).
HapsitaT: Ceylon.
EXPANSE: 2°4 to 2°6 inches.
DescrIPrion : ‘‘ MALE: UPPERSIDE dark olive-brown. forewing without markings.
Hindwing with three submarginal very indistinct small black spots. UNDERSIDE dark brown ;
both wings with a transverse subbasal wavy dark-bordered purple line. Forewing with an
oblique transverse discal purple band, a submarginal curved row of five small purple-bordered
ocelli, the upper one indistinct, a marginal narrow pale wavy line. Aindwing with a trans-
verse discal medially-angled purple-bordered dark brown line ;a submarginal row of five purple-
bordered ocelli, the first or upper one and the fifth only regularly formed ; the others oval
and numerously white speckled ;a marginal distinct lunular purple line. Cz//a_ brownish-
ochreous. FEMALE: UPPERSIDE ferruginous olive-brown, externally dusky-brown. Sorewing
with two prominent subapical ochreous-white spots, an oblique transverse discal macular
band extending to first median nervule, submarginal small indistinct black spots. Hindwing
with four upper submarginal ochreous-yellow outer bordered black spots, the second spot large,
and extending to the pale-bordered marginal line, the first being a minute apical dot with
broad yellow outer border. UNDERSIDE paler, markings as in male, except that on the /ore-
wing the oblique discal band is purplish-white, the lower submarginal ocellus is absent, and
the ocelli on doth wings are bordered with purplish-white. Body dark olive-brown ; falpi at
sides, and /egs beneath grey streaked.” (JZoore, 1. c.) :
‘© Taken [in Ceylon] in the hills of the Central Province at 3,000 feet and slightly above at
all times. Very local ; found in several spots of limited extent.” (Hutchison. )
NYMPHALID#, SATYRINZ. LETHE. 151
137. Lethe todara, Moore.
L. todara, Moore, Trans. Ent. Suc. Lond., 1881, p. 305.
HaBITat: Nilgiris.
EXPANSE: 6, 2'3; ¥, 26 inches.
DESCRIPTION: ‘‘ MALE: UPPERSIDE dark olive-brown, both wings without markings.
UNDERSIDE dark vinous-brown. /vrewing with a.transverse duplex subbasal and an oblique
discal waved purple line, a submarginal row of five indistinct small ocelli encircled by a
purple border ; a marginal narrow purple line, the extreme outer margin being ochreous. Hind-
wing with a transverse discal waved medialiy angled purple line, six submarginal ocelli
encircled by a purple border, the first and fifth large and regularly formed, the second, third,
and fourth, and duplex sixth narrow and minutely white-speckled ; a narrow marginal purple
line and ochreous outer border. FEMALE: UPPERSIDE ochreous-brown, dusky externally.
Forewing with two ochreous-white, small, ill-defined, subapical spots, and an oblique discal
irregular band. Aindwing with three submarginal apical black spots, the two lower slightly
bordered externally with ochreous-white, above them is an ochreous-white apical spot ; marginal
line bordered with pale ochreous. UNDERSIDE paler, markings as in male, but more pro-
minent, and all with paler purple borders. Forewing with an oblique discal ochreous-white
band, which extends to the posterior angle, the lower submarginal ocellus obsolete, extreme
outer margin of doth wings ochreous.”
‘*This species is nearest allied to the Ceylonese Lethe dryfetis, Hewitson.” (Aloore, 1. c.)
After a careful examination of a large series of Z. dryfet’s from Ceylon, and Z. todara from South
India and Orissa, we have come to the conclusion that there is only one species, which will stand
as L. dryfpetis, as we can detect not the slightest difference between the Ceylon and continental
examples ; no indication is given of the characters relied on, and the descriptions by Moore
of both species apply equally well to the specimens from both localities. We have specimens
taken at Mynall 2,000 feet elevation in May, at Trevandrum in June, and at Calicut in
September, also examples from the Wynaad, and from Khurdah in Orissa.
138. Lethe daretis, Hewitson.
Debis daretis, Hewitson, Ex. Butt., vol. iii, p. 75, Dedis pl. ii, figs. 7, 8 (1863), female; Lethe daretis,
Moore, Lep. Cey., p. 18, pl. vii, figs. 2, 2b male, 2a female (1880).
HABITAT: Ceylon.
EXPANSE: 6, 2°13 }?, 2°4 inches.
DESCRIPTION : ‘‘MALE: UppersipE dark olive-brown, Forewing with a very small
ochreous costal spot above end of the cell, and two small less distinct spots before the apex.
Hindwing with a submarginal row of five small indistinct black slightly pale-bordered spots.
UNDERSIDE dark brown, with a median and subbasal transverse sinuous purple-grey band on
both wings. Forewing with an oblique discal transverse pale ochreous irregular lunular band,
five small black purple-bordered submarginal ocelli, and marginal lunular purple line. /ind-
wing with six distinct well-formed purple-bordered submarginal ocelli, and marginal lunular
purple line. FEMALE: UpPeRsIDE ferruginous olive-brown. Forewing with two prominent
ochreous-yellow subapical spots, transverse discal macular band extending to the submedian
nervure, and four or five small indistinct black submarginal spots. A/indwing with a sub-
marginal row of five well-defined oval ochreous-yellow bordered black spots, an upper
marginal narrow lunular yellow line. UNDERSIDE as in male, markings more prominent,
oblique discal band on forewing broader. Cilia alternated with white. Body dark brown.
Palpi at sides, and /egs beneath grey streaked.” (J/oore, 1. c.)
‘Found [in Ceylon] all the year round, but most plentiful in the spring in the hills of the
Central Province at about 5,000 to 6,000 feet elevation, in grass-land or close to forests.
Rather shy, flight rapid, often settling down in grass, or on open road.” ( Hutchison. )
21
152 NYMPHALID. SATY RINE. LETHE.
139. Lethe dyrta, Felder. (PLATE X, Fic. 22 g @).
Debis dyrta, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep., vol. iii, p. 497, n. 860 (1867); Lethe dyrta, Butler, Cat. Lep.
B. M., Satyride, p. 115, n. 6 (1868).
HapiTaT; The Himalayas generally up to 8,000 feet from Murree eastwards ; the
Khasi Hills; Meplay Valley, Tenasserim. :
EXPANSE: 6, 2°I to 2°23; 9, 2°4 to 2’5 inches.
DESCRIPTION : ‘* FEMALE: UPPERSIDE dilute swarthy, the c7/éa broadly intersected with
white. Jvrewing with the apical half darker, the band as in LZ. dryfetis but a little
broader and pure white, more oblique, and more excised within, excised at the lower discoidal
fold without ; with a whitish spot below the band, and three subapical placed as in Z.
drypetis, but the lowest evanescent. A7dwing with a rounded subapical spot, a somewhat
diffuse macular band parallel with the margin, a narrow stripe before the margin, and the
margin before the cilia, obscure swarthy. UNDERSIDE much paler. Sorewing with a small
fascia extending below the cell, defined externally with hoary; then a bent stripe ona
hoary ground within the cell, and the apical two-thirds broadly deep fuscous ; the white band
as on the upperside, but wider and almost reaching the submedian nervure; three blackish
ocelli with white irides, and broadly circled with swarthy and lilac-white, connected with
and starting from the white band, with two upper subapical spots merging into the swarthy
ground-colour at the outer edge ; a lilac-white streak edged with swarthy, much dilated at the
apex, and another fulvescent streak immediately beyond it before the margin. Aindwing with
two swarthy basal streaks, connected, and each bearing a hoary stripe, the outer giving out a
process beyond the cell; six large ocelli broadly circled with swarthy and lilac-white ; the
uppermost largest and retired inwardly with a single white pupil, the last but one blind, and
the last geminate, black speckled with white with a yellowish iris; the remaining three
yellowish brown, the pupil black, lacerated, and profusely speckled with white ; a lilac-white
stripe, defined with swarthy, widely on the inside, and another fulvous streak before the
margin.” (é/der, 1. ¢c.) MALE similar to the female, but smaller, the UPPERSIDE lacking the
white band on the forewing, having in its place a whitish spot on the costa, while only the ex-
treme apex is darker. On the UNDERSIDE the white band is indistinct, and a fourth oceilus
appears on the line of the band.
Felder also states that ‘‘the margin of the wings is more regularly scalloped between
the nervures than in theallied Z. dryfetis, and the outer margin of the forewing not concave.”
But these distinctions do not appear to hold good, as many specimens of Z. dyrta have the
outer margin of the forewing distinctly concave, and the margin is not more regularly
scalloped than in Z. dryfetzs ; the chief distinction in the female appears to lie in the upperside of
the Aindwing, which in Z. dryfetis has an ochreous subapical spot, and all the marginal and
submarginal markings more boldly defined. The males can easily be distinguished from
one another, as the upperside of the forewing in Z. avyfetis is unmarked, while in Z. dyrta there
are three subapical ochreous spots,
i. dyrtia has been found in Tenasserim by Captain C. T. Bingham in February ; in the
Khasi Hills in May and November ; and in the N.-W. Himalayas it is very common through-
out the warmer months.
There is a Zefhe found in the Khasi Hills of this type, which differs from Z. dyrta by
having in both sexes on the upperside of the Aéndwing a distinct submarginal row of five
blackish spots largest near the costa, avd more or less distinctly bordered with paler brown
externally. Moreover in all Shillong specimens the white band of the female is extended by
an adjacent large white bifid spot below the first median nervule, whereas in the Western
Himalayan specimens there is only a slight suffusion of whitish just below the nervule in
continuation of the white band.
The figure is taken from a male specimen from Shillong, and a female from Kulu, and
shows the uppersides only,
NYMPHALID. SATYRINA. LETHE, 153
140. Lethe neolghorrionsis, Guerin.
Satyrus (Cyllo) neelgheriensis and neelgherriensis, Guérin, in Delessert’s Voy. dans I’Inde, pt. 2, Pp. 74;
pl. xxi, figs. 1, 1a (1843), male; Dedis neilgherriensis, Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. C., vol. i, p. 217,
n. 447 (1857) ; D. neelgheriensis, Hewitson, Ex. Butt., vol. iii, Dedzs pl. ii, fig. 6 (1863), female; Lethe
neelgherriensis, Butler, Cat. Lep. B. M. Satyride, p. 115, n. 8 (1868) ; id., Moore, Lep. Cey., p. 16, pl. vii,
figs. 1 male, 1 a female (1880).
HasIrTaT : South India, Ceylon.
EXPANSE: 2‘! to 2°3 inches.
DEscRIPTION : MALE: ‘‘ UppersIpe blackish smoky-brown. Forewing with a yellowish
spot beyond the middle at the costal margin, divided into three by the nervules ; two square
spots near the apex ; and another spot near the external margin at one-third the length from
the hinder angle. Aindwing unspotted, but showing through by transparency some traces of
the ocelli of the underside [especially the second ocellus from the apex, at the site of which
there is, in some specimens, a round indistinct dark spot]; the marginal lines as on underside,
but less distinctly marked. UNDERSIDE with a very irregular sinuous and dented greyish white
band across both wings, larger towards the costa of the forewing, not corresponding exactly on
the hindwing. [This band is bordered with brown on both sides ; on the forewing beyond it is a
very zigzag greyish white line across the cell ; an irregular whitish macular line from the costa
beyond the cell to the hinder angle, and a row of five round ocelli concave to the outer margin
on a whitisk ground ; the uppermost obsolete at the apex ; the margin is narrowly dark brown,
followed by a yellowish line, then a dark brown line, then a grey line bordered on the outside
with dusky.] Azzdwing with another greyish band bordered with brown a little beyond the mid-
dle, and strongly angulated towards the outer margin a little before the middle of its length ; be-
tween this last band and the margin are situated six black ocelli encircled with first yellow, then
brown, and then ashy grey ; the first, which touches the costa, is the largest, and has in the
middle a large white pupil ; the three following are oval and elongated, the black portion with
a great number of little white dots scattered over it ; the fourth [? fifth] is quite round, much retired
towards the margin, and well defined, having in the middle only three or four white dots [it is
often entirely blind], the ocellus at the anal angle is in a line with the third, fourth and fifth,
[? second, third and fourth]and geminate with two black ovals surrounded with and separated by
yellow, and sprinkled with numerous white dots. Both wings have the ci/ia whitish ; and
the Aindwing has the marginal lines as in the forewing, but more sinuous and irregular,”
The above is taken from Guérin’s original description, the parts in brackets being added
to complete it where deficient.
““ FEMALE: UPPERSIDE, light brown. Forewing with the outer half dark brown, crossed
obliquely beyond the middle of the wing by three white spots, and near the apex by two of the
same colour. Z/izdwing with a band of four spots beyond the middle, the outer margin and
two submarginal lines black. [The narrow line between the margin and first submarginal black
line is yellowish.] UNDERSIDE grey and rufous-brown. Forewing with the white spots as
above, and between them a band of three ocelli. [The three white spots across the middle tend
to become confluent, forming an irregular maculated band across the wing.] Hindwing with
two perfect ocelli only—one, the largest, at the costal margin, the other towards the anal angle ;
between these ocelli there is a trifid triangular space minutely dotted with black and white ;
and at the anal angle an eye-like rufous spot enclosing two oval spots of black, dotted with
white.” (eziétson, |. c.)
L. neelgherriensis very closely resembles Z. dyrta on the underside, so much so that,
with the exception of the band of the forewing being maculated and irregular in the former,
and prominent and continuous in the latter, the differences are very difficult to describe. On
the upperside, however, the presence in Z. neelgherriensis of the whitish spot on the forewing
of the male near the hinder angle, and in the female the white band being replaced by three
separate square white spots, render it notably distinct from Z. dyrta.
In Horsfield and Moore’s Cat. Lep. E. I. C. (1857) it is recorded from Bhutan, N. India,
and Darjiling ; but this probably requires confirmation ; it was originally described both by
154 NYMPHALID. SATYRINA. LETHE.
Guérin and Hewitson from the Nilgiri Hills, and is probably to be found in suitable localities
throughout the south of the peninsula. Mr. Fergusson has taken it in the Ashamboo Hills in
Travancore in May, and again in July at Trevandrum. Mr. E. H. Aitken took it at Khandalla
in April. Lieutenant-Colonel Swinhoe has taken it at Mhow in the autumn, and also commonly
at Abu ; but we have never seen a specimen from further north than this latter place. It also occurs
in Ceylon, where it is ‘‘ found in the neighbourhood of coffee-plantations south of Newera
Eliya, at about 3,000 feet elevation. It appears plentifully, except from January to March.”
( Hutchison). ‘Yaken also at Kandy and Dickoya by Captain Wade.” (JZoore, 1. c. in Lep. Cey.)
141. Lethe satyavati, de N.
L. satyavati, de Nicéville, Journ. A.S.B., vol. xlix, pt. 2, p. 246 (1880).
HasiraT: Sibsagar, Assam,
EXPANSE : 2°7 inches.
DESCRIPTION: FEMALE: UPPERSIDE dull brown, paler towards the margins. Forewing
with an indistinct submarginal darker line. indwing with a submarginal series of four
rounded spots darker than the ground-colour, placed one in each interspace above the first
median nervule; two marginal darker lines defined inwardly by paler lines than the ground-
colour. UNDERSIDE pale brown, with no ochreous tint, and washed with lilac, especially on
the outer half. Both wings crossed by a prominent brown nearly straight subbasal line out-
wardly margined with lilac. Forewing with ‘an irregular discal transverse brown line ; a bar in
the cell within the subbasal line; five indistinct submarginal ocelli circled with lilac and
brown on a lilac ground; and a yellowish marginal line edged on both sides with dusky, with-
in which is a brown waved band on the lilac ground between the ocelli and the margin,
Hindwing with a discal very much angled dark brown line, within which is a very distinct lilac
litura above the third median nervule and just beyond the apex of the cell; the submarginal
ocelli large, the upper one distinctly pupilled with white, and all of them profusely speckled
with white; the usual marginal markings. Similar in outline to Z. datiaris, 9 , and differing
from it on the upperside in markings only in the absence of the transverse oblique ochreous
line, and the subcostal spot near the apex of the forewing.
The MALE is unknown, ‘The type specimen, the only one seen, is in the Indian Museum,
Calcutta. .
142. Lethe hyrania, Kollar.
Satyrus hyrania, Kollar in Hiigel’s Kaschmir, vol. iv, pt. 2, p. 449, n. 7, pl. xvii, figs. 1, 2 (1844), male;
Satyrus isana, idem, id, p. 448, n. 6, pl. xvi, figs. 3, 4 female.
Hapirat : N.-W. Himalayas.
EXPANSE: 2°2 inches.
DESCRIPTION: *‘ MALE: UPPERSIDE, swarthy. indwing obtusely dentate, with four
obsolete black ocellate spots. UNDERsIDE: Forewing with three obsolete ocelli at the
apex, anda pale oblique median streak: //indwing with six black white-pupilled ocelli,
the last geminate, and two narrow obscure stripes. FEMALE: Wings swarthy. forewing
with an oblique band on both surfaces, and a spot near the apex, white. Hindwing
obtusely dentate, with four obsolete black ocelli on the upperside. UNDERSIDE with three
ocelli at the apex in the forewing; six on the kindwing, white-pupilled, first, fourth, and fifth
larger, the sixth geminate ; the streaks angulate, fuscous, the cé/ia paler, marked with black.”
( Kollar, iF c.)
The upper surface in the MALE is, in fresh specimens, a rather glossy and not very dark olive
brown ; on the forewing is a very faint trace from the costa of a paler oblique medial band,
and near the apex a yellowish trifid spot, below which is sometimes a small round dark spot. On
the hindwing are four or five submarginal blackish spots, the second usually largest and oblong ;
the third the smallest, the last white-pupilled and ringed with yellowish ; the third and fourth
are also sometimes faintly ringed with yellowish ; the margin has three narrow dark lines,
narrowly separated by yellowish interspaces. UNDERSIDE paler. forewing with two narrow
darker lines across the cell, neither of which extend at all beyond it; a narrow sinuous dark
NYMPHALID. SATYRINZ. LETHE. 155
line from the costa towards the hinder angle, and broadly edged outwardly with whitish
from the costa narrowing to the middle of the wing ; a whitish trifid spot near the apex, below
which a greyish submarginal cbscure patch, bearing three faint white-pupilled ocelli; the
margin paler, with three narrow dark lines. Zindwing with a narrow dark streak cutting
across the cell from the costa, and not reaching the abdominal margin ; the disco-cellulars
defined by a dark line, and beyond it a sinuous dark line across the wing; six black ocelli,
each with a single white pupil, the sixth geminate ; the first and fifth largest, circled with
yellowish, then darkish brown, then obscure grey ; three dark lines along the margin, the inner
one dilated between the median nervules. The FeMALE is somewhat paler, with a greenish
tinge at base ; the forewing crossed by a conspicuous white band from the costa to the hinder
angle, beyond and at both edges of which the apical portion is blackish, and with a trifid white
spot near the costa. On the UNDERSIDE the forewing shows the same white band, broadly edged
with bright dark brown on the inside, and a large triangular patch of the same colour on the
outside from the costa ; the outer border paler, greyish towards the apex, and marked as in the
male. Aindwing, as in the male. Ina single specimen received from Kulu the white band has
invaded the cell between the points where the second and third median nervules are given off,
thus giving the inner side of the band a very irregular appearance.
The female, which is much rarer in collections than the male, was originally described as
a distinct species under the name zsaza, Kollar, and subsequently erroneously identified as
the female of Z. vohvia. The male was originally obtained at Simla by Herr von Hiigel, and
the female at Mussooree. Both sexes have been taken at an elevation of 7,000 feet by Colonel
Lang, at Mussooree, in June, and in Lower Kunawar ; in May numbers of the males were taken
by Major C. H. T. Marshall in Chumba ; and both sexes by Mr. A. Graham Young in Kulu
from May to July, and the male only by Mrs. Deane in Chiniin June. There is no record at
present of its having been taken further east than Mussooree.
143. Lethe dinarbas, Hewitson.
Debis dinarbas, Hewitson, Ex. Butt., vol. iii, Dedés pl. ii, fig. 15 (1863), meade.
HasitTatT: North India, Sikkim.
EXPANSE : 2'I inches.
DESCRIPTION : ‘* UPPERSIDE brown. Forewing crossed at the middle by a very indis-
tinct band of brown; a minute bifid white spot and obscure brown spot near the apex.
Hindwing with four obscure brown spots (one minute) near the outer margin, the spot nearest
the anal angle dotted with white. UNDERSIDE brown. Jorewizg paler towards the outer
margin, tinted with lilac; the cell crossed by two rufous lines, the transverse band and apical
spot as above, but more distinct, with, between them, three minute ocelli (one blind) ; the outer
margin and two submarginal lines rufous-brown. Azndwing crossed transversely by two
rufous-brown bands ; one before the middle straight, the other at the middle curved, followed
by a band of six ocelli, each with white pupil, and rufous iris bordered with brown and lilac.”
(Hewitson, 1. c.)
We have only seen males of this species from Sikkim ; the female is apparently unknown,
The anal ocellus on the underside of the hindwing in the specimens we have seen is geminate.
Hewitson’s figure is much too rufous, and the lilac colouration is much too vivid. This
species differs from Z. hyrania only in the darker colouration of the ground-colour above and
below ; and on the underside in being washed with lilac. In Z. hyrania there is no trace
whatever of this colour. It is probably only a geographical variety of Z. hyrania.
144. Lethe serbonis, Hewitson.
Debis serbonis, Hewitson, Ent. Month. Mag., vol. xiii, p. 151 (1876) ; id., Desc. Lep. Coll. Atkinson, p. 2,
pl. i, figs. 4, 5 (1879), male.
Hapitatr : Sikkim.
EXPANSE : 2°9 inches.
DESCRIPTION: MALE: ‘‘UPPERSIDE rufous-brown. oth wings with two submarginal brown
lines. Forewing with two indistinct pale spots on the costal margin beyond the middle. Hindwing
156 NYMPHALID#. SATYRIN#. LETHE.
with a series of three black eye-like spots, and an ocellus marked with white near the anal angle.
UNpersIDErufous. Forewing with a zig-zag brown line, and a large pale spot, bordered on both
sides with brown within the cell ; the disco-cellular nervules brown, crossed beyond the middle by
a dark brown band, bounded outwardly, near the costal margin, by a dull white spot ; a white
spot near the apex, and below two small ocelli, one of which is incomplete, followed by a
band of brown, and a submarginal band also brown. Hindwing crossed by two brown bands,
one before, the other at the middle; a brown line at the end of the cell; a series of six ocelli,
the first and fifth larger and more distinct than the rest ; the outer margin and a line near it
black.” (Hewitson, 1. c. in Desc. Lep. Coll. Atk.)
The FEMALE is unknown; and all the males we have seen are from Sikkim.
145. Lethe rohria, Fabricius.
Papilio vohria, Fabricius, Mant. Ins., vol. ii, p. 45, n. 446 (1787); Satyrus rohria, Godart, Enc. Méth.,
vol. ix, p. 479, n. 8 (1819.)
HasiTaT: Java, Upper Tenasserim, Khasi Hills, Sikkim, and thence through the
Himalayas as far west as Simla.
EXPANSE: 2°0 to 2°25 inches.
DESCRIPTION : MALE. UpPERSIDE dark brown, blackish on the outer half of the forewing,
Forewing crossed about the middle by a pure white regular curved band extending to the
submedian nervure at the anal angle, and two ill-defined white spots near the apex. Hind-
wing with two narrow yellowish lines near the margin, which are continued less distinctly on
to the forewing, and with faint traces of the ocelli of the underside showing through ; occa-
sionally some of their sites marked by a dark ill-defined spot. UNbDERSIDE with the white
band as on upperside. /orewing with three decreasing submarginal ocelli ; a white streak from
the costa near apex, which dividing partially encloses the three ocelli from above, two sub-
marginal purplish-white lines, and before the middle a straight pearly grey streak across the
wing. Hindwing with a pearly grey, straight streak in continuation of that on the forewing,
then a sinuous line of the same colour from the inner margin directed towards the pupil of
the apical ocellus, and thence following its contour to the costa, and joining with the first
streak just before the abdominal margin, and close to the sixth (anal) ocellus ; six perfect ocelli
beyond, the first very large, the fifth large, all more or less pupilled with white dots, and ringed
with yellow, then brown, then grey; two narrow submarginal lines, the outer tinged yellowish,
the inner violet-white. The FEMALE is paler on the upperside, the band of the forewing rather
wider, and the marginal lines of the Aimdwing are yellower and more prominent. On the
UNDERSIDE too the colours are paler and less brilliant ; otherwise the markings are similar.
In specimens from Sikkim the apical ocellus of the hindwing is very large indeed, and
pupilled with a single prominent white spot. In specimens from Tenasserim this ocellus is
not so large, and is generally blind ; the ground-colour in both sexes is browner, and the grey
markings are duller, lacking the pearly tint, and often tinged whitish.
Lethe rohria is not uncommon in Upper Tenasserim ; it was found by Limborg at
Hatsiega, and on the Taoo plateau at 3,000 to 5,000 feet elevation ; and by Captain C. T.
Bingham in the Meplay valley in February ; and in the Upper Thoungyeen forests in April,
September, and October. Inthe Khasi Hills it is found in the autumn. Mr. Otto Moller
has taken it in the Sikkim tarai in July, in the Sikkim Hills, where it appears to be
common, at 4,000 feet elevation in April, August, September to November, and also in the
valley of the Great Ranjit in November, at 1,200 to 3,500 feet elevation, where Mr. de Nicé-
ville also took it commonly in October. Further to the west it becomes much rarer,
Dr. Scully took a pair at Khatmandu in Nepal. It is found in Kumaon at moderate elevations,
and Colonel Lang, R,E., possesses a specimen from Gurhwal. Mr. de Nicéville has taken two
specimens in the neighbourhood of Simla, but further to the west no record exists of its
occurrence. Kashmir has erroneously been stated as a locality for Lethe rohria, but this arose
from Debis isana of Kollar having been mistaken for the female of this species, whereas it
really is the female of Z. hyrania,
NYMPHALID. SATYRINA. LETHE. 157
L. rohria is very similar in colouration to Z. verma, but differs in some points, and con-
spicuously in the outline of the wings (see Z. verma). Next to Z. europa it has the widest range
of all the species of Zethe occurring within Indian limits,
Koy to the Indian species of Lethe.
Third group.
B. Males without sexual glands and tufts on either wing.
6. The apex of the cell in the hindwing deyond the origin of the second median nervule.
a'. Male and female, upperside, forewing with a conspicuous almost straight broad white
band across the disc ; underside, hindwing with the ocelli not disintegrated.
a*, Upperside, forewing without an apical white spot. Underside, hindwing
with two narrow transverse sinuous silvery-lilac lines across the disc.
146. L. (Tansimaj* VERMA, N.-W. Himalayas to Assam.
27, Upperside, forewing with an apical white spot. Underside, hindwing with
no silvery-lilac lines across the disc.
147. L. (Tansima) Mason, Sikkim.
5'. Underside with four very irregular more or less interrupted silvery lines across the
basal area of the hindwing.
a*, Underside of forewing with silvery-lilac markings ; the ocelli of hindwing
perfect.
@*, Underside of forewing unmarked, except by an incomplete
silvery submarginal line near apex, and three minute dots
within it ; underside of hindwing with the second and third
ocelli out of line.
148 L. srperiA, Sikkim.
63, Underside of forewing witha lilac bar (often obsolete) across
the cell defined on both sides with darker brown; a dark
brown transverse line beyond the cell, edged outwardly near
costa with lilac, and another shorter one beyond defined
with lilac-white above the ocelli; three or four minute
ocelli on a paler ground; underside of hindwing with all
the ocelli in line.
149. L. stponis, Himalayas, Assam, Khasi Hills.
6%, Underside of forewing with ochreous markings.
a*. Underside with the ocelli of the hindwing with the irides
blurred and indistinct, the black centre generally obsolete.
Forewing with an ochreous bar across the cell.
iso L. matrrya, Himalayas.
5°, Underside, with the ocelli of the hindwing perfect, the black
centres usually conspicuous, and the irides well marked;
no ochreous bar across the cell.
151. L. niczTas, Himalayas.
c?, Underside of forewing with pure white markings ; a pure white complete
submarginal line on both wings ; ocelli perfect, those of forewing with
white rings, of hindwing on a pure white ground.
152. L. visrava, N.-E. Bengal, Sikkim.
The species of this group differ from the typical species Z. ewrofa and its allies, and all the
species preceding Z. ev ofa, notably in having the hindwing rounded, the outer margin sinuate,
but scarcely perceptibly dentate, and in having the apex of the cell in the Aindwing con-
siderably less acute, and situated well beyond the origin of the second median nervule ;
but this feature is not even constant in the same species ; a female specimen of Z. micetas
from Kulu having the second median nervule almost exactly in prolongation of the lower
disco-cellular nervule, while in the males from the same locality the distance varies, and is often
* Genus TANnsIMA, Moore. “FEMALB. Wings short, broad. Ferewzzg with the costa much arched at the
base, apex rounded, exterior margin very slightly oblique and convex ; cell broad ; first and second subcostal
branches emitted near end of the cell, third trifid ; disco-cellulars outwardly oblique, upper bent near the
subcostal, concave below, lower slightly concave anteriorly ; radials emitted from their angles. Hindwing
broadly oval, exterior margin convex ; cell broadly triangular. Padpz long. slender, pilose beneath. Antenne
slender. Legs slender, naked.” (Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1881, p 305). B
158 NYMPHALID#. SATYRINZE. LETHE.
considerable. The group contains two forms, in one of these which has been separated
under the generic name of Zansima, Moore, with Lethe verma as its type the cell in both
wings is very broad ; the other has the cell of the forewing much as in typical Lethe.
146. Lethe verma, Kollar. (PLATE X, Fic. 23 ¢).
Satyrus verma, Kollar, in Hiigel’s Kaschmir, vol. iv, pt. 2, p. 447, pl. xvi, figs. 1, 2 (1848); Tansima
verma, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882, p. 235.
HasitaT: Upper Tenasserim, Khasi Hills, Assam, and westward through the
Himalayas as far as Chumba, and the borders of Kashmir.
EXPANSE: 2'0 to 2°4 inches.
DESCRIPTION : MALE and FEMALE alike, except that the female is rather paler in coloura-
tion. UPPERSIDE swarthy brown, darkest externally. /orewing with a conspicuous nearly straight
white band from the middle of the costa, passing just beyond the cell to the first median nervule
near the outer margin. oth wings with two narrow pale submarginal lines, bordered and
separated by fine blackish lines. In some specimens the 27dwing is unspotted, in others the sites
of the ocelli on the underside are marked on the upperside by indistinct blackish spots, always
most prominent between the median nervules ; these spots again are sometimes white-pupilled and
are sometimes perfect ocelli, ringed with yellowish. These variations do not seem to be peculiar
to any locality ; the specimens from Chumba show usually one, two, or three white-pupilled
spots. A specimen from Shillong shows no white pupils at all, while another from the Sikkim
Himalayas has four perfect ocelli, the two between the median nervules being especially
prominent ; and lastly in the large series from Simla in Mr. de Nicéville’s collection many of
the specimens have only faint traces of the white pupils, while in some the spots are hardly
perceptible. UNDERSIDE lighter and rather brighter brown. Forewizg with the white band as
on the upperside, but extending a little below the first median nervule ; above it two contiguous
submarginal ocelli, black, with white pupil and yellow iris ; above this an irregular whitish
streak near the costa ; two greyish submarginal lines widening towards the apex, edged with
and separated by fine dark lines. indwing with submarginal lines as on forewing, but the
outer one more decidedly tinged with yellowish ; six perfect ocelli, that near the anal angle
bipupilled ; the first, fourth, and fifth larger than the others, black, with white pupils, and
ringed with yellow, then brown, then lilac-grey. Between the ocelli and the base are two
narrow lilac-grey lines, that nearest the base nearly straight, the outer one very sinuous, both
edged on the side furthest from the other one with darker brown.
Lethe verma is of much the same style of colouration as Z. vohrta, but on the upperside
it lacks the subapical whitish spots of the forewing, and the band is broader, more oblique,
not reaching the hinder angle, and often tinged with yellowish, and on the underside the grey
bands of the hindwing are far less prominent, and the ocelli are more uniformly pupilled with
a single white dot. But the most marked difference is in the outline of the wings. The fore-
wing is broader, the inner margin being much longer, and the hindwing is much rounded,
dentate, but scarcely perceptibly caudate. It has a very wide range in the hills of Noithern
India, being much more common in the North-West Himalayas, and extending further in that
direction than Z. vohria does.
According to Colonel Lang this is an autumnal insect in the North-west Himalayas,
affecting shady localities, and trees in preference to rocks, pitching on the trunks of rhodo-
dendrons and oaks. His specimens were taken in lower Kunawar at an elevation of 7,000 feet,
and at Mussoorie. ‘There is, however, a summer brood, as Mr. de Nicéville has taken it
then commonly in Simla at about 5,000 feet elevation in forest, settled on the dark rough
bark of the deodar, where, till disturbed, it is completely hidden. It was not found
in Kashmir either by von Hiigel or by Captain Reed. Major C. H. T. Marshall found
it extremely commonly in Chumba in May at Kujjiar. In Sikkim Mr. de Niceville took it in
October, and Mr. Otto Mller in November at 4,000 feet elevation. It was taken in the same
month at Shillong by Mr. J. P. Cock, and Mr. Ossian Limborg found it at Moolai in Upper
NYMPHALID. SATYRIN AE. LETHE. 159
Tenasserim, at an elevation of 3,000 to 6,000 feet. In Sikkim it is far less commonly met with
than Z. vohrvia ; in the North-West Himalayas it is Z. ver ma that is most frequently seen,
The figure is taken from a male specimen from Shillong in Major Marshall’s collection,
147. Lethe masoni, Elwes.
Debis (Tansima) masoni, Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882, ps 405, pl. xxv, fig. 2.
Habitat : Sikkim,
EXPANSE: 2°3 inches.
DESCRIPTION : ‘‘Resembles Z. verma, Kollar, in general appearance, size, form, and colour ;
but is distinguished on the UPPERSIDE by a single white spot near the apex of the forewing,
which wing is slightly undulate and fringed white. The anterior angle of the Azz./wing is bordered
and fringed white. On the UNDERSIDE there is one ocellus close to the white spot near the
apex of the forewing, and the ground-colour of the Aindwing is overlaid with greyish scales,
and without the transverse steely bands of Z. verma. The ocelli resemble those of ZL. verma
in number, size, and position, but are ringed with hair-brown instead of fulvous, The
sexes do not differ.” (Zlzwes, 1.c.) On the underside of the hindwing there is in the figure a
short subbasal dark brown line, a sinuous one beyond crossing the middle of the cell and reach-
ing the costal and abdominal margins, a short one defining the disco-cellu!ar nervules, and a
fourth very sinuous one across the disc from the costa to the submedian nervure.
In describing this species Captain Elwes writes: ‘‘ Of this species, which, though
allied to Z. verma, is very distinct, I received a large number of specimens which do
not vary. As this insect has never been taken before, I imagine it to be from the Chumbi
valley, on the other side of the Passes, but it is probably not found at extreme
elevations.”
148. Lethe siderea, Marshall.
Z. siderea, Marshall, Journ. A. S. B., vol. xlix, pt. ii, p. 246 (1880).
Hapirat : Sikkim.
EXPANSE : 2°I inches.
DESCRIPTION: MALE: Differs from Z. sidonis, 8, in being smaller, and in the uniform
absolutely spotless upper surface, somewhat darker towards the outer margin. UNDERSIDE
uniform brown, Forewing entirely wanting the discal bands and the whitish spots on the
costal margin; the only markings being three minute submarginal white spots beyond the
cell, the middle one faintly ringed with black ;a single yellowish marginal line edged on both
sides with dark brown, and within this a distinct silvery-lilac submarginal line extending
from the apex to the second median nervule. Hindwing with all the silvery streaks
brighter and distinctly lilac ; the submarginal silvery line very slightly dilated at the anal
angle ; the ocelli all blacker, and less prominently pupilled with white, The second and third
ocelli much nearer the margin than the others, giving the line of ocellia strong curve
outwards, the silvery band within following this curve, and deeply sinuated outwards
beyond the cell ; the ground-colour being uniform brown, scarcely at all darkened at the
edges of the silvery lines, The Azzdwing less distinctly caudate.
We have only seen two specimens of this species, both from Sikkim, which agree exactly
the one with the other. Theirregular curve of the series of ocelli on the underside of the
hindwing at once distinguishes Z. séderea from all the numerous specimens of Z. szdozis
we have seen.
149. Lethe sidonis, Hewitson.
Debis sidonis, Hewitson, Ex. Butt., Vol. iii, Dedzs pl. iii, fig. 16 (1863), male.
Hasitat: The Himalayas from Kulu to Sikkim, extending into Sylhet.
EXPANSE : 2'0 to 2 2 inches.
DESCRIPTION : ‘‘ MALE: Upperside dark [uniform] brown. Forewing with an indistinct
white spot near the apex. Hindwing with two or three indistinct black spots near
22
160 NYMPHALID.E. SATYRINE. LETHE.
the outer margin, UNDERSIDE brown, /vrewing with an indistinct*band across the cell, a white
spot beyond the middle of the costal margin part of a brown band which crosses the wing,
a second white spot near the apex, and below it three black spots dotted with white, Aind-
wing crossed by several lines of silvery white, followed by a band of seven black ocelli ;
the first (at the costal margin), and the fifth large, two at the anal angle touching, each with
a white pupil and rufous iris, bordered with [brown, and then] silvery white ; a submarginat line
of silvery white ; the margin rufous, bordered on both sides with black.” (/ezifson, 1.c.)
On the underside of the Azzd¢wing the silvery white submarginal line is narrow at the apex, and
much dilated at the anal angle ; and on each side of the series of ocelli is a broad darker and
brighter brown edging to the silvery limes which enclose it, The /orvewing has two narrow
yellowish submarginal lines. The c7//a are dotted with whitish. The FEMALE differs from the
male on the UPPERSIDE in having the ground-colour immediately within the marginal lines
somewhat darker, more especially so on the 2in ‘wing, where it forms a distinct submarginal
band. The ocelli also on that wing are more distinct. The outer margin of doth wings are
also somewhat more deeply scalloped, UNDERSIDE as in the male.
L. sidonisis a somewhat variable insect. Some specimens from Sikkim are smaller
than Z. siderea, the forewing as immaculate on the upperside as in that species, and the
hindwing in some of these small specimens shews no sign of the submarginal series of
blackish round spots, which are distinct in other specimens quite as small, and in the larger
ones. Ontheunderside of the forewing there is every gradation from a spotless cell to
one bearing a prominent transverse violet bar at its middle, on both sides margined with
darker brown than the ground-colour. Specimens from Mussoorie have the upperside quite
immaculate, the silvery undulating lines on the underside of the hindwing are far duller and
altogether less prominent than in more eastern examples, while in the Kulu specimens these
lines are obsolete ; and in all the Western Himalayan specimens the underside of the forewing
has no trace of the bar across the cell.
Mr. A. Graham Young took three specimens of Z. sidonis on the Tihir Pass in Kulu
in Jaly ; Colonel Lang took a few at Mussoorie in June; in Sikkim, at from 5,000 to 7,000
feet elevation Mr. de Nicéville took it most commonly in roads through forests, in October ;
and the late Mr. Cock took it at Shillong in July. It is far commoner in the Eastern than in
the Western Himalayas.
150. Lethe maitrya, de N. (PLATE X, Fic. 20 g.)
L. maitrya, de Nicéville, Journ. A. S. B., vol. xlix, pt. ii, p. 245 (1880).
Hapirat: Jalauri Pass, Narkunda, N.-W. Himalayas ; Sikkim,
EXPANSE : 2'I to 2°2 inches.
DESCRIPTION : MALE: UPPERSIDE deep shining brown. Cz/éa marked with ochreous
at the interspaces. Forewing crossed beyond the cell by a pale ochreous, outwardly curved
band, narrowest and most distinct at the costa, almost obsolete on reaching the third median
nervule. A subapical trifid spot divided by the subcostal nervules. 7indwing with the ocelli below
showing through indistinctly in black spots, and a hardly perceptible submarginal series of black
lunules. UNDERSIDE. Forewing witha prominent outwardly curved bar, extending across the cell
just beyond its middle ; the band beyond the cell of the upperside, but much more distinct,
both ochreous. The trifid subapical spot as above but whitish, below which are four minute
white dots, the remains of obsolete ocelli, one on each interspace ; some indistinct marginal
lines. Hindzing crossed by four very irregular lilascent lines, the first pair basal, the second
ciscal, and enclosing the disco-cellular nervules, which are margined on both sides with
lilascent. The innermost line of this pair is inwardly narrowly, and the outermost line outwardly
broadly margined with a deeper shade of brown than the ground. A submarginal band of
six ocelli, the first four from the apex joined, the fifth separate, the sixth small and geminate ;
these ocelli are all very indistinct, and have lilascent pupils, and are outwardly margined with
that colour. An almost obsolete lilascent submarginal line dilated within the first median
nervule, and extending up the abdominal margin, outwardly bordered, especially at the analangle,
with a rufous line,
NYMPHALID. SATYRIN 2. LETHE. 161
Allied to Z. sidonis, from fresh Sikkim specimens of which species it differs on the upperside
in having a band across the forewing beyond the cell, and on the underside this same band
being very prominent, as is also the bar in the cell. The ocelli and submarginal lilascent line
are also very indistinct in Z. maitrya.
Mr. de Nicéville took a single male, from which the figure is taken, on the Jalauri Pass, at
about 8,000 feet elevation on July 29th, 1879. In Colonel Lang’s collection there is a male from
Narkunda en the Hindustan and Thibet Road, taken by himself in July, which is identical
with the type specimen ; and a male and two females from Sikkim, collected by Dr. T. C,
Jerdon, that evidently belong to this species. The latter are somewhat smaller than the type
specimen described above, but agree with it in the blurring of the ocelli on the underside of
the hindwing, and in having an ochreous bar in the cell of the forewing, which latter feature
is absent from all the specimens of Z. sédonis we have seen, and to which Z. maitya is evidently
closely allied, as also it is to Z. micetas, differing from the latter chiefly in having the ocelli
blurred. Z, maztrya seems to be intermediate between L. sédonis and L. nicelas.
151. Lethe nicetas, Hewitson.
Debis nicetas, Hewitson, Ex. Butt., vol. iii, Dedzs pl. iii, figs. 17, 18 (1863), female.
HasiraT: Himalayas, from Sikkim to Kulu.
EXPANSE; 1°8 to 2°25 inches.
Descriprion: ‘* FEMALE: UPPERSIDE light rufous-brown. Forewing with the outer
half darker brown, orossed beyond the middle by a macular band of pale yellow, and nearer
the apex by three spots of the same colour. Aindwing with a band of five black spots with
rufous border; the outer margin rufous, bordered on both sides with black ; some submarginal
dark-brown conical spots. UNDERSIDE rufous-yellow. forewing as on upperside, except
that the transverse band is continuous, and that two of the three spots near the apex are small
ecelli. Aindwing from the base to the middle rufous-brown, crossed by several indistinct
lilac bands; the outer half rufous-yellow, darker towards the outer margin, crossed by a
band of seven black ocelli (two at the anal angle touching), each with a white pupil and
rufous iris bordered with lilac; a submarginal band of silvery white; the margin rufous,
bordered on both sides with black.” (/Zezwitsovz, 1. c.) MALE smaller than the female, the costal
margin only of the UPPERSIDE of the forewing darker, the yellow maculated band very indistinct,
and the two lower of the subapical spots wanting. Azdwing with the spots smaller and much
less distinctly bordered with rufous. UNDERSIDE as in the female, On the upperside of the
hindwing in both sexes the row of black blind ocelli are very distinct ; in the preceding
species, Z. maitrya, they can kardly be traced. On the underside of the hindwing the rufous
brown of the basal half is sharply defined, highly dentate and outwardly more or less margined
with pure yellow, while in Z. #zaz¢rya it is less distinct, sinuate rather than dentate, and with
scarcely a trace of yellow beyond, and that only in a Sikkim specimen.
L. nicetas is found at from 3,000 to 6,000 feet elevation in suitable localities in the Hima-
layas, from Sikkim to Kulu ; it does not seem to be common anywhere, and is rarer to the west
than to the east. In Kulu Mr. A. Graham Young has taken it in May, July and October, but
never plentifully. These latter are much smaller than specimens from the Eastern Himalayas,
152. Lethe visrava, Moore.
Debis visrava, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1865, p. 768, pl. xli, fig. 4, wale.
HapitaT : Sikkim; N.-E. Bengal.
EXPANSE : 2 inches.
DESCRIPTION: ** MALE: UPPERSIDE dull brown. /orewng with three small black white-
centred ocelli before the apex, anda marginal white line. Hindwing with six submarginal
blackish spots, the third and last small, bordered outwardly with white ; a marginal narrow
white lunulated band, and outer dark double line. UNDERSIDE pale dull brown.
Forewing with each apical dot encircled with white; marginal band white. Aindwing
with purple-white irregular basal lines, seven ocelli, each composed of a black spot with
162 NYMPHALID®. SATYRINZ., ZOPHOESSA.
white centre and yellow outer circle, the two last ocelli geminated, all bordered with
white, a marginal narrow white luulated band, and extreme outer marginal yellowish line.”’
(Jhore, 1. c.) The yellowish marginal line is as usual narrowly edged with blackish on both
sides. Cilia white. On both sides the white bordering of the ocelli is very broad outwardly,
and coalescent forming a white band, and having only a series of brown lunules between it
and the white marginal line.
L. visrava appears to be rare. Colonel Lang’s collection contains three male specimens
from Sikkim. ‘The FEMALE is unknown.
The single remaining species we have been obliged to keep separate ; for in the absence
of specimens for examination it is impossible to determine its affinities and proper place
in the genus,
Koy to tho Indian spocios of Lotho.
Fourth Group,
C. White, with rufous brown markings.
153. L. DELIADRs, Sikkim,
153. Letho doliades, Hewitson.
Dedis deliades, Hewitson, Ent. Month. Mag., vol. ix, p. 84 (1872).
Hasirat: Sikkim.
EXPANSE : 2°3 inches.
DESCRIPTION: ‘*UPPERSIDE white. Forewing with the costal margin from the base to the
middle, the whole of the cell and alittle beyond it, a triangular spot between the first and
second median nervules near their base, the apex ( where it is broad, and marked on the costa!
margin by a small trifid white spot and two small black ocelli, each dotted with white) and
the outer margin (where it is deeply sinuated on the inner border), and a round spot near the
anal angle, all dark rufous-brown: a submarginal line of dark brown. Aindwing crossed
beyond the mildle bya series of seven blind ocelli: the first, second, third, and fourth large,
the others small. A submarginal series of lunular brown spots: the outer margin rufous-
yellow, bordered on both sides with black. UNDERSIDE as above, except that the forewing is
nearly white, the spots on the upperside being scarcely visible ; that the Aindwing has perfect
black ocelli, each with a white centre and rufous iris ; and that the submarginal lunular spots
are also rufous.”
‘This is a remarkable species, and cannot be compared in colour with any other butterfly.”
( ZZewitson, |. c.) We have never seen this species,
Gonus 11.—ZOPHOESSA, Westwood. (PLATE X.)
Zophoessa, Westwood, Gen. D. L., vol. ii, p. 362 (1851).
**Bopy moderate-sized 5 eyes hairy ; forewing elongate-triangular ; Aindwing [usually]
tailed. Heap small, wider in the male than in the female, hairy, not tufted. Ayes prominent,
hairy. Avéenne not half the length of the forewing, very slender, terminated by a distinct
elongate, slender club, /a/fé long, slender, compressed, elevated obliquely considerably
higher than the level of the top of the eyes; the long second joint not clothed behind with
a tuft of hairs, the front with numerous long hairs ; terminal joint minute. Zovax short, very
convex, finely hairy. Addomen small and slender in the males, elongate-ovate in the females.
ForeWING large, elongate-triangular; costal margin but slightly curved; apical angle
obtuse ; outer margin long, slightly concave, not scalloped ; inner angle rounded ; inner margin
nearly straight, Cosfa? nervure rather dilated at the base, extending to the costa a little beyond
the middle. Swécosfal nervure with the first and second branches arising near the middle of
the wing ; the second close to the anterior extremity of the discoidal cell ; the third and fourth
arising at equal distances apart beyond the cell, Upper disco-cellular extremely short, oblique 5
middle disco-cellular vather longer, less oblique, straight; /owes disco-cellular very much longer,
nearly straight, almost transverse, uniting with the third branch of the median nervure at about
the same distance from its base as exists between the first and second branches ; the third
NYMPHALID. SATYRINZ. ZOPHOESSA. 163
branch being angulated at the place of junction, beyond which it is slightly curved.
HINDWING subovate ; costal margin slightly arched ; outer margin scalloped ; the middle at
the extremity of the third branch of the median nervure being [usually] elongated into a tail 5
the space within the extremity of the first branch being deeply emarginate. Pvrecostal nervure
very short, furcate at the tip. Costa/ nervure extending to about two-thirds of the length of
the costa, Swdcostal nervure branching ata considerable distance from the base. Uffer
disco-cellular short, curved, but rather longer than the space between the branches of the sub-
costal nervure. Lower disco-cellular longer than the upper, curved, uniting with the median
nervure close to the origin of the third branch, which is slightly curved, and extends to the
outside of the tail. ForELEGS of the male very minute, the femur and tibia of equal length,
slightly hairy ; the éavsws longer than the tibia, very hairy and brush-like, Of the /emale not
longer than those of the male, cylindrical ; the ¢ééa externally clothed with a few hairs ;
the ¢arsus scarcely more than half the length of the tibia, scaly, rather dilated, and obliquely
truncate at the tip, with a few very short rather thick spines nearly concealed by the scales.
MIDDLE and HINDLEGS rather short, slender; 77a with a few very fine spines on the
underside 3; ¢édia/ spurs rather long ; ¢a7sas armed on the sides beneath with rows of fine spines,
claws elongated, curved, very acute, entire.” ( /Vestwood, |. c.)
The species of Zofhoessa are confined to the north and east of India, and are unknown
beyond Indian limits ; most of them are rare and local, and even those which have the widest
range appear to be only found in a few localities wide apart. In the Western Himalayas they
are found between 7,000 and 9,000 feet elevation ; but eastwards they inhabit the lower ranges ;
and in Tenasserim the only species that has yet been found was taken at scarcely 1.000 feet
above the sea. All of them have a submarginal series of blackish spots on the upperside of
the hindwing, and a submarginal series of prominent ocelli on the underside,
Key to the species of Zophoessa.
A. Upperside brown, with a row of black spots on the hindwing ; underside much variegated.
a. Hindwing distinctly tailed.
a. Of large size (2°5 inches and above in expanse) ; upperside, forewing unmarked
by bands and spots.
a2. Underside, basal area pale brown.
a3, Upperside, forewing with the outer margin scarcely percep-
tibly paler.
154. Z. suRA, Eastern Himalayas, Assam.
23, Upperside, forewing with the outer margin distinctly paler.
155. Z. DURA, Upper Tenasserim.
2. Underside, basal area ochreous.
156. Z. GOALPARA, Himalayas, Assam.
2), Of small size (2°5 inches and under in expanse) ; upperside, forewing marked with
bands and spots.
a®. Upperside, forewing with the discal band macular.
a3, Upperside, markings orange-yellow.
157. Z. ATKINSONIA, Eastern Himalayas,
23, Upperside, markings ochreous.
158 Z. JALAURIDA, North-West Himalayas.
62, Upperside, forewing with the discal band straight, continuous.
a>. Underside, forewing with numerous bands, one only silvery.
15g. Z,. BALADEVA, Eastern Himalayas.
63, Underside, forewing with three bands only, all silvery.
160. Z. ANDERSONI, Upper Burma.
c8, Underside, forewing with two bands only, not silvery.
161. Z. piRpHIA, Eastern Himalayas,
6, Hindwing scarcely perceptibly tailed.
a'. Underside, forewing with the cell marked with three transverse dark brown bars.
162. Z. yvaMmaA, Himalayas, Khasi Hills.
164 NYMPHALID. SATYRINZ. ZOPHOESSA.
This genus was not a very satisfactory one even when only the type species Z. sua was
known ; but since the discovery of the other species it has become almost impossible to
specify the characters which may be relied on to distinguish it from Zethe. Typically
Zophoessa is of larger size, but Z. atkinsonia, Z. baladeva and Z. jalaurida are smaller than
the average Zethes. Typically the hindwing is more strongly caudate, but Z. yama has the tails
almost obsolete ; typically again Zephoessa has the forewing more triangular with the outer
margin concave, but no species of Zophoessa has the forewing so concave asit is in Z. sinorix,
and inalmost all the outer margin of that wing is straight ; typically the character of the
markings of the underside ismuch more variegated and usually with bolder and straighter
transverse lines than in Zethe, but in Z. ja/aurida the markings of the underside agree well
in general style with those of ZL. icefas. Typically again in Zophoessa the base of the forewing
is almost destitute of the dense clothing of short hairs which in many species of Zc¢he overlies
the scales on the base of the wing and the entire discoidal cell, but this feature it also lacks in
common with the concluding group of small Zethes which includes Z. zzcefas. But on the other
hand there are no sexual glandular patches or tufts of hairs on the wings in Zophoessa such as are
found in the first group of Zethes ; and perhaps the most important difference lies in the small
extent to which the sexes, so faras is known, are differentiated in Zophoessa ; in all cases in which
both sexes are known the female differs but little either in colour or markings from the male ;.
and there is no such prominent characteristic of the female as the white band on the forewing
so general in Zethe. Z. yama appears to belong more properly to the second group of the
next genus, Mzofe, with which it corresponds in the outline of the wings as well as in
the markings of the underside.. See remarks on the genus Veofe.
154. Zophoessa sura, Doubleday, Hewitson.
Z. sura, Doubleday, Hewitson, Gen. D. L., vol. ii, p. 362, n. 1, pl. Ixi, fig. x (1851), female.
HasitTaT: Bhutan, Sikkim, Sylhet, Assam,
EXPANSE: 2'8 to 3°4 inches.
DESCRIPTION : MALE: UpPERSIDE, velvety chocolate-brown. Forewing with the outer
margin paler, with a suffused submarginal darker line. A very indistinct blackish bar near the
outer end of the cell, an equally indistinct fulvous spot on the costa beyond the cell, and another
subapical trifid one somewhat more distinct. Hindwing strongly caudate, with a broad outer
paler band bordered both inwardly and outwardly with a darker shade of the ground-colour,
and bearing five round dark brown spots, the middle one the smallest. Two marginal
pale lines, the inner one the more prominent, divided by a line of the ground-colour,
UNDERSIDE paler, with dark brown and _ silvery purplish-white bars and markings.
Forewing light brown, gradually deepening from the base to beyond the middle of the wing where
it forms a dark band across the wing just beyond the cell, sharply defined, and somewhat
sinuous outwardly ; beyond this is a silvery purplish-white band, broad at the costa, diffused
outwardly, and gradually disappearing towards the inner margin, terminated on the costa
by a pure white spot. Beyond this band the ground-colour is again light brown, ending betore
the margin in another dark band sharply defined outwardly. The margin is pale brown,
bearing a fine darker brown line ; the extreme margin defined with a dark line. Three small
decreasing ocelli on the discoidal and upper median interspaces, above which are three small
costal purplish-white spots divided by the subcostal nervules. The ocelli are variable
in number, some specimens having two, others only one ocellus. Crossing the cell at its
middle is a wide deep brown bar, beyond which is a slightly narrower silvery purplish-white
bar ; then another dark bar inwardly sharply defined, outwardly becoming diffused into the paler
ground-colour ; the extremity of the cell again irrorated with silvery in an incomplete bar.
Hindwing light brown, shaded with deeper brown, and crossed by first a short basal streak ;
second by a pair of narrow irregular lines enclosing a space of a deeper colour than the
ground ; third by two other lines from the costa to the abdominal margin, somewhat far apart
and irregular, the space between them irrorated with silvery bluish-white, which is also the
colour of all the lines, The inner of this last pair of lines is inwardly narrowly, and the outer
NYMPHALID, SATYRIN#, ZOPHOESSA. 165
one outwardly widely bordered with deep brown, as are also the disco-cellular nervules. A sub-
marginal series of six large ocelli, the anal one geminate, black, pupilled with white, the
black portion being often irrorated with silvery-bluish scales, with a yellow iris surrounded by
a brown and then a silvery ring ; the dark brown margin having an irregular purplish-white
line, then a narrow dark brown line, a broader ferruginous line, and lastly the extreme margin
defined by dark brown. Cilia alternately brown and whitish.
FEMALE much lighter above and below. Uppersipr, forewing with the basal area
gradually deepening to beyond the cell, where it ends abruptly, and is followed by a pale brown
band across the wing, inwardly sharply defined with its edge very irregular, outwardly diffused,
palest at the inner margin. The spots in the Aindwing placed on a paler ground than in the
male. UNDERSIDE, Aindwing with the area narrowly within and more widely beyond the
disco-cellular nervules irrorated with ochreous, otherwise as in the male.
As far as is known, Z. szra is confined to the north-east of Bengal, and is rare. Mr. Otto
Moller took two male specimens near Darjiling at 6,000 feet, in November.
155. Zophoessa dura, Marshall.
Z. dura, Marshall, Journ. A. S. B., vol. li, pt. ii, p. 38, pl. iv, fig. 2 (1882), made.
EXPANSE: 6, 2°8 inches.
HABITAT: Upper Tenasserim.
DESCRIPTION: MALE. UPPERSIDE, doth wings dark velvet brown, with a faint purple
gloss and in some lights a golden sheen, the outer margins abruptly paler, the pale margin
widening on the hindwing, where it occupies nearly half the wing. Forewing with an indis-
tinct dark brown submarginal line on the pale ground. A7dzing with four round blackish spots
on the pale ground, and beyond them a dusky marginal line, followed by the usual outer
yellowish lines divided by a fine dusky line. UNDERSIDE as in Z. suva, Mcore, to which
this species is closely allied, but the silvery-grey and chestnut markings are less prominent,
and the grey zig-zag lines at the base of the Azzd@wing are much more convex in outline.
The spots on the upperside of the hindwing are much smaller than in Z, sura, the two
on the median interspaces are prominent, the other two are obsolescent.
Taken by Captain C. T. Bingham in the lower Thoungyeen forests in Upper Tenasserim
in May. The type specimen, which is unique, is now in the Indian Museum, Calcutta,
156. Zophoessa goalpara, Moore,
Z. goalpara, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1865, p. 768,
HABITAT: Sikkim, Assam.
EXPANSE: 6, 2°5 to 2°8 3 9, 30 inches.
DESCRIPTION: ‘*MALE: UPPERSIDE glossy olive-brown, palest on the exterior
margin. /ovrewing with a marginal suffused brown line. AHindwing with a trans-
verse discal line, a submarginal series of round spots, and marginal lunulated line
dark brown. UNDERSIDE pale glossy greyish olive-brown, suffused with darker brown
exteriorly. Zorewing with two short bands within the cell, a transverse discal band,
and suffused submarginal line dark brown. Aindwing with subbasal transverse bifid line
and transverse discal sinuous band dark brown, a submarginal series of seven dark brown
ocelli, the last two at anal angle geminated, each with a white central dot and yellowish
border, the whole having an outer pale whitish border along each side, a marginal line of
pale lunules. FEMALE dark olive-brown, pale greyish-brown exteriorly. vrewing witha
marginal suffused brown line. Aixdwing with a submarginal series of brown pale-bordered
spots, a marginal narrow lunulated pale line bordered with brown. UNDERSIDE glossy
greyish olive-brown, palest exteriorly ; markings as in male, but more suffused ; those of the
hindwing each with a pale border ; the submarginal ocelli less defined, the three upper par-
tially covered witb blue, the two next wholly so, the geminated last jet-black, the whole of
them having each a separate pale-white outer circle. orewing with three small indistinct
subapical ocelli.” (JZoore, l.c.)
166 NYMPHALID. SATYRINZ. ZOPHOES3SA.
On the UPPERSIDE of the forewing in the MALE there are a dark brown transverse discal
band and two more or less prominent bands in the cell corresponding to those of the under-
side ; and on the Aindwing beyond the lunulated line is a fine dark brown submarginal line,
and the margin itself is narrowly dark brown, the narrow space between being ferruginous.
On the UNDERSIDE in fresh specimens the ground-colour is a pale yellowish olivaceous ;
on the forewing are sometimes two inconspicuous small ocelli, one on each side of the lower
discoidal nervule, above which is a group of three small white spots near the costa, and a
narrow dark line beyond the suffused submarginal band. On the Aimdwing there is alsoa
broad basal streak, and the marginal lines as on upperside. We have not yet seen the
female.
Z. goalpara, though apparently very local, has a wide range. The Indian Museum has
asingle specimen from Sibsagar in Upper Assam; in the neighbourhood of Darjiling in
Sikkim it is found but rarely ; and in the neighbourhood of Simla it is not uncommon in some
years at Sidhpore and in the Narkunda forests at about 9,000 feet elevation at the end of
July and the beginning of August; but there is no record as yet of its occurrence in the
vast intermediate area. The specimens from Simla differ from those from Sikkim in having
on the UPPERSIDE the spots on the Aindwing smaller ; and on the UNDERSIDE in that the
yellowish basal area of the Azndwing is much more suffused with brown, especially towards
the abdominal margin, the pure yellowish tone being confined to the space between the
subbasal and discal brown bands above the median nervure, and to narrow diffused edgings to
all the brown bands. This suffusion with brown is apparent even in Sikkim specimens, but
in them it is far less pronounced and less extended.
157 Zophoessa atkinsonia, Hewitson.
Z. athinsonia, Hewitson, Ent. Month. Mag., vol. xili,p. 151 (1376) ; id., Moore, Desc. Lep. Coll.
Atkinson, p. 2, pl. i, figs. 2, 3 (1879), male.
Hasirat : Sikkim.
EXPANSE : 2'I to 2'2 inches.
Description : ** MALE: UppERSIDE dark brown, rufous towards the base. Both wings
with a submarginal black line. Forewing marked by several rufous-orange spots; two in the
cell, a quadrifid band beyond these, three (one bifid) near the apex, and five below the
middle. AHindwing with a rufous-orange band near the outer margin, marked by five black
spots ; a submarginal rufous line. UNDERSIDE rufous-brown ; a spot in the cell, which is
bordered on both sides with brown, anda continuous band beyond the middle, sinuated and
bordered inwardly with dark brown, both yellow ; a-series of four small white spots near
the apex, and two submarginal linear brown bands. Aindwing tinted with green near the
base, marked by two short bands of yellow, and followed by a broader band of the same
colour ; the outer half of the wing rufous-brown, marked by five black ocelli, with rufous
iris and pupil of blue ; a submarginal band of white.” (Hewitson, 1. c. in Desc. Lep. Coll.
Atk.) The FEMALE is unknown.
Rare. Colonel Lang’s collection contains a single specimen from Sikkim and there is a
single specimen in the Indian Museum, Calcutta.
158. Zophoessa jalaurida, de N. (PLATE X, Fic. 194.)
Z. jalaurida, de Nicéville, Journ. A. S. B., vol. xlix, pt. ii, p. 245, ne 2 (1880.)
Hapsirat: N.-W. Himalayas.
EXPANSE : 2°3 inches.
DESCRIPTION : MALE: UPPERSIDE of do0/h wings deep brown. Cilia brown, ochreous at
the interspaces. Forewing with a somewhat constricted band across the cell beyond its
middle, widely bordered on both sides with a deeper shade of the ground-colour. A trans-
verse discal band extending from the costa to the inner margin, divided anteriorly by the
veins into four somewhat square-shaped spots, below the third median nervule consisting of
diamond-shaped spots, A subapical spot divided into three portions by the veins, followed
NYMPHALID. SATYRIN&. ZOPHOESSA. 167
by four small round spots, the third from the apex slightly the largest ; all the bands and spots
ochreous. An indistinct suffused submarginal dark brown line. Hindwing with an indistinct
dark bar across the cell near its end, the disco-cellular nervules bordered on both sides with
deep brown, and a band beyond the cell across the wing also of a deeper brown than the ground-
colour. Six round black spots (the anal one small and indistinct) with pale circumferences
placed upon a somewhat lighter coloured band than the rest of the wing. The margin dark
brown with two ochreous lines divided by a dark brown line. UNDERSIDE paler brown than
above, and without any sheen. Forewing with the bands and spots as above, only more
distinct and yellower ; the first two of the four round subapical spots developed into ocelli with
lilascene pupils and placed ona light band. Aindwing slightly greenish on the abdominal
margin and base ; an irregular streak at the base wide below the cell; parallel to this is a line
from the costa to the median nervure ; beyond this a W-shaped figure, the first line of the W
being in the cell, the last ending near abdominal margin. Outside the cell a transverse streak,
somewhat straight from the costa (where it is very broad) to the third median nervule, to which
_point it gradually decreases, beyond this it is very narrow and sinuous; the first median ner-
vule is inwardly bordered from its origin to the point where it is cut by the last named
streak with silvery-white, which is the colour of all the lines and streaks. A band of
six black ocelli, pupilled with blue, with yellow irides and narrowly circled with brown and
then grey lines ; the fourth from the outer angle with the blue pupil very large, and nearly
covering the black portion, the sixth bipupilled. A submarginal lilascent line extending up
the abdominal margin, beyond which are two dark fine lines with a broader ferruginous line
between them. The FEMALE is unknown.
Z. jalaurida appears to be confined to the Western Himalayas, and occupies the most
westerly range of the genus. Mr. de Nicéville took a large number of this species near the top
of the Jalauri Pass on July 29th, 1879 ; none were on the wing, but all were settled on the red
flower of a Persicaria which grows abundantly in the thick forest between 6,000 and 8,000 feet
which clothes the Kulu side of the Pass. Strangely enough this flower was entirely disregarded
by all the ether butterflies (except the single Ze‘he mazirya taken in the same place) flying
about, and he took them settled on nothing else. Z. jalaurida is also not uncommon in the
Narkunda and Bhagi forests in the neighbourhood of Simla, at about 8,000 to 9,000 feet eleva-
tion, at the end of July and the beginning of August. Colonel Lang took several specimens
there in 1865 ; and in 1882 Mr. Doherty, an American naturalist, found it commonly there
at the same season, but we have no record of its occurrence in any other localities as yet.
The figure is taken from a male now in the Indian Museum, Calcuita, and shows the
upper and undersides.
159. Zophoessa baladeva, Moore.
Z. baladeva, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1865, p. 769, pl. xli, fig. 5, sade.
HABITAT: Sikkim.
EXPANSE: 2°12 to 2°35 inches,
DESCRIPTION : ‘‘ MALE: UPPERSIDE greenish olive-brown, orewzg with three pale api-
cal bands, the first oblique, each extending from the costa to near the posterior angle, the medial
band having a linear series of small dark spots. AMé#dwing with a submarginal series of black,
pale-ferruginous-bordered spots, the lower spot with a central white dot ; a narrow marginal
double black line. UNDERSIDE yellowish olive-brown. /orewing with bands crossing the cell ;
the oblique discal and submarginal band and marginal line pale yellow, the medial band composed
of six small uniform ocelli, each with a black spot having a white dot and pale ferruginous
outer circle, the whole bordered inwardly by a silvery-white band. Aindwing with a
straight silvery-white band from inner margin extending across the cell, beneath which it
terminates with yellow; a basal streak, discal and marginal lines yellow ; the ocelli seven in
number, and very prominent, each composed of a jet-black spot with white central dot (the
lowest spot with two), and pale ferruginous outer circle ; the upper spot bordered with yellow ;
the others with a silvery-white inner band; space below the last two ocelli ferruginous ;
marginal lines black.” (JZoore, l.c.)
23
168 NYMPHALID&. SATYRIN&. ZOPHOESSA.
On the underside of the forewing there is a short streak near the base of the cell, and
another at its extremity, both pale yellow, in addition to the streaks mentioned above. On the
hindwing the upper ocellus is twice the size of any of the others, and well retired ; there are
also only six ocelli, if the anal one is considered to be bipupilled. The dark marginal lines are
inwardly bordered with yellowish. The first and third median nervules of the hindwing are
produced into two short but distinct tails. The FEMALE is unknown.
Rare. The few specimens in our collections are all from Sikkim.
160. Zophoessa andersoni, Atkinson:
Z. andersoni, Atkinson, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, p. 215, 0. 2; pl. xii, fig. 3; id., Anderson’s Researches,
vol. i, p. 922, vol. ii, pl. Ixxxi, fig. 3 (1878).
HasitatT: Upper Burma.
EXPANSE: 2°25 inches.
DESCRIPTION: ‘‘ UPPERSIDE brown. Forewing crossed by two pale bands rising from
the costa, and directed towards the posterior angle, but not reaching it ; the first beyond the
extremity of thecell, the second intermediate between the first and exterior margin, [beyond
which are a series of five equal-sized obsolete ocelli, with small distinct black pupils]. Aénd-
qwing with a pale submarginal belt containing a series of incomplete ocelli. The first and third
median nervules produced into short tails. UNDERSIDE bright ferruginous, Forewing crossed
by three silvery-white bands, the first cutting the middle of the cell at right angles, the second
and third corresponding to the pale bands on the upperside. Exterior to the third band a
series of rudimentary ocelli reduced to four dark points. The exterior marginal lines bordered
within by yellow. Aindwing crossed by two silvery-white bands, the first cutting the lower
part of the cell, and corresponding to the first band of the forewing, the second equidistant
between the first and the exterior margin, and corresponding to the second band of the fore-
wing. At either end of the second band and within it are ocelli, the upper with one, and the
lower with two white pupils ringed with black. Exterior to the second band a series of four
white-pupilled ocelli, their outer edge forming an interrupted yellowish-white band. The
exterior margin sharply defined by two fine black lines divided by a yellow line, and bordered
within by bright yellow. Cvlia yellow. Antenne brown, with ferruginous tips.’”’ (Atkinson,
lc.) It is probable that a male is described, but the sex is not mentioned,
Very rare. There are two male specimens in the Indian Museum,—one brought by the
Yunan Expedition from Ponsee, where it was taken in March, 1868, the other without locality.
161. Zophoessa dirphia, Druce.
Z. dirphia, Druce, Cist. Ent., vol, i, p. 357 (1875)-
Hapirat: Sikkim.
EXPANSE: 2°5 inches.
Description: ‘* UPPERSIDEdark brown. Forewing crossed beyond the middle from the
costal margin to near the anal angle by a pale brown band almost yellow on the costal margin, a
yellow spot beyond near the apex, below which are three minute blackspots. Hindwing dark
brown, with a submarginal row of four incomplete ocelli, the second the largest, the third minute,
the cilia of both wings white. UNDERSIDE bright chestnut brown. Forewing crossed beyond
the middle by a cream coloured band, a pale coloured band crossing the middle of the cell,
bordered widely within by a wide reddish-brown band which crosses both wings, terminating
near the inner margin of the hindwing ; a row of four white-pupilled ocelli near the outer
margin, which is pale brown with a very fine dark brown submarginal line. Hindwing crossed
beyond the middle by a reddish-brown band, bordered outwardly by pale yellowish-brown ;
a submarginal row of six white-pupilled ocelli, the first and fifth the largest ; the outer
margin pale brown, with a dark submarginal brown line, This species is allied to Z.
andersoni, Atkinson.” (Druce, 1. c.)
This is the only species of this genus which we have not seen ; it must be very rare.
NYMPHALID&, SATYRINZ. NEOPE., 169
162. Zophoessa yama, Moore, (PLATE X, Fic. 212.)
2. yama, Moore, Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. C., vol. i, p. 221, n. 458 (1857).
HABITAT: Mussoorie, Kumaon, Bhutan, Sikkim, Khasi Hills, Sylhet.
EXPANSE : 2'8 to 3°4 inches.
DEscRIPTION : “‘ Differs from Z. sura in having no caudal appendage to the hindwing.
UNDERSIDE having on the forewing three pale bands crossing the discoidal cell, and four
submarginal ocelli: the Aézdwing having the basal portion irrorated with minute pale dots,
the transverse streaks more oblique, and the ocelli, seven in number, are black, encircled with
a pale and then a dark line, centred with a minute white dot, that at the anal angle being, as
it were, geminated. Cu/ia seen from upperside yellowish-white. Sexes alike.” (AZvore, 1.c.)
Z. yama, of all the species of Zophoessa yet known, has the underside the most profusely
variegated ; but it lacks the silvery purplish-white markings of Z. sura, being only here and
there scarcely irrorated with that colour ; and on the upperside of the forewing the ochreous
spots on the costa are much more prominent than in Z. swra, more especially so in specimens
from Shillong. In specimens from Sikkim the ocelli on the underside of the forewing show
through on the upperside slightly. In specimens from the Khasi Hills, they are even
more distinct ; while in those from Mussoorie they sometimes do not show atall. It is not un-
common in the Khasi Hills and Sikkim, where its colour is velvety chocolate-brown, the buff
cilia being very broad and conspicuous. It extends westwards in the hills as far as Mussoorie,
where its general colouration is totally different in tone, though the markings are identical
in arrangement. Specimens from Mussoorie are much paler and of a yellowish-brown, smaller
in size, and with the buffcilia inconspicuous, On the underside, too, the markings are paler and
less conspicuously defined. This is no doubt a local variety, resulting from the drier climate
of the western hills; there are analogous variations dependent on comparative humidity of
climate in every branch of the animal kingdom. The FEMALE has the wings slightly broader,
and is generally paler and duller in colour, the markings of the underside especially being
duller and less distinct, but in other respects identical with those of the male.
Z. yama occurs in the Khasi Hills in May, and at Mussoorie, at 7,000 feet elevation, in
June ; Mr. E. T. Atkinson also records it from the outer ranges of the Himalayas in Kumaon,
The figure shows the upper and undersides of a male specimen from Shillong in Major
Marshall’s collection.
Genus 12.—NEOPH, Butler. (Pare XI.)
Neofe, Butler, Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., third series, vol. xix, p. 166, pl. iv, fig. 7a (1867), structure;
Enofe, Moore, Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. C., vol. i, p. 228 (1857) ; Blanaida, Kirby, Syn. Cat. D, L.;
Supplement, p. 699 (1877).
‘*WInGs large : forewing elongate, subtriangular ; costa rather convex ; outer margin
denticulate ; inner margin somewhat convex, rarely straight ; nervures scarcely tumid at
the base, arranged as in Zefhe, with spots and ocelli as in Lasiommata. Forewing with the
shape and neuration of Zethe, &. UNDERSIDE with submarginal ocelli, basal area scrawled
with irregular streaks and bands. Azfenne@ with a gradually formed club.”
** The species composing this genus seem very closely allied to some of the species of
Lethe.” ( Butler, 1. c.)
Kirby has recently proposed the name of Blanaida for this genus, on the ground
that Vege is preoccupied ; but the nearest approach to preoccupation is in the genus WVeopus
of the Raptorial suborder of Aves, and as there is a sufficient difference between Meopus and
NVeopfe for all practical purposes, there does not seem to be any justification for suppressing the
latter.
This is a small genus ; only eight species are known, of which five are found in Indian
limits, and the remainder in China and Japan. The Indian species are confined to the
Himalayas, extending into Burma, and the genus is unrepresented either in the plains of
North India or in the South, The eopes are forest-loving insects, not common anywhere
apparently except in Sikkim.
170 NYMPHALID. SATYRIN 4. NEOPE.,
Key to the Indian species of Neope.
A. Upperside dark brown, with numerous ochreous spots and markings throughout ; hindwing distinctly
tailed.
@. Of small size: forewing with the median and submedian nervures broadly defined with
ochreous.
163. N.PpuLtaHaA, Himalayas.
4. Of large size ; none of the nervures defined with ochreous.
164. N.BHapDRA, Sikkim ; Assam.
165. N. KHASIANA, Khasi Hills.
B, Upperside ochreous-brown, with a prominent series of submarginal black spots on both wings ; hindwing
scarcely perceptibly tailed.
a. Underside witha prominent nearly straight ochreous discal band on both wings ; fore-
wing with five ocelli, four of them pupilled with white.
166. N.BHIMA; Burma.
5. Underside with no ochreous discal band ; forewing with one ocellus and two
black spots.
167. N moorer, India.
The genus /Veofe includes two groups differing considerably from one another in outline,
and from each other and from all allied genera in the character of their markings, both of
which are represented in India, and correspond to the atkinsonia and yama types in Zophoessa.
The first, which has the forewing rather elongate and the hindwing quadrate and distinctly
tailed, is distinguished by numerous ochreous spots irregularly scattered on the upperside on the
dark ground and in no regular pattern ; on the underside, moreover, the markings are more
irregular, and the bands on the hindwing are perpendicular to the body, instead of being
parallel to it, as in all Zophoessas. The second which has the wings shorter, broader, and more
rounded and similar in outline to Z. yama is distinguished by having on the upperside on doth
wings a submarginal row of large oval black spots on a yellowish ground ; on the underside
the markings resemble generally those of Z. yama in arrangement. Structurally there appears
to be nothing to separate Meope from Zophoessa except the outline of the wings, in the first
or typical group ; if this feature were taken as a basis, VV. d4ima and NV. moorei would form
a separate genus, in which Z. yama should be included. The male insects possess no glandular
patches or tufts of hairon ‘the wings ; and the-sexes are scarcely, if at all, differentiated,
agreeing in both these respects with Zophoessa, but the differences in style of markings pointed
out above render it convenient to retain them ina separate genus ; the antennz are perhaps
more gradually and less abruptly clavate than in Zophoessa.
The first group contains three species, all inhabiting the hills to the North of India.
163. Neope pulaha, Moore. (PLATE XI, FIG. 25?.)
Lasionmata! pulaha and Enope pulaha, Moore, Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. C., vol. i, p. 227,
n. 477 (1857).
HasitaT : Throughout the Himalayas to Upper Burma.
EXPANSE : 2°5 to 2'9 inches.
DESCRIPTION: ‘‘UPPERSIDE chocolate-brown, dusky about the apex and margins.
Forewing with the veins at the base, a stripe at extremity of discoidal cell, and two trans-
verse series of spots, ochreous-yellow. Hindwing with two rows of ochreous-yellow spots.
Cilia spotted with yellowish-white. UNDERSIDE dark brown. /orewing with three bars
across the discoidal cell and subapical spots tinged with white ; lower series of spots and
space below the cell yellow. Aindwing with a submarginal row of eight ocelli and a single
ocellus at abdominal angle; an irregular dark brown band from middle of anterior to middle
of abdominal margin ; markings about anterior margin tinged with white.”
** Remark.—This species is somewhat allied in form to Heteronympha merofe, Fabricius
[from Australia].” (AZoore, 1. c.) The sexes in this species are alike. ‘The underside of the
hindwing has numerous irregular dark brown zig-zag lines and markings, too irregular to
NYMPHALID, SATYRIN/. NEOPE. 17!
describe in detail, including several ochreous spots outlined with dark brown, and between the
markings the ground-colour is irregularly and beautifully irrorated with lilac-white scales
throughout, grouped here and there into cloudy bands and lunular lines in Sikkim and Eastern
Himalayan specimens. ‘lhe specimens taken at Kujiar in the Western Himalayas are smaller
and paler, with the ochreous spots much larger, and the markings of the underside on the
hindwing far less rich and prominent ; they are perhaps separable as a local subspecies, but
the differences are no greater than the colder and drier climate of the Western Himalayas
would account for.
Major C. H. T. Marshall took WV. Aulaha at Kajiar, near Chamba, in April. Colonel
Lang took it in lower Kunawar at 7,000 feet elevation, and again at Narkunda near Simla
at about 9,000 feet elevation, and the Indian Musuem, Calcutta, has specimens from Mussoorie,
and Sikkim, and one taken by the Yunan Expedition.
Regarding its habits, Colonel Lang notes as follows :—‘‘ I have only seen two specimens
of this species in two localities far apart in the interior of the Himalaya, in dark forests of Oak,
Sycamore, and Horse-chestnut, affecting shade and pitching on trunks of trees.” (Ent. Month.
Mag., vol. i, p. 182 (1864). Mr. A. Graham Young writes of this species as follows :—
**T have as yet never seen it but on the Tihir Pass and the Jamere Mountain, Kulu. On
the 21st July, 1872, it was zz swarms round an oak tree on the top of a stony ascent, called
Ghora Dik-Wallee.”
The figure shows the upper and undersides of a female specimen from Sikkim in the
Indian Museum, Calcutta.
164. Neope bhadra, Moore.
Lasiommata ? bhadra and Enofe bhadra, Moore, Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. C., vol. i, p. 227,
n. 478 (1857).
HaBitTAT: Sikkim, Assam.
EXPANSE: 3'2 to 3°7 inches.
DESCRIPTION: ‘‘ UPPERSIDE blackish-brown, suffused with chocolate-brown at the base
of forewing and along abdominal margin. /orewinvg with two transverse bars within discoidal
cell, and two rows of spots across the wing yellowish, the lower inner spot being long.
Hindwing with two rows of irregular-shaped spots, and small space about extremity of dis-
coidal cell deep ochreous-yellow, the last spot on each row near anal angle encircling a spot
of black. UNDERSIDE dark brown, tinged in parts with pink. forewing with markings
as above, also with a subapical eye-spot. AHindwing with a series of seven ocelli, and
a smaller spot at abdominal angle; base of the wing varied with pale ochreous-white
and dark brown markings.” (J/oore,1.c.) The FEMALE does not differ from the male
in markings.
The underside of the hindwing is beautifully variegated ; there is a short greyish white
streak along the costa from the base, then a broad dark brown band perpendicular to the body ir-
regularly variegated with ochreous and lilac grey irrorated markings ; then a greyish white band
from the middle of the body to the costa, followed by a dark brown broad band below, which
bears a very irregular band of yellowish irrorations defined by yellowish lines, and the paler
ground-colour beyond on which the ocelli are placed, is irregularly irrorated with ochreous
and lilac-white ; the margin is brown, profusely irrorated with yellowish towards the anal
angle, and bears two sinuous dark brown lines, in addition to the extreme marginal line, which
is also dark brown.
Mr. de Nicéville found this species in profusion in the Great Runjit Valley, Sikkim,
in October. It settles on the road with closed wings, flying off into the jungle when disturbed,
The beautifully variegated underside of this species effectually hides it when settled, as is its
habit, amongst dead leaves, Mr. Otto Moller has also taken it in the neighbourhood of Dayjil-
ing in May and June,
172 NYMPHALID. SATYRINZ. NEOPE.
165. Neope Ehasiana, Moore.
N. khasiana, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1881, p. 306.
HasitaT: Khasi Hills.
EXPANSE : 3°25 inches.
DescrIPTION: ‘*MALE. Allied to MW. dhadra. UPPERSIDE: markings on forewing
similar, the two streaks within the cell much less distinct, that crossing its middle almost
obsolete; the streak between the first median nervule and submedian nervure narrower, and
confluent with its terminal spot. Aindwing ochreous-yellow, with the costal border and
apical end of exterior border brown, the immediate base of the wing ochreous-brown; a
large oval dark brown spot beyond lower end of the cell, and a discal curved series of six
round spots decreasing in size to a minute spot above anal angle. UNDERSIDE similarly
marked to WV. bhadra, except that there are two subapical ocelli, the lower one situated between
the third and second median nervules ; the three streaks crossing the cell are zig-zag, and
the posterior margin broadly ochreous. Hindwing with a regular transverse subbasal ochreous-
white fascia, the dark spot at end of the cell smaller and more prominent, the transverse series
of ocelli also smaller, the interspace on both sides paler ochreous-brown.” (JZoore, l.c.)
This species appears to differ from JV. bhkadra chiefly on the upperside of the hindwing.
In the latter species there is often a distinct ocellus between the third and second median
nervules on the underside of the forewing. We have never seen a specimen of WV. khasiana.
The next group contains only two species in India, the remaining species of the genus being
found in China and Japan. Of the two Indian species, one has been found only in Upper
Tennasserim, and of the other the precise locality is doubtful ; both are evidently very rare.
166. Neope bhima, Marshall. (PLaTEe XI, Fic. 26 ?.)
N. bhima, Marshall, Journ. A.S.B., vol. xlix, pt. ii, p. 246, n. 6 (1880).
HaBiTaT: Upper Tenasserim.
EXPANSE: 3/0 inches.
DESCRIPTION: FEMALE. UPPERSIDE ochreous-brown. Forewing with a yellowish sub-«
marginal macular band narrowed at the costa and inner margin and widest in the middle,
bearing three large oval black spots, one between the discoidal nervules, the others between the
median nervules, and (in one specimen) a small round black spot below the first median nervule,
and above the third median nervule is a small incomplete ocellus ; between this band and
the cell is another paler yellowish band, narrow, ill-defined, brightest at the costa,
and divided by the dark nervules. MHindwing with five prominent oval black spots
narrowly circled with yellow on a somewhat paler ground, the middle one smallest and
rounded; a faint trace of the ocelli of the underside is seen through at the anal angle;
the margin itself and two fine marginal lines dusky. UNDERSIDE ochreous-grey, varie-
gated with dark brown and pure ochreous ; doth wings crossed by an almost straight prominent
ochreous band (greyish on the hindwing) just beyond the middle. Forewing with the ocelli as
on upperside, but smaller, and all pupilled with white (except the lowermost) ; beyond the
ocelli is another ochreous band, and two fine marginal lines and the margin itself dusky ;
in the discoidal cell there are three transverse sinuous brown bands, the first near the base
narrow, the second across the middle broader, bearing four ochreous spots and appearing like
two figures of 8; the third near the extremity zig-zag, widest at the lower end ; the space
beyond it irregularly variegated. Hindzwing with three prominent brown spots near the base,
two in the cell, and one above bearing ochreous pupils, the rest of the basal half irrorated with
brown and bearing numerous irregular zig-zag brown lines, some bordered and some centred
with ochreous. Eight nearly equal black ocelli pupilled with white and banded with pure yellow
and dark brown, arranged in a sinuous line, the seventh and eighth confluent ; marginal lines
as on forewing. Ci/ia prominent, ochreous on both sides, marked with brown at the tips of the
nervules.
NYMPHALIDZ. SATYRINE. ORINOMA. 173
This species has as yet only been found in Tenasserim, where two females were taken by
Captain C. T. Bingham in the Upper Thoungyeen forests in March and April. It is allied to
LV. moore?, Butler.
The figure is taken from a female specimen in the collection of Major Marshall from
Upper Tenasserim, and shows the upper and undersides.
167. Neope moorei, Butler.
NV. moore, Butler, Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., third series, vol. xix, p. 166, n. 3, pl. iv, fig. 7 (1867),
male; idem, id., Cat. Lep. B.M., Satyride, p. 113, n. 4 (1868); N. goschkevitschii, Ménétriés, var. a, Kirby,
Syn. Cat. D.L., p. 42, n. 3 (1877).
HasitTaT : East Indies,
EXPANSE: 3°12 inches.
DESCRIPTION: ‘* MALE. UPPERSIDE yellow-olivaceous, the nervures ochreous. Forewing
with seven elongate oval ochreous spots, the first and second interrupted with a swarthy
fasciole, the third, fifth and sixth including large blackish-swarthy spots, and the seventh a
small spot. Hixdwing with seven submarginal ochreous spots, the first and the seventh
minute, from the seventh to the second increasing in length, all including swarthy spots; a
marginal line and the margin itself greyish-swarthy beyond the middle. Body ochreous.
UNDERSIDE pale ochraceous; the cell of the forewing and the basal area of the hindwing
irregularly variegated with lines and streaks ; a very irregular continuous median band, two
marginal lines and the margin itself swarthy. vrewing with the apex fuscescent ; four submar-
ginal spots, the first ocellate, black, banded with yellow and pupilled with white, the second
ochraceous, the third and fourth black. Aindwing with seven black ocelli, white pupilled,
banded with yellow and again with swarthy, the seventh geminate, the third and fourth small.
Body pale ochreous.” (Butler, 1.. c. in Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist.)
‘* This is evidently a local representative of MV. goschkevitschit.” (Butler, 1. c. in Cat.
Satyrid@. )
We have not seena specimen of MV. mooret. The ‘‘ East Indies” is a wide term, and it is
possible that so faras this species is concerned it may not include India at all.
Genus 13.—ORINOMA, Doubleday. (PLATE XIII.)
Orinoma, Doubleday, in Gen. D.L., p. 368 (1851) ; id., Butler, Ann, and Mag. of Nat. Hist., third series,
vol. xix, p. 50, pl. ii, figs. 4, 4@ (1867), structure.
‘*Bopy moderately robust, clothed, especially at the sides of the thorax, in front and
behind, with fine hairs ; wings with longitudinal interrupted pale bars between the nervules,
and not ocellated. Head hairy, especially in front, where the hairs form asmall tuft. Zyes large,
hairy. Antenne about two-fifths of the length of the forewing, very slender, curved down-
wards at the tip, and terminated by along, gradually formed, but very slender club, the articu-
lations scarcely distinct, finely carinated beneath on the inside. Pa/gé compressed, large,
porrected obliquely, reaching nearly to the level of the top of the eyes, and extending forwards
nearly to the length of the head, very hairy in front; terminal joint minute, slender. Thorax
oval; tippets clothed with fulvous hairs ; meta-thorax clothed with longer grey hairs. Addomen
elongated, slender, FOREWING elongate, subovate; costal margin arched; apical angle
rounded ; outer margin entire, about three-fifths of the length of the costal margin, very
slightly emarginate in the middle ; anal angle rounded ; inner margin straight in both sexes, of
the same length as the outer margin. Costal nervure swollen at the base, united to the costaa
little beyond the middle of its length ; szdcostal nervure with its first and second branches free,
arising before the extremity of the cell; the third at nearly half-way between the cell and the
apex ; the fourth half-way between the third and the apex, uniting with the costa before reaching
the apex, as does also the terminal part of the subcostal nervure, the upper discoidal nervule
being extended to the extremity of the rounded apex. Uffer disco-cellular very short, oblique,
arising a little before the middle of the length of the wing ; middle disco-cellular scarcely longer
than the upper, nearly transverse ; /ower disco-cellular much elongated and curved, the extre-
mity directed outwards, and united with the third branch of the median nervure at about the
same distance from its origin as exists between the origin of its first and second branches, thus
174 NYMPHALID. SATYRIN. ORINOMA.
closing the discoidal cell rather before the middle of the wing ; the third branch being angulat-
ed at the place of junction, beyond which it is rather curved. Submedian nervure nearly
straight. HINDWING elongate-ovate ; costal margin curved ; outer and anal ang'es rounded ;
outer margin slightly scalloped, the scallop at the extremity of the third branch of the median
nervure being rather more decided than the rest. Prediscoidal [precostal 2] nervule erect, curved
outwards at the tip. Swbcostal nervure arising nearer the body than the prediscoidal
[precostal?], branching at a considerable distance from its base. Upper disco-cellular arising
at alittle distance from the base of the branch, curved, oblique ; /ower disco-cellular about equal
in length to the upper, straight, rather more transverse, uniting with the median nervure exactly
at the origin of its second and third branches, the latter of which is curved ; the discoidal cell
being thus closed in a rather acute point at some little distance before the middle of the wing.
FORELEGS of the male very slender, small, and pectoral, densely clothed with delicate hairs ; the
tibia a little shorter than the femur, and the tarsus than the tibia ; the tarsus exarticulate and
destitute of claws. Four hindlegs moderately long, scaly ; femur hairy within; tibia scarcely
spined beneath; spurs distinct. Tarsus as long as the tibia, scaly, finely spined beneath and at
the sides. C/aws entire, very curved and acute. Pavonychia minute, bifid.” (Westwood, |.c.)
The type and only known species of this genus has very little of the general appearance of
the Satyring, and more resembles some of the Danaine or Pierine, but the hairy eyes, and the
arrangement of the veins of the wing, almost identical with that of Meorina, indicate its affinity
with the Satyrine.
168. Orinoma damaris, Gray. (PLATE XIII, Fic. 32 ¢.)
O. damaris, Gray, Lep. Ins. Nepal, p. 14, pl. vii, fig. 2, 2 @ (1846) ; id., Gen. D. L., pl. Ixiii, fig 3 (1851).
HABITAT : Himalayas, Cachar, Assam, Burma.
EXPANSE : 2°6 to 3°35 inches.
DESCRIPTION : ‘* Wings yellowish white, with the veins and marginal bands brown ; the
costal nervure [base of the discoidal cell] of the forewing orange, with two black spots in the
middle. UNDERSIDE paler.” (Gray, 1. c.)
MALE: UPPERSIDE deep swarthy, almost black, with all the markings pale yellowish-
white, except the one occupying the basal half of the cell of the forewing, which is rich orange.
Forewing with a triangular patch of rich orange colour filling the basal half of the cell,
outwardly defined by a line of darker colour than the ground, the orange portion marked
with two black spots placed obliquely. The upper part of the outer half of the cell is marked
with a diffused black patch, below which is a black streak. The rest of the markings are
almost identical in pattern with those of Danais aglea, except that the long streak in the
interno-median area is divided transversely near its middle bya fine, outwardly-angled black
line, instead of longitudinally. AWixdwing with the markings also bearing a very general resem-
blance to those of Danazs aglea, but with the yellow space in the cell divided by a black line
parallel with the disco-cellulars. UNDERSIDE with all the markings paler and more clearly
defined. On both wings there is a submarginal row of obsolete small black ocelli, those on
the Aindwing pupilled with yellowish ; also a marginal line divided by the nervules, within
which is a series of elongated rectangular marks. Ci/ia dark brown, ochreous at the interspaces.
The collar and anterior portion of the thorax with orange hairs. Body dark above, pale
yellow at the sides, and beneath marked with fine dark narrow longitudinal lines.
Orinoma damaris is a somewhat local insect nowhere very common; in the Kangra
district Mr. Hocking records (Proc. Zool. Soc., Lond., 1882, p. 235) that it has been ‘* taken
at Jatingri,” but is ‘‘very local and rare ;’ in Kumaon Mr. E. T. Atkinson records it as
occurring in wooded lowlands, and Major G. F. L. Marshall has taken it in the neighbourhood
of Naini Tal; it occurs in Nepal and Sikkim, and also in the Khasi Hills in the autumn; in
Cachar, where Mr, Wood-Mason took it on Nemothain October ; andin Sylhet. Captain C. T.
Bingham found it in Upper Tenasserim in the lower Thoungyeen forests from March to May.
It apparently only occurs in the mountainous parts of North-East India, and at low elevations.
The figure is taken from a male specimen from Sylhet in the Indian Museum, Calcutta.
NYMPHALID&. SATYRIN/AG. RHAPHICERA, 175
Genus 14.—RHAPHICERA, Butler. (PLare XV.)
Rhaphicera, Butler, Ann,.and Mag. of Nat. Hist., third series, vol. xix, p. 164, pl. iv, fig. 4a (1867),
Structure.
“* Forewing elongate triangular, the costa subconvex ; outer margin short, convex ; inner
margin nearly straight. Neuration as in Zasiommata ; nervures scarcely dilated at base; the
disco-cellulars oblique. Hindwing pyriform ; costa almost straight ; outer margin denticulate ;
inner margin almost entire. Av‘enne reaching to the middle of the forewing, elongate,
slender, the club gradually formed. /a/pi elongate, woolly ; the terminal joint short, distinct.
fiyes hairy.” (Butler, 1. c.)
The neuration differs somewhat from that of Zastommata. Inthe forewing the first and
second disco-cellulars are very short, the two discoidal nervules originating close together, and
close to the subcostal nervure ; the third disco-cellular is long, nearly straight and oblique.
In the 2indwing the second median nervule originates slightly before the apex of the cell
in the typical species (A. satvicus), and exactly opposite to it in the only other Indian species,
while in Zas‘ommata it originates beyond the apex.
Only three species are known, two of which occur in the Himalayas, and the third at
Mou-pin in Thibet. The colouration is dark orange-yellow, much marked with black, and the
pattern is the same on both upper and undersides ; the hindwing is also prominently ocellated
on the underside. They are forest loving insects, settling on the leaves of trees and bushes,
with a quick darting flight, and having nothing protective in their colouring they are pro-
minent objects when settled. Both species are rare and very local. The sexes are only
slightly differentiated, the female having the same colour and style of markings as the
male.
Eey to the Indian Specios of Rhaphicera.
A. Wings orange-yellow ; the nervures and some bars across the wings and spots black. Hindwing with a
submarginal series of ocelli.
a. ‘lhe nervures narrowly black.
169. R. satTricus, Eastern Himalayas.
é. The nervures broadly black ; the base of both wings irrorated with fuscous.
170. R. MOOREI, Western Himalayas.
169. Rhaphicera satricus, Doubleday, Hewitson.
Lasiommata satricus, Doubleday, Hewit-on, Gen. D. L., p 387, n. 14, pl. Ixiv, fig. 4 (1851), fernale ;
Rhaphicera satricus, Butler, Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., third series, vol. xix, p. 164, pl. iv, fig. 3 (1867),
Jemale.
HasitaT : Eastern Himalayas.
EXPANSE : 2°5 to 2°7 inches.
DESCRIPTION : MALE: UpPPERSIDE rich dark orange yellow; all the nervures black.
Forewing with a narrow black bar across the cell in prolongation of the first median nervule,
and another much broader one in prolongation of the second ; a broad irregular band beyond
the cell from the costa to the first median nervule, and sharply angled outwardly at its middle
on the third median nervule ; a short subapical bar from the costa ending with a round spot
between the discoidal nervules, a large round spot on the lower median interspace, and the
outer margin irregularly (narrowest on the lower median interspace) and the inner margin
extending to the submedian nervure, black. Aindwing with a similar angulate band beyond
the cell, narrow from the costa, almost obliterated above the discoidal nervule, broad and pro-
minent across the median nervules ; four large round submarginal spots, one on either side
of the second subcostal, and one on either side of the second median nervule, and the outer
margin, black ; two narrow orange lines on the black margin; cz/ia, orange. UNDERSIDE,
Forewing paler yellow ; markings as on upperside, but the apex and outer margin also yellow,
bearing a fine black line on the extreme margin, and another incomplete within it, and an
irregular line much wider about the third median nervule and following the outline of the
dark border of the upperside ; the lower submarginal spot having a small white pupil and the
24
176 NYMPHALID. SATYRINZ. RHAPHICERA.
upper one developed into a perfect ocellus, with a bluish-white pupil, yellow iris and blackish
outer ring. indwing bright golden brown with a broad much paler streak from the base
covering the entire cell, and extending almost to the outer margin ; a line from middle of costal
nervure across the cell, an irregular angulate line from the costa outside the cell to the
submedian nervure and two fine marginal lines black, a dusky sinuous submarginal line ; six
submarginal ocelli, the third (sometimes absent) and sixth smaller, and the sixth geminate, all
black with prominent bluish-white pupil, yellow iris, and blackish outer ring. FEMALE similar in
colour and markings.
Rhaphicera satricus is found in Sikkim, and Mr. E. T. Atkinson records it as occurring
in the wooded hills beyond Almorah in Kumaon. This is probably the extreme western
range of the species ; further to the west it is replaced by the allied 2. mooret.
170. Rhaphicera moorei, Butler. (Pare XV, Fic. 38d.)
Lasiommata satricus, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1865, p. 499, n. 82; Rhaphicera moorei, Butler, Ann.
and Mag. of Nat. Hist., third series, vol. xix, p. 164, n. 2, pl. iv, fig. 4 (1867), /emade.
HaBitTaTt: North-West Himalayas.
EXPANSE: 2‘I to 2°25 inches.
DESCRIPTION : MALE: UPPERSIDE as in R, satricus, but all the black lines broader, the
nervures being bordered as well as defined with black, giving it more the appearance of a
black insect spotted with orange ; the base of doth wings, and the inner margin of the /ind-
wing broadly irrorated with fuscous. UNDERSIDE also similar but paler and less brilliant ;
the base of both wings, and the inner margin of the hindwing broadly irrorated with fuscous
as on the upperside; the third ocellus of the hindwing often obsolete, sometimes entirely
wauting, the fourth, fifth, and sixth comparatively larger, and closer together. ‘* FEMALE:
UPPERSIDE pale yellowish-ferruginous, very similar to 2. satricus, female, but smaller. Fore-
wing with all the nervures fuscous, the base fuscescent, the black bands wider, the discal
fascia continued to the inner margin; a minute median discal black dot. Aindwing more
denticulate, the internal area olivaceous-fuscous, with a series of six ocelli with grey pupils ; the
outer margin fuscescent. UNDERSIDE : Forewing with the discal fascia more slender, the ocelli
smaller, the outer margin slightly fuscescent. - Hindwisg paler, the ocelli closer together, the
median lines more irregular, continuous ; the submarginal lines more undulate.” (Avféler, 1.c.)
R. moorei is generally considered a rare insect, but in 1882 it was found in great profu-
sion by Mr. Doherty in the Bhagi and Narkunda forests and again at Theog, all in the neigh-
bourhood of Simla, in August ; flying freely during heavy rain, and alighting on the leaves of
bushes and trees ; it is conspicuous when settled and appears to have nothing protective in its
colouration. Colonel Lang notes, ‘* Observed only late in the autumn, in a forest glade in the
Himalayas, near a stream with rich vegetation about its banks.” His collection contains five
specimens from the neighbourhood of Simla taken at 9,000 feet elevation, and two from lower
Kunawar, 7,000 feet elevation ; it is evidently a very local insect.
The figure represents a male specimen taken by Mr. de Nicéville at Narkunda near
Simla in August, and shows the upper and undersides.
The next two genera Pararge and Amecera represent in India the ‘‘hairy-eyed” division
of the genus Satyvus as defined by Godart and Boisduval. They are both sections of the
genus Zasiommata of Westwood (Gen. D. L.), which latter also includes both Meofe and
Rhaphicera. They are distinguished from the remaining subdivisions of Satyrus defined
further on as Hifparchia, Aulocera, and Efinephele, not only by having the eyes hairy, but by
the position of the apex of the discoidal cell of the hindwing as defined in the key to the
genera (p. 96), and by having a complete series of ocelli on the hindwing on the underside. In
a few species of //ipparchia and Epinephele there are two or three perfect ocelli on the under-
side of the hindwing, but in none is there a perfect series, and in the greater number of species
and in all the 4w/oceras the ocelli are entirely absent. Westwood’s definition of Lasiommata
is republished for reference,
NYMPHALID&. SATYRINA, PARARGE, 177
Genus Lasiommata, Westwood.
Lasiommata, Westwood, Gen. D. L., p. 385 (1851).
** Body slender, hairy ; costal and median nervures of the forewing swollen at the base.
Head moderate-sized, very hairy, with a frontal tuft. Zyes prominent, hairy. «/fz porrected
obliquely, the tips raised to the level of the tops of the eyes, extending forwards as
far as the length of the head, very slender ; the front of the basal and second joints thickly
clothed with long divaricating hairs, extending to the tip; the terminal joint being extremely
short. Antenne straight, distinctly annulated with white, not quite half the length of the
forewing, terminated by a distinct, compressed, pear-shaped club, the tip being bent outwards ;
the club, however, varies considerably in shape, being elongated and very gradually formed in
some exotic species. Zhorax oval, moderate-sized, hairy. Addomen slender. FOREWING
large, elongate-triangular ; costal margin moderately arched ; apex rounded ; outer margin
entire, more than two-thirds of the length of the costal ; inner margin about as long as
the outer. Cosfal and median nervures dilated at the base, the latter less so than the
former. Neuration as in Erebia ; the upper disco-cellular very short, transverse ; the middle and
fower forming a continuous curved line, the middle one shorter than the lower one ; the
discoidal cell reaching rather beyond the middle of the wing ; a nervule extending into the
discoidal cell continuous with the lower discoidal nervule ; another nervule extending back-
wards from near the lower extremity of the lower disco-cellular nervule. HINDWING
subovate ; outer margin moderately scalloped ; anal margin not incised near the extremity.
Upper disco-cellular nervule arising at a short distance from the origin of the branch of the
subcostal, considerably curved, and throwing offa nervule backwards into the discoidal cell ;
lower disco-cellulary considerably longer than the upper one, also curved, and united with
the median nervure at the origin of its third branch, or sometimes preceding the third branch.
FORELEGS small, but distinct, and very hairy in both sexes; those of the male very
slender, and more thickly hairy, with the tarsus simple, and acute at the tip. Those of the
jemale scarcely longer ; tibia shorter than the femur ; tarsus equal to the tibia, dilated, and
compressed at the extremity, where it is articulated, and armed on the inside with short spines.
Four hindlegs moderately long, very slender, scaly ; femur hairy beneath ; tibia and tarsus
with very few spines beneath. C/aws curved, acute, simple, dilated into an angulated lobe
at the base. Paronychia slender, bifid. Pu/villus small, rounded.”
‘*LaRVA. Elongate, villose, with two short points at the tail. PUPA short, thick, with
small angular projections, and two points at the head ; suspended by the tail.” (Westwood, 1.c.)
The whole of the Indian species belong to two sections which have been generically
separated under the names Pararge and Amecera on the following characters :—
Genus 15.—PARARGE, Hiibner.
Pararge, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett., p. 59 (1816).
Differs but slightly from Zasiommata in having the median nervure of the forewing but very
slightly swollen at base; the outer margin of the forewing is scarcely sinuate, and the inner
margin is longer than the outer. The sexes are identical in markings, but differ somewhat in
aspect owing to all the black markings being far more prominent in the female. The MALE
has no sexual patches of raised scales or tufts of hairs on the wings.
Only a single species occurs within Indian limits; it is found in the North-West
Himalayas. The colour is ochreous yellow with the outer margin and a few spots biack,
and is quite different in aspect from all other Indian species of this subfamily.
171. Pararee cashmirensis, Moore.
P. cashmirensis, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 265, pl. xlili, fig. 3, male.
HasiraT: N.-W. Himalayas.
EXPANSE: 6, 20to2'2; 2, 2°2 to 2°35 inches.
DESCRIPTION: ‘‘MALE: UPPERSIDE ochreous yellow, brownish at the tase. Crfyz
yellowish white, spotted with black, Forewing with a black dentate disco-cellular streak, and
178 NYMPHALID, SATYRINZE. AMECERA.
a dark ochreous-black exterior border, the inner margin of which commences one-third before
the apex and curves half round a subapical white-pupilled black spot, and thence attenuates to
posterior angle [with a prominent projection inwards between the second and third median
nervules]. //ndwing with a broad ochreous brown exterior border with waved inner margin,
contiguous to which are three black spots, each with a white pupil, the middle spot being
the largest, and the anterior the smallest. The FEMALE differs in having two subapical spots
and a broad disco-cellular patch on the forewing, and a fourth smaller anterior spot on the
hindwing. UNDERSIDE. forewing paler ochreous, markings as on upperside, but greyish
brown, and with three narrow brown transverse streaks within the cell, and an irregular streak
beyond it; two bright white-pupilled subapical spots, the upper one small, beneath which is
a white dot, all being encompassed by a brownish line. AHindwing with greyish-brown base
and exterior border, the disc being whitish grey, the division marked by a dark brown irregular
zig-zag inner line and a wavy outer line ; within this discal portion is a series of six round
bright black spots, each having a white pupil (the basal two), and encircled by a yellow and
a narrow brown outer ring, the second and third anterior spots being small, the others of
equal size.”
‘¢ Note.—The nearest ally to this species is P. eversmanni, Eversmann, from Central Asia,
figured in the Moscow Bulletin for 1847, vol. ii, pl. ii, figs. 5,6.” (Moore, lic.)
In some specimens the MALE also has on the upperside two subapical spots on the forewing
and four submarginal on the hindwing ; the base and inner half of the latter is suffused with
brown. In the FEMALE the suffusion of brown on the hindwing is darker and more extended,
the only yellow left being diffused rings round the spots and a small patch at the end of the
cell.
Pararge cashmirensis is a rare and very local butterfly ; the first capture of it was by the late
Captain Reed at Goolmurg, an elevated plateau about 9,000 feet above the sea in Kashmir.
Mr. Robert Ellis has since taken it in Pangi in July and August at considerable elevations ;
it was also taken by Mr. Atkinson in Kashmir, but no other records of its capture can be
traced. It is a well-marked conspicuous butterfly that would not fail to attract attention if
met with.
Genus 16.—AMECERA, Butler. (PLaTe XV.)
Amecera, Butler, Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., third series, vol. xix, p. 162, pl. iv, figs. 1, 1 @ (1867),
structure.
DescrIPTION : ‘* Forewing with the outer margin less wavy, and not angulate at the apex.
Hindwing more elongate, the outer margin scarcely sinuate ; otherwise as in Lasiommata.
Neuration as in Lasiommata, but the cell of the hindwing shorter. Antenne more elongate
and slenderer, the club pyriform and compressed. /a/pi with the terminal joint more
elongate.” (Butler, 1. c.)
In this section Butler has included Hifparchia baldiva, but as its eyes are quite destitute
of hairs it belongs to, and is here included in, the genus Aifparchia restricted. He also
includes Pararge eversmanni, which is a true Pararge, very closely allied to P. cashmirensis.
It is doubtful whether the name Amecera will not have to give way to Lasiommata, of
which also megera was the type. Mr. Butler has restricted ZLasiommata to the section of
which @geria is the type, and this arrangement we retain, as it has been followed by
Mr. Moore.
The genus Amecera is spread over Europe and Western Asia, extending to England on
the one hand, and to the Eastern Himalayas on the other. ‘The typical species is 4. megera,
an English butterfly, with the wings tawny fulvous, marked with smoky brown. Four
species have been described from India, all of them restricted to the mountain ranges on the
north and north-west frontiers. One of them, A. schakra, is very distinct, and is a dominant
species, common over a very large extent of country ; the other three are all more or less
specialised local forms of A. mera of South Europe, the claim of at least one of them
NYMPHALIDE. SATYRIN ZS. AMECERA. 179
to rank as distinct specifically has been opposed by high authorities, and all three are
comparatively rare and local. In this genus the males usually, but not universally, have a
broad oblique stripe of raised scales on the forewing from the apex of the cell to the middle
of the submedian nervure—a feature which they have in common with some of the L/ffarchias
and Lpinepheles.
Koy to the Indian species of Amecera.
A. With the wings smoky brown, witha prominent subapical ocellus on the forewing, and two or more
on the hindwing, ringed with fulvous on the upperside ; all with six perfect oceili on the
underside of the hindwing.
a. Males with a broad oblique stripe of densely packed scales on the upperside of
the forewing.
a!. With a submarginal series of fulvous streaks diminishing from the costa (much
wider in the female) on the upperside of the forewing ; the male sexual
streak narrow, and outwardly dentate along the nervules. Hindwing
with two to five submarginal ocelli.
172. A. SCHAKRA, Himalayas.
6’. Male with two fulvous streaks below the ocellus on the forewing ; hindwing
with four ocelli.
173. A. MaRULA, Western Himalayas.
¢'. Male with the submarginal streaks on forewing more or less obsolete ; the sexual
streak very wide, not outwardly dentate; female with a prominent
triangular fulvous patch divided by the dark nervules only ; hindwing
with only two ocelli in both sexes.
174. A. MENAVA, Western Himalayas.
3. Males with no stripe of densely packed scales on the upperside of the forewing.
a, Forewing with the outer dark zone of the ocellus on the underside of the
forewing diffused and incomplete.
175- A. M4ROIDES, Western Himalayas.
172. Amecera schakra, Kollar. (PLATE XV, Fies. 450, 462.)
Satyrus sckakra, Kollar in Hugel’s Kaschmir, vol. iv, pt. ii, p. 446, n. 4, pl. xv, figs. 3, 4(1848), male ;
Lasiommata schakra, Westwood, Gen. D. L., p. 387, n. 12 (1851); “Amecera schakra, Butler, Ann. and
Mag. of Nat. Hist., third series, vol. xix, p. 163, n. 7 (1867).
HasitaT : The Himalayas.
EXPANSE : 2'0 to 25 inches.
DESCRIPTION: MaLeE: ‘‘ UPPERSIDE fuscous, with an interrupted marginal fulvous band.
Forewing with one ocellus. Hindwing with three ocelli, black, pupilled with white. UNDER-
SIDE grey. Forewing with a large fulvous patch near the hinder angle, with a large apical
ocellus, and a smaller obsolete one adjacent. Hindwing with six ocelli, each with two rings,
and obscure angulate streaks.” (Ao//ar, 1. c.) FEMALE paler, with an additional fulvous
marginal band beyond the ocellus, and the fulvous streaks merging into a pale yellow band
between the ocellus and the cell extending nearly to the costa.
Though fairly constant in the markings of the underside A. schakra presents consider-
able variation on the upperside. Besides the difference in tone of the ground-colour due
to climate, the MALE shows in the forewing differences in the width and prominence of the
fulvous marginal band ; and in the Aindwing in the number and prominence of the ocelli.
The commonest form has three ocelli, one or more of which are blind, others have two ocelli
with a fulvous spot above. Others again have three ocelli with a fulvous spot above. Others
have four ocelli, the uppermost blind, and some have five, the uppermost smallest, and well
separated, The FEMALE shows the same variation in the ocelli of the hindwing.
A. schakra is one of the commonest butterflies of the Western Himalayas, extending
eastwards as far as Sikkim; in the north-west ‘‘to be seen at all seasons flitting about the
rocky road-side, and pitching on the rocks or banks; more abundant on the outer ranges
on bare grassy slopes.” (Colonel A. M. Lang in Ent. Month. Mag., vol. i, p. 182, 1865.)
Mr. A. Graham Young states that in Kulu it is very common, appearing in July, and again
in September and October.
180 NYMPHALID. SATYRIN#. AMECERA.
Larva: ‘Apple-green with pale yellow lateral lines. Feeds on various grasses.”
(Graham Young.)
The figures show the upper and undersides of both sexes; the male from Simla, the
female from Mussoorie.
173. Amecera merula, Felder.
Lasiommata merula, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep , vol. iii, p. 496, n. 858 (1865).
HasitaT : Kunawar, Pangi.
ExpansE: Not given.
DESCRIPTION: “MALE: UPPERSIDE asin Z. [A4.] mera,* but with the ocellus of the
forewing larger, and with the two ferruginous-fulvous spots below it narrower, and more dis-
tant from the margin. Aindwing with four ocelli (the uppermost blind), also larger and more
remote from the margin. UNDERSIDE as in Z.[4.] schakra, but the forewing with the fulvous
patch extending into the cell, the streaks in the cell fuscous, the innermost shortest, the ocellus
larger, the streak on the inner side of it short, straight. A/indwing with the streaks obscurely
fuscous, a little more flexuous, the basal streak not at all faint, the ocelli larger. This fine
species stands between Z. [4.] schakra, which Dr. Stoliczka collected in large numbers on
the Southern Himalayas, and our Z. [4.] mera; the underside is very similar to that of
L. [A.] schakra, the shape of the wings, however, together with the upperside reminds one of
the latter.” (Felder, 1. c.)
In the absence of the type we are unable to state what differences can be especially relied
on to separate the species ; many of the varieties of 4. schakrva noted above accord fairly with
the description of 4. meru/a, though none of them exactly agree, especially in the outline of
the forewing ; it seems to us probable that 4A. merula is only a casual variety of A. schakra,
but we retain it as distinct for the present pending further investigation, and in deference to
Dr. Felder’s high authority.
A. merula is apparently very rare, we have never seen a specimen. The description of
A. mera from specimens from Prussia is given below.
174. Amecera menava, Moore.
Lasiommata menava, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1865, Pp. 499, n. 83, pl. xxx, fig. 3, male.
HapiratT: Western Himalayas ; Beluchistan.
EXPANSE: 1°75 to 2‘2 inches.
DESCRIPTION: ‘*‘ MALE: UPPERSIDE fuliginous brown. Forewing with a large apical
jet-black ocellus, with white pupil and ferruginous iris ; also a much smaller ocellus between
it and the apex. xdwing with two similar ocelli, placed submarginally midway between
the anterior and posterior angles, [the inner one much the smaller]. UNDERSIDE with the
discal portion of the forewing ferruginous ; a series of four transverse discoidal streaks, and a
submarginal line dark brown, each bordered with pale grey; the ocelli as above, but with
yellow irides. Hindwing pale greyish brown, with irregular transverse basal brown lines ;
a series of six black submarginal ocelli, the first five with each a white pupil, and a double
brown-bordered yellow iris, the sixth [geminate] at the anal angle, without the white-pupilled
* Amecera mera, Linnzeus, Faun. Suec., p. 275, n. 1049 (1761). Hapirat: Europe. Expanse, sale, 2°0 to
2'1, female 2°: inches. DescripTION: Mace. UppersipE dull smoky brown. Forewing with a prominent black,
white-pupilled subapical ocellus with a mirute similar ocellus attached to it below, and another minute ocellus
placed outwardly above it ; these ocelli placed on a patch of bright fulvous, widest towards the costa, narrowest
at the submedian nervure, which it does not quite reach, and divided by the dark nervules. A/indwing with two
submarginal black, white-pupilled ocelli, each surrounded by a fulvous iris, and with a small spot of the same
colour in the interspace above the anterior ocellus, sometimes bearing a small ocellus. UN»prrsipe light greyish
brown. Forewing with two transverse brown bars in the cell, and the disco-cellulars defined with brown; the
ocelli ringed with pale yellow, and enclosed in a single fine brown line; the disc bright fulvous, the margin bearing
an inner rather broad waved dark line and two fine marginal lines. Wéndzwing with six black ocelli, the anal one
geminate, each with two rings of fulvous and two of dark brown; a basal, a median and a submarginal dark wavy
line, all paralled to the outer margin, two very indistinct waved darker lines on the margin. FeMALE similar,
but with the bright fulvous patch wider, and extending into the interspace below the submedian nervure; the
disc irrorated with fulvous. UnperrsipE with the fulvous patch larger and brighter. It lacks the usual sexual
streak of the male on the upperside of the forewing. (Described from specimens from Prussia),
NYMPHALID&, SATYRINA. AMECERA. 181
black centre ; a submarginal series of whitish-grey lunules. Allied to Z. [4.] sehakra, Kollar.”
(WZoore, 1. c-)
The FEMALE differs in being paler coloured, in lacking the male sexual streak, and in
having on the UPPERSIDE of the forewing a large triangular bright fulvous patch occupying
nearly the apical half of the wing; the ocellus is included in this patch, and it is cut only by
the dark nervules, not divided into streaks as in A. schakra.
A. menava ‘‘comes from middle Kunawar, the pleasant villages of Pangi and Rarung,
where the last showers of rain fall at rare intervals. It does not venture to the drier regions ;
and its uniformly dark colour remains constant, and seems to distinguish it from the more
fulvous Z. [4.] schakra so common on every rocky roadside in Lower Kunawar and the Simla
hills.” (Note by Colonel Lang in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1. c.) It is also found in the Pangi
and Chini districts in the months of June and July, but it appears to be local, and nowhere very
common. Mr. de Nicéville took a male at Nurla, Ladak, on July 5th, and two females,—one
each at Chanagund and Kargil, Ladak, on June 30th and July 1st respectively. These were
all the specimens he saw, the extremely scanty vegetation of this dry and barren region not
being favourable to an abundant insect fauna, Quite recently a female specimen has been
taken by Colonel Lang in the Kawas Valley in Beluchistan at 8,000 feet elevation in the
month of September, which shows that this species has a far wider range than was at first
believed.
175. Amecera meroides, Felder.
Lasiommata meroides, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep., vol. iii, p. 496, n. 859, pl. Ixix, fig. 1 (1865), female.
HasitaT: Dras, Ladak ; Chulichang, at 12,000 feet elevation ; Pangi.
EXPANSE: 6, 2°1 to 2°43; ¢, 2°3 to2°4 inches.
DESCRIPTION: ‘‘ MALE: UpPERSIDE as in Z, [4 ] menava, but paler; the streaks more
obsolete. Forewing with the ocellus distinctly surrounded with fulvous, and with two large spots
irrorated with fulvous below it. A7dwing with two ocelli coloured as in Z. [4.] menava, but
more broadly ringed and a little nearer to the margin; a fulvous spot annexed to the upper
ocellus. UNDERSIDE as in Z. [4.] menava, but the Aiding with the streaks of the basal half
fuscous, scarcely margined with fulvous ; that beyond the cella little more directed outwards
towards the costa. FEMALE. UPPERSIDE. forewing with the ocellus placed on a triangular
band of deep fulvous. A local form of Z. [4.] #znava, Moore, which Dr. Stoliczka collected in
numbers on the Southern Himalayas near Pangi in Kunawar. The FEMALE differs from the yet
undescribed female of Z. #enava in the fulvous patch of the forewing being throughout distinctly
defined, lighter and hardly divided by the nervules, and in the two ocelli of the hindwing being
separated from each other, smaller, and somewhat nearer to the margin, as well as differing on
the underside in the same way as described for the male. The two females of Z. menava taken
by Dr. Stoliczka have on the upperside a third irregular ocellus confluent with the large one
placed between the second and third median nervules.” (Fe/de7, 1. c.)
A. meroides is given by Butler in his Cat. Satyride B. M., p. 126, asasynonym of 4,
menava ; but the presence in the male of the large fulvous spots below the ocellus on the
upperside of the forewing distinguish it from that species. No difference, however, can
be detected on comparing a female of A. menava with Felder’s figure of a female of A. meroides,
except in the slightly larger extent of the fulvous patch on the forewing.
There are three specimens in Major Marshall’s collection of an Amecera taken at Pangi in
July and one female in August by Mr. Robert Ellis ; two of the former are clearly males by the
structure of the abdomen and of the forelegs, and the outline of the wings, but they have no
trace whatever of the male sexual streak on the forewing. They correspond well with Felder’s
description of A. me@roides, and we refer them to that species, although the third
specimen, a female, taken at the same time and place, resembles that of A. schakva, and not
that of A. menava, in style of markings of the upperside. All three are much darker in
colour than A. schakra usually is, but paler than A. menava, They are certainly distinct
182 NYMPHALID. SATYRIN 4. HIPPARCHIA.
from A. schakra; on the UNDERSIDE all four specimens differ both from A. schakra and
A. menava in that the apical ocellus of the forewing lacks the well-defined narrow dark outer
ring, having only an incomplete rather diffused ring, the lower portion obsolete; in the
hindwing the ground-colour is paler than even in 4. schakra, and, as Felder states, the streaks
are fuscous scarcely margined with fulvous ; and the one beyond the cell is distinctly more
irregular and angled in outline. The males correspond so exactly with Felder’s description of
A. meroides that we cannot doubt their identity with that species, and we can only surmise that
a female of A. menava has been accidentally figured by Felder as the female of 4. meroides.
Genus 17.—HIPPARCHIA, Fabricius.
Hifparchia, Fabricius, Ill. Mag., vol. vi, p. 28: (1807) ; Satyrus (in part), Westwood, Gen. D. L., p. 388,
(1851.)
‘¢ Bopy generally rather robust, hairy ; forewing with the costal and median nervures swollen
at the base, and the outer margin somewhat scalloped. Hap rather small, thickly clothed
with rather short hairs. yes prominent, naked. a/fz rather short, porrected obliquely, but
not reaching much above the level of the middle of the eyes, and extending forwards about
half the length of the head, rather thickly clothed beneath with moderately short hairs ; the
middle joint with a compressed conical tuft of hairs in the middle of the hinder margin ; termi-
nal joint very short and oval. Antenne not near half the length of the forewing, very slender,
articulations indistinct, not annulated with white ; terminated either by a short, abrupt, broad,
concave club, or by along, slender, fusiform club, with its base gradually formed. Zhorax
oval, clothed especially behind with long soft hairs. Abdomen moderately elongate-ovate.
FoREWING with the costal and median nervures greatly swollen at the base ; costal margin well
arched, apex rounded ; outer margin more than two-thirds the length of the costal ; inner margin
not, or scarcely, so long as the outer one, nearly straight. Meuration as in Lasiommata ; the
third and fourth branches of the subcostal nervure being, however, more approximate to each
other than in Zastommata, leaving a greater space between the extremity of the discoidal cell
and the third, and between the fourth and the tip of the wing. The fer disco-cellular ner-
vule is extremely short and transverse, and the #idd/e and /ower ones nearly continuous and
oblique ; the latter united with the third branch of the median nervure at about the same dis-
tance from its origin as exists between the first and second branches. The discotdal cell extends
to the middle of the wing. H1npwitnG broadly ovate, more or less scalloped along the outer
margin; the abdominal margin entire. Mewration as in Lastommata, except that the upper
disco-cellular nervule is longer, and the /ower disco-cellular is united to the third branch of the
median nervure at a rather shorter distance from its origin than exists between the first and
second branches of the median nervure. FORELEGS of comparatively moderate length, and
distinctly visible in both sexes ; those of the mde being much more densely clothed with hair,
and those of the female rather larger. Tarsus simple in the ma/e, but articulated in the female ;
not armed, however, with minute spines at the tips of the joints. ozs hindlegs. rather short,
scaly ; femora almost entirely destitute of hairs beneath ; ¢die@ armed with several rows of
spines, set rather widely apart, at the sides beneath ; ¢#déal spurs very acute, and rather long ;
tarsi armed beneath and at the sides with several rows of short spines ; tips of the joints with
longer spines. CZaws entire, long, very acute, and curved. Paronychia very slender.”
‘*LaRvVA pubescent, elongate-conical; head rounded; tail bifurcate; body marked
with dark longitudinal stripes. They conceal themselves and remain inactive during the
day, but come forth to feed by night, when they may be found in great numbers with the
help of a lamp, feeding indifferently on different kinds of grasses. Pupa short, ovoid,
glabrous, with the head obtuse and tail pointed ; either suspended by the tail, or enclosed in a
cocoon of earth mixed with a little silk.” —( Westwood, 1. c.)
The genus Hifpparchia as restricted is a Palearctic form, and extends throughout Europe
and North Asia, occurring also in North Africa, North America, and Japan. Within our limits
they are only found in the mountainous regions on the North-West and West frontiers ;
most of them appear to be local, and many of them are very rare in collections, as they occur
NYMPHALID.©, SATYRINE. HIPPARCHIA. 183
only far in the interior, and at high elevations where naturalists can seldom get opportunities
of collecting. They are found on grass and rocky ground, and, with the exception of the
aberrant species 77, Aarisatis, beyond the limits of tree vegetation as a rule.
_Eoy to the Indian Species of Hipparchia.
A. Upperside swarthy, with a conspicuous white band on the outer margin ; the underside of both wings
concolorous, with prominent and perfect ocelli.
176. H. parisatis, Western Himalayas, Afghanistan, Persia.
B. Upperside brown, with the cilia pale, but no prominent white border; the underside with the forewing
more or less ferruginous or tawny on the disc; the hindwing mottled and marbled, with a single
very minute ocellus, or with none at all.
@. Upperside brown, without any broad submarginal fulvous fascia; a single subapical ocellus on
forewing.
177+ H. pimpca, Western Himalayas, Afghanistan, Beluchistan.
&. Upperside brown, with several fulvous submarginal streaks forming a much interrupted band on
both wings (obscure in the forewing of the male), Forewing with two equal-sized obscure
submarginal ocelli.
178. H. pirrusa, Western Himalayas.
c. Upperside brown, with a broad fulvous submarginal band on both wings,
a. The fulvous band angulate on its inner edge in both sexes, and bearing two equal-
sized ocelli on the forewing, with two whéte spots between them ; and a single
minute subanal ocellus on the hindwing.
179. H. THELEPHASSA, Beluchistan.
6,1 The fulvous band with its inner edge straight on the forewing in the male, angulate
in the female; bearing two ocelli (often blind) with or without two Jdlack spots
between them on the forewing, and one (sometimes two) minute subanal ocelli on
the hindwing.
180. H. Batpiva, Western Himalayas.
¢.1 The fulvous band broader, with its inner edge angled on the forewing in both sexes ;
otherwise as in H, daddiva, but paler, and usualiy without the subanal ocellus on
hindwing.
181, H. LEHANA, Western Himalayas.
@.¥ The fulvous band regulzer and sharply defined on both wings, and bearing a single
subapical ocellus on forewing ; none on hindwing.
182, H. pina, Western Himalayas.
e.' The fulvous band defined with dark lunules, narrow on the hindwing, and further
from the margin in both wings than in #7, daddiva and H. lehana; Learing two
prominent black spots on the forewing, none on the hindwing.
183. H. HUEBNERI, Western Himalayas.
ad. Yorewing fulvous with brown margin.
184. H. CADESIA, Western Himalayas.
C. Upperside blackish-brown with creamy-white markings.
a. With a creamy-white patch in the cell of the forewing.
185. H. SHANDURA, Western Himalayas,
6. With no creamy-white patch in the cell of the forewing.
186. H. antur, Afghanistan, Persia.
In this genus the sexual mark in the males presents a good deal of variation; typically it
is a streak of thickly set differently formed scales on the forewing as in Amecera, but much
wider, and extending into the discoidal cell ; but we are unable to base the arrangement on this
structural feature at present as the males of H. diffusa, H. digna, H. huebneri, H. cadesia,
and #7. shandurva, are not represented in our collections. The most remarkable deviation from
the type in this respect is 7. ¢helephassa, in which the sexual streak almost entirely fills the dis-
coidal cell, and bears a deep black patch irrorated and often entirely concealed with greyish-
brown scales. The form of the antennz too varies greatly. In 4. pimpla, H, digna, and
H. cadesia they are gradually clavate ; in /7. thelephassa and 4. shandura the club is very short
and abruptly formed like a rounded knob, while 7. éa/diva and ZH. lehana have the club as
abruptly formed, but much more elongate.
The first species, H. farisatis, is the largest of all the Indian Hifparchias, and differs so
widely in colour and style of markings, more especially in the presence of prominent perfect
25
184 NYMPHALIDE. SATYRINE. HWIPPARCHIA.
ocelli on the underside of the hindwing, from all the other species, that it stands quite apart,
having no near allies. The remaining species all come under the subgenus Eumenis, WUiibner,
according to Scudder, who accepts H. semele as the type of this group.
176. Hipparchia parisatis, Kollar. (PLare XVI, Fic. 47 ?-)
Satyrus parisatis, Kollar, Denkschr. Akad. Wien. Math.-Nat. Cl. vol. i., p. 52, n.7 (2850); Wiffarchia
(Satyrus) macropthalmus, Eversmann, Bull. Mosc., vol. xxiv., pt. i, p. 615, n. 5 (7851).
Haxirat: Western Himalayas, Afghanistan, Persia, Armenia.
EXPANSE: 2°7 to 3°2 inches.
DESCRIPTION : ‘* UPPERSIDE black, broadly margined with white. Hindwing dentate.
UNDERSIDE : both wings marbled with cinereous and white, a common angulate median white
fascia, two black ocelli on each wing circled with yellow, and pupilled with white. A most
distinct species, widely diverse from all of this genus.” (Xo//ar, 1.c.)
In Indian specimens the UPPERSIDE is of a blackish brown colour, and when fresh beauti-
fully glossed with blue in certain lights. The white outer margin is broadest on the hindwing,
and does not reach the apex of the forewing. In some specimens the outer half of the costal
margin is whitish, widening out towards the apex, The forewing has two submarginal black
spots, the upper minutely white-pupilled, the lower blind. The Azzdwing has one subanal
black spot with minute white pupil. ‘The UNDERSIDE is pale French-grey, profusely covered
with fine irregular dark strize on the costal half of the forewing, and on the entire hindwing,
and mottled with whitish, With an angulate median white fascia on both wings, inwardly
defined by a blackish line, with two large submarginal ocelli on each wing, with yellow iris and
narrow dark brown outer ring, the upper prominently white-pupilled on both wings ; the lower
blind on the forewing, minutely white-pupilled on the hindwing. A narrow submarginal line,
and the extreme margin dark brown ; the c//éa white. In Persian specimens the colour is paler
brown, and the white margin is much broader, extending beyond the black subanal spot on the
hindwing.
The MALE has the sexual mark on the forewing broadly along the median nervure extend-
ing into the cell, of the same colour as the ground, but visible owing to the greater density
of the scales, and a slight sheen on them owing to their different structure. It has also a single
white spot (sometimes two) on the underside of the forewing between the ocelli. The female
lacks the sexual streak, and has two white spots between the ocelli of the forewing on both
upper and undersides, which are sometimes traceable in the male on the upperside. Major
koberts states (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1880, p. 405) that ‘‘ when fresh and in the sun the
white border is shot with brilliant blue.”
H. parisatis is the commonest and most widely spread of all the Indian ¢farchias.
We have specimens taken by Mrs. Deane in Chini in June ; in Pangi by Mr. R. Ellis in July ;
and in Gilgit by Major J. Biddulph in August. Regarding its habits Colonel Lang writes :—
‘* Obtained on steep precipices over bare hill-sides above the Sutlej ; and these Himalayan
precipices are not quite the ground for the entomologist, net in hand, and eye fixed on the
soaring insect. The aspect of the insect on the wing is quite Nymphalidian—a soaring flight,
swift if frightened, pitching in all sorts of inaccessible spots. Subsequently found very com-
monly in Upper Kunawar, always on steep cliffs, pitching on rocks.” It is found commonly
throughout the hilly regions of Afghanistan and Beluchistan, In the neighbourhood of
Kandahar it ‘*frequents nullas and shady places, and may be caught by dozens at a time.
Aktundant but local at the end of May, and in June in shady, moist places among the low,
rocky, barren hills.” (A/ajor Roderts, 1. c.) Colonel Swinhoe took it in a small field of potatoes,
at Chaman in South Afghanistan on the 21st May, and at Mach in the middle of the
Bolan pass in July. Mr. de Nicéville has taken it near Simla, and at Kotgarh in the autumn,
in Chumba in May, at Budruwah and Junglewah on the frontiers of Kashmir in June, and
late in July near Bajoura, Kulu.
The figure is taken from a female specimen in Mr. de Nicéville’s collection taken at
Junglewah, Kashmir, and shows both the upper and undersides.
NYMPHALID. SATYRINZE. HIPPARCHIA. 185
177. Hipparchia pimpla, Felder.
Satyrus pineplr, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep., vol. iii, p. 494, n. 856, pl. Ixix, figs. 10, 11 (1866), femade.
Hapirar : Western Himalayas ; Afghanistan, Beluchistan.
EXPANSE : I°9 to 2'2 inches.
Descriprion ; MALE. UPpreRsIDE uniform, rather dark brown, the ci/ia whitish, marked
with brown on the nervules. Forewizg with a black subapical spot, sometimes minutely
pupilled with white, and with obsolete paler iris. UNDERSIDE: forewing rather paler brown,
with a bright ferruginous discal patch covering almost the entire cell, the costal margin
marbled with whitish and irregular dark strice extending into the cell; the subapical ocellus
larger bordered with yellowish on the inner side, followed by a short dark streak ; an incom-
plete submarginal dark line. Hinawing pale brown, irregularly mottled with whitish and
dark brown, all the nervules white; an indistinct subbasal angulate striga dark brown ; a
dark brown angulate median streak inwardly diffused, outwardly sharply defined and bordered
with white finely mottled with brown ; a submarginal dentate dark line also inwardly diffused
and outwardly sharply defined, beyond which the margin is whitish, more conspicuously
mottled with brown; one or two minute subanal black spots marking the positions of
obsolete ocelli. FEMALE rather larger, paler brown, the disc tinted with ferruginous, the
subapical ocellus much more prominent and with a distinct fulvous iris, with two or three
diffused elongate sordid-ferruginous streaks below it. UNDERSIDE much paler, forewing
with the costal margin ochreous and very slightly mottled, the mottlings scarcely extending
into the cell, and showing no defined streaks ; the subapical ocellus large, with pale ochreous
yellow iris, the apical area mottled with white, the submarginal line nearly complete.
Hindwixg pale ochreous mottled with brown ; the subbasal, discal, and marginal dark lines
narrow, well defined ; the two latter having the ground-colour whitish outwardly,
The female described and figured by Felder is darker than the specimen described above,
and lacks the ochreous tinge of the underside.
H. pimpia is a very rare insect, and though found over a large tract of country, is no-
where common. The type specimen, a female, was taken at Chulichang in Ladak ; another
female was taken by Major J. Biddulph on the Shandur plateau in Northern Kashmir ;
the male, which has not been previously described, was taken at Sher Darwaza near Kabul
by Lieutenant H. Whistler-Smith during the late Afghan war; and again quite recently by
Colonel A. M. Lang, R.E., in the neighbourhood of Quetta at Kawas on a rocky peak 8,5c0
feet altitude in September. It is not very closely allied to 7. avethusa, Wiener Verzeichniss,*
of Europe, with which Felder’s original description appended below, + compares it. It is one
of the group of which Z. actea, Esper, of Southern Europe, is the type, and is most closely
allied to a variety from Astrabad which has been separated and figured under the name of
#1. bryce, Ochsenheimer, var. parthica, by Lederer (Hor. Soc. Ent. Ross., vol. vi, p. 83, pl.
iv, figs. 12 male, 13 fentale, (1869); H. bryce, Ochsenheimer, being itself a synonym of
HI. hippodice, Hiibner ; and 4. hippodice, Hiibner, being a variety of A. acta, Esper. A short
description of this variety Jarthica is given below; the male specimen of 4. pimpla from
* Sutyrus.arethusa, Wiener Verzeichniss. “‘ Wings dentate, UPPERSIDE fuscous, with a fulvous macular fascia
and a blind ocellus. UNprrsipe : Hixdwing marbled with cinereous and fuscous, with a recurved whitish
fascia. The wings are feebly dentate ; of an obscure brown on the UPPERSIDE, with a yellow macular outer band,
bearing near the apex of the forewing, and_near the anal angle of the hindwing, a black blind ocellus.
UNDERSIDE : forewing of a red more or less vivid, with the margins obscure and cut up with blackish, especially
on the costa; the ocellus of the upperside but pupilled with white. Azndwing ashy dotted with brown, with
a whitish transverse discal band curved below, slightly sinuous above, and _ preceded outwardly by a small
black ocellus with a white pupil. The scallops of the outer margin are whitish. _Inhabits Russia, Hungary,
the middle of Germany, and several districts of France.” (Godart, Enc. Méth., vol. ix, p. 517, n. 113 (1819).
+ Satyrus pimpila, Felder. Hasirat: Western Himalayas ; Ladak ; Chulichang. EXPANSE: 1°9 to 2°2
inches. DxEscripTION : ‘‘ FEMALE. Wings with the cz/éa shorter than in S. [H/.] avethusa. Uppersive darker.
Forewing with the disc tinted with ferruginous, with the black subapical ocellus much larger, sometimes
pupilled with white, and with a sordid ferruginous iris, and with two or three diffuse elongate sordid ferru-
ginous spots below it. A/zmdwing with the indistinct submarginal streak darker. UNDkRSIDE as in S. avethusa,
but the forewing with the fulvous patch covering almost the whole cell, otherwise restricted, well removed
from the submarginal streak, the two streaks across tHe cell wanting, the subapical ocellus larger. Hindwing
more widely striated, the discal streak prominently bent, not at ali directed downwards, but subparallel to the
margin, outwardly narrowly defined with hoary-white, and another submarginal, outwardly defined with
hoary-white, broader and darker,” (/’e¢de7, Reise Novara, Lep., vol. iii, p. 494, mn. 856, pl. Ixix, figs, 10, rz
(1866), female,
186 NYMPHALID.®. SATYRINA:, HIPPARCHIA.
Kawas is barely separable from it, though the female from the Shandur plateau is very
distinct, being much paler, while the undersides of both sexes in farthica are almost exactly
alike.
Hipparchia avrethusa, Wiener Verzeichniss, is also found both in the Caucasus and the
Kuldja hills; it differs from A. fimfla chiefly in having a submarginal series of elongate
spots irrorated with fulvous on both wings on the upperside, which are very prominent in some
specimens, obsolete in others; also the nervures of the hindwing on the underside are not white.
Hipparchia actea, var. parthica, has the upperside almost exactly like that of 1. pimpla ;
and the underside differs very slightly ; on the forewing the dark submarginal line is lost in the
dark band which widens out greatly at the inner angle ; the dark median line is present in both
sexes, and in both sexes the costa is broadly brown with fuscous mottlings extending into the
cell, and in addition there are several distinct irregular dark bars across the cell ; on the
hindwing the basal area is darker, the subbasal line is obsolete, the median and submarginal
lines are broad, inwardly diffused and outwardly defined by whitish fascize ; all the nervules
are whitish.
Another variety of HZ. actea, Esper, recorded as Siffarchia bryce, var. amasina,
Staudinger, by Lederer (Hor. Soc. Ent. Ross., vol. viii, p. 11 (1871), and as 7. cordula, var.
amasina, Staudinger, by Kirby in the Syn. Cat. D. L., is found at Astrabad in Persia.
178. Hipparchia diffusa, Butler.
fH. diffusa, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1880, p. 147, n. 2.
I11abiTaT : Ravee Basin, North-West Himalayas.
EXPANSE : 2'1 inches.
DESCRIPTION : *f FEMALE. Closely allied to H. semele,* from which it principally differs
in the cbscured and diffused character of the ochraceous patches enclosing the ocelli on the
UPPERSIDE of the forewing. On the UNDERSIDE the white belt is well marked, more so than
in any specimens of ZH. semele which I have seen.” (BLzdler, 1. c.)
We have never seen this species, but as there is no other “/iffarchia recorded from the
Himalayas which at all approaches to //. semele, there should be no difficulty in recognising
it. The true Wipparchia semele, Linnzeus, is found in the Caucasus, and probably still further
to the East.
Hipparchia autonoé, Esper, from South Russia and the Kuldja hills,"is allied to Z. semele, and
according to Godart’s description (Enc. Méth., vol. ix, p. 518, n. 114 (1819) is ** brown, with
a yellowish transverse band, the band of the forewing more prominent and bearing two black
ocelli with white pupils ; the band of the hindwing has one smaller ocellus near the anal angle,
and sometimes accompanied by two white dots ; the underside of the forewing resembles
the upperside, except that the disc is reddish ; the hindwing is ashy mottled with brown ; the,
nervures whitish, and with three transverse whitish bands, the small ocellus of the upperside,
the margin dentate, and the cilia white.” It is figured in Boisduval’s Icones, vol. i, pl. xli,
figs. 5, 6 (1832), female.
* Hipparchia semele, Linneus, Faun. Suec., p. 276, n. 1051 (1761). Hanirar: Europe. Expanse : 2°3
to 2's inches. DerscripTION : FEMALE : UPPERSIDE brown ; darker on the outer half, with a submarginal band
of the same colour, but defined with darker brown. Forewing with a black spot with white pupil between the
discoidal nervules placed on a fulvous streak across the band, and another similar one placed between the first
and second median nervules, the latter having in addition a narrow fulvous streak above and a broader one
below ; the outer edge of the band being nearly parallel to the margin, the inner edge muchangled. Aénd-
wing with three inwardly sagittate ferruginous marks on the outer edge of the band, and a fourth on the lower
median interspace rounded, and bearing a small black spot with white pupil. UNpERSIDE : forewing with the
band complete, fulvous, a diffused fulvous patch in the disc, the two black spots with white pupils as on
upperside ; and the costal margin broadly mottled with whitish and dark brown. A/indwing mottled throughout
with whitish and dark brown ona pale brown ground, with three very irregular blackish streaks, one subbasal,
one discal, and one submarginal ; a minute subanal black spot with white pupil. The MALE has the UPPERSIDE
more uniform, the fulyous streaks being obsolescent. UNpbrrsive similar, but with the discal streak on the
hindwing broadly margined outwardly with whitish. The discal sexual mark on the forewing broad, extending
into the discoidal cell. (Described from examples from Germany).
NYMPHALID&. SATYRIN &. HIPPARCHIA, 187
179. Hipparchia tholephassa, Hiibner.
Eumenis thelephassa, Hiibner, Samml. Ex. Schmett., vol. ii, pl. Ixxxv, figs. 1—4 (1816—1824); Satyrus
thelephassa, Herrich Schaffer, Schmett. Eur., vol. i, figs. 178, 179 (1844); figs. 305, 306 (1846) ; Hipparchia
thelephassa, T. Kliig, Symb. Phys., pl. xxix, figs. 1-4 (1832) ; Satyrus anthelea, Boisduval,Icones, vol. i, p. 204,
pl. xli, figs. 3, 4 (1832), /emade ; idem, id., Doubleday, Hewitson, Gen. D. L,, pl. lxv, fig. 3 (1851), female.
Masirar : Afghanistan, Beluchistan, Persia, Syria, Russia.
EXPANSE: 6, 2'1 to 2°33; (, 2°4 to 2°7 inches.
DESCRIPTION : MALE. UPPERSIDE brown, with a broad submarginal fulvous band on
both wings. Forewing with the inner margin of the band much angled at the third median
nervule, the outer edge lunulate and parallel with the margin, bearing an upper and lower black
spot with minute white pupil ; and two white spots between them. The sexual mark extends
into the discoidal cell, black overlayed with brown scales. Aindwing with the fulvous band
abbreviated, its outer edge lunulate and parallel with the margin, its inner edge irregularly
dentate and less sharply defined ; bearing a single minute black spot with white pupil
on the lower median interspace and sometimes a white dot on the upper median interspace.
UNDERSIDE. Forewing with the fulyous band, ocelli and white dots as on upperside, but with
the middle of the disc also fulvous, extending into the cell, the costal margin broadly pale
brown, mottled and streaked with whitish and dark brown. //indzwing whitish, clouded with
pale brown and mottled with darker brown, the subbasal line scarcely traceable ; the median
rather more defined and indistinctly margined outwardly with a whitish diffused fascia, the
submarginal line most distinct and defined with whitish outwardly ; a minute subanal ocellus
as on upperside. FEMALE as inthe male, but lacking the sexual black patch in the cell ;
and with the inner margin of the fulvous band much more angulate.
The figure by Westwood shows the middle of the,disc on the forewing fulvous on the upper-
side also, but none of the specimens we have examined correspond with it in this particular,
H. thelephassa has as yet only been found within our limits in the assigned districts of
Beluchistan now administered by the British Government. It was taken at Chaman in May,
at Gwal in May, and at Quetta in May and September, by Lieutenant-Colonel Swinhoe, and
in September and October by Colonel A. M. Lang at Quetta at 5.500 feet elevation, the
Hanna Valley 6,500 feet, and the Kawas Valley 8,000 feet elevation, ‘‘ where it was not
uncommon among boulders in the gorges of the high valleys.” (Colonel Lang). At Kandahar
Major Roberts notes that it is ‘‘ very common at the beginning and middle of May in the nullas
and on the rocky slopes at the foot of the hills, resting under the shade of rocks and stones
during the heat of the day, and flying about in the early morning and evening, when it is easily
captured. In June scarcely a specimen was to be found.” (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1880, p. 405).
A large Hifparchia of this type is found commonly in Persia; it differs from H, chele-
phassa in lacking the white dots on both sides, and more notably in having the submarginal
fulvous band on the forewing distinctly macular, the patches about the upper ocellus being
widely separated from those about the lower ocellus by the brown ground-colour ; it seems
to be just intermediate between. ZZ. semzele and 7. thelephassa.
fHipparchia beroé, Werrich-Schiffer, is like a desert form of 4. thelephassa, all the colours
faded and washed with cinereous ; but in a variety figured by Lederer in the Ann. Soc. Ent,
Belg., vol. xiii, p. 26, pl. 1, fig. 3 (1869-70), female, under the name /Z. éeroé, Freyer, the band
is fulvous and the white spots onit are present in both wings, and it is only to be distinguished
from H, thelephassa by the band on the forewing being restricted and not reaching either the
costa or the inner margin, and divided at the upper median nervule.
LHipparchia pelopea, Kiiig, which is found in Persia, appears to belong to this group.
Lederer figures a variety of it named cazcasica (Wien. Ent. Monatsch., vol. viii, p. 168,
pl. iii, fig. 5 (1864), sale), from the Caucasus, which appears to differ from “1. thelephassa in
having the band on the forewing incomplete and macular, not extending above the lower
discoidal nervule except for a single elongate spot, on which the upper ocellus is placed, and
which does not extend towards the costa ; on the hindwing the band is well defined, widening
regularly to the first median nervule where it abruptly ends. The white dots between the
ocelli of the forewing are large and prominent,
188 NYMPHALID#. SATYRINZE. HIPPARCHIA.,
180. Hipparchia baldiva, Moore.
Lasiommata laldiva, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc, Lond., 1865, p. 459, n. 84, pl xxx, fig. 4, male,
HABITAT: Spiti and Thibet.
EXPANSE: 1°87 to 2°5 inches.
DescripTION: “MALE. UPPERSIDE : Forewing fuliginous grey. Hindzwing ashy grey ;
both wings with a broad, irregularly margined, discal ferruginous band, which has on the
forewing an wpper and a lower blackish spot, on the Aidwing a small spot at its lower end.
FEMALE, paler. The forewing with the spots on the discal band larger, there being also
a third intermediate smaller spot ; the spot on the A7zdzwing with a white pupil. UNDERSIDE
grey, of the FEMALE greyish white, with numerous short blackish striae. Forewing with the
disc pale ferruginous, the margins of the band (as seen from above), defined by irregular
black lines; in the MALE with a single, in the FEMALE with two black spots, the apical
with white pupil and yellow iris ; the black dot on the Aindwing also with white pupil and
yellow iris. Cilia silvery grey. Allied to H. thelephassa.” (Moore, |. c.)
The MALE of Z. daldiva may be readily distinguished from that sex of H. thelephassa
by the sexual mark, which in H. dal/diva is concolorous with the wing, extending broadly
along the median nervure chiefly outside the cell, but inconspicuous. Further in //. daldiva
the inner margin of the fulvous band on the forewing is almost straight, and the spots between
the ocelli are either wanting altogether or, if present, are black, not white ; on the UNDER-
SIDE of the hindwing, the transverse irregular lines are far more distinct in 4. daldiva than
in 4. thelephassa ; the FEMALE of 77. éaldiva has the inner margin of the fulvous band
almost as angulate as in Z/. ¢helephassa, but it lacks the white spots on both surfaces, and
has the irregular lines of the Aindwing on the UNDERSIDE far more prominent.
H. baldiva is apparently a very local insect ; it has never been taken so far as we know,
except by Colonel Lang, from whose specimens the original description was taken; the
specimens in Colonel Lang’s collection are labelled ‘* Thibet, 10,000 feet, taken between
Shipkee and Broopcha in July,” and the following note is recorded :—‘‘ On the bare, brown,
stony mountain-slopes of Spiti, Upper Kunawar, Thibet ; this species seems to delight in the
hot weather of June and July.” In Ladak it appears to be replaced by the closely allied
LH. lehana.
181. Hipparchia lehana, Moore. (PLate XVI, Fic. 489.)
FH. lehana, Moore, Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., fifth series, vol. i, p. 227 (1878); idem, id., Second
Yarkund Mission, Lep., p. i, pl.,i, fig. 4 (1879), male.
HasitTaT: Leh (September 6th, 1873) ; Khabu (13,000 feet), Ladak.
EXPANSE: 6, 200 inches; 9, 2°25 inches.
DescriPTion: ‘* Allied to H. daldiva, Moore, from Upper Kunawar. UPperstpE paler
in colour, the discal transverse luteous band is broader on 0th wings, and its inner border
in the MALE is inwardly oblique. Boru sexrs above and beneath are without the small
ocellus on the band above the anal angle. UNDERSIDE also very much paler, and the trans-
verse sinuous lines wider apart.” (Afoore, 1. c., in Ann. and Mag.)
Mr. de Nicéville took one male and two females of this species at Chanagund, Ladak,
on June 3oth. The male differs from the type male of 4%. /ehana in being larger (2°55 as
against 2°10 inches), and in having the inner edge of the submarginal fulvous band on the
upperside of the forewing more distinctly angled inwardly above the third median nervule.
On the hindwing, there is a minute black dot in the lower median interspace as in 1. baldiva,
but smaller. The sexual streak is inconspicuous. The females are also larger, (290 as against
2°65 inches), otherwise they agree with the female type specimen. ‘he angulation of the
inner margin of the fulvous band on the forewing of the male sufficiently distinguishes it
from /7Z. baldiva.
The figure shows the upper and undersides of a female in Mr, de Nicéville’s collection ;
taken at Chanagund, Ladak,
NYMPHALID®, SATYRIN i. IIIPPARCHIA, 189
182. Hipparchia digna, Marshall.
#1, digna, Marshall, Journ. A. S. B., vol. li, pt. ii, p. 67 (1882).
Habitat: N.-W. Himalayas.
EXPANSE : 2°45 inches.
DESCRIPTION: FEMALE. UPPERSIDE, rather dark brown, witha broad fulvous sub-
marginal band outwardly defined with dark lunules, and bearing on the forewing a single
apical oval black spot scarcely perceptibly pupilled, on the hindwing unmarked, The band
is regular and well-defined throughout, slightly angulate on its inner edge on both wings, and
parallel to the margin, but inversely scalloped on the outer edge; it is well removed from
the margin, leaving a much broader brown border than in any other Indian //ipparchia.
UNDERSIDE : Forewing with the fulvous band as on upperside, but ochreous at the costal and
inner margins ; the black subapical spot, but distinctly pupilled ; the middle area of the basal
half also fulvous merging into the submarginal band, a dark submarginal dentate line defining
the band outwardly, the inner margin broadly dark brown, except where crossed by the band,
the outer and costal margins broadly pale brownish mottled with darker brown ; and the latter
with numerous irregular dark brown striz, extending into the cell. indwing pale brownish
white, clouded with a darker shade, and mottled throughout with very dark brown striz :
a dark brown dentate line corresponding to the outer margin of the band of the upperside,
another corresponding with the inner edge ; the space between them being inwardly broadly
whitish, outwardly clouded with brown; a subbasal dark line, between which and the discal
line the ground-colour is brown, the base of the wing being rather paler brown with several
well-defined strigze.
Two specimens, both females, were taken by Major J. Biddulph on the Shandur plateau
in Northern Kashmir,
183. Hipparchia huebneri, Felder.
Satyrus hibneri, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep., vol. iii, p. 494, n. 855, pl. Ixix, figs. 8, 9 (1866), female.
Hapirat: Lahoul; Shigri, Spiti ; Dishungdeo ; Gilgit ; N.-W. Himalayas.
EXPANSE: I'9 to 2°1 inches.
DESCRIPTION: ‘MALE. UPPERSIDE darker than in Satyrus agave, Esper [= Satyrus
alcyone,* Fabricius, ec Wien. Verz.], the fascia much deeper fulvous, outwardly acutely dentate,
more distant from the margin ; in the /ovezing inwardly rather diffused, not at all divided
by fuscous veins, and distinctly marked with blind spots ; in the Aizdwing shorter, not ex-
tending beyond the second subcostal nervule, without an ocellus. UNbDeERSIDE also darker
than in S. agave. Forewing with the entire disc fulvescent, darker in the middle, divided
by a single swarthy disco-cellular litura, the ocelli smaller, the upper one broadly and diffusely
circled with ochraceous, the submarginal striga more drawn back anteriorly than as in
Satyrus geyert.t Hindwing with all the nervules white, the streaks as in S. geyer?, but
* Satyrus alcyone, Fabricius. Hasitat: Russia, DESCRIPTION: ‘ Wings, dentate ; upperside fuscous,
with a_yellow fascia margined with black, not at all sinuate on the forewing, with two ocelli on both
sides. UNpERSIDE: Hindwing marbled with cinereous and fuscous, no fascia. Papilio S. alcyone. Wings
dentate, fuscous, banded with yellow ; forewing with two ocelli on both sides. Hindwing marbled on the
underside. (Faéricius, Mant. Ins. vol. ii, p. 38, n. 399 (1787) ; idem, id., Ent. Syst., vol. ili, pt. i, Pp. 231,
n. 724 (1793.) Closely allied to S. seszele, but distinguished from it in that the yellow band of the upperside of
the wings is better detached from the ground-colour and is bordered with black; that it Is straight, and
almost continuous on the forewing; that it has no spot, at least well-defined, on the hindwing ; that the
underside of the latter is destitute of the angulate white band; that the underside of the former, with the excep-
tion of the margins which are brown, is everywhere of a pale yellow, and moreover Cut transversely by undulate
black lines. It inhabits the very elevated places in the southern parts of Russia. It must not be confounded
with that variety of erxmzonxe, of which several authors have made a separate species under the name of alcyone,”
(Godart, Enc. Méth., vol. ix, p. 517, n. 112 (1819). ;
+ Satyrus geyeri, Herrich-Schiffer, Schmett. Eur., vol. i, figs. 301, 302 (1846-47). Hapirat: Asia Minor.
Expansk : 2 inches. Descriprion: Mae. Urrersibe brown, with an ill-defined paler submarginal band bearing
two faint ocelli, and with the other markings of the underside showing through by transparency. UNbersIpE :
Forewing pale ochreous, the outer margin brown, inwardly defined witha series of dark convex lunules,
a subapical and a lower black spot, each with a minute white pupil ; a prominent but interrupted dark line
defining the inner edge of the pale submarginal fascia, a dark streak on the disco-cellulars, and another in the
cell, the costa and the cell being mottled with fuscous. LHindwing brown ; the czZia and all the nervules white :
a highly dentate submarginal line, another median irregular, outwardly broadly defined with white mottled with
brown, another basal less irregular, and one on the disco-cellulars dark brown ; the whole wing faintly and
sparingly irrorated with dark specks,
190 NYMPHALID.%. SATYRIN&. HIPPARCHIA.
much darker and more slender, the basal streak less flexuous forming a right angle, the discal
streak not at all sloping hindwards, the submarginal streak more receding from the margin,
acutely drawn back, outwardly defined with hoary white ; no ocellular dot. FEMALE: UPPER-
SIDE with the fulvous fascia diffused inwardly in the forew7ng, and in the hindwing extending to
the first subcostal nervule.” (e/der, 1. c.)
The above description being in comparison with species not occurring in India, is difficult
to follow. The following description is taken from the plate :—
FEMALE. UPPERSIDE brown, the fulvous fascia sharply defined both inwardly and outs
wardly.on both wings by dark lunulate lines, and with ochreous patches on it at the costal
and inner margins of the forewing, and at the costal margin of the hindwing. The forewing
with a black subapical spot, and another on the lower median interspace both on the fulvous
band; the Amdwing with no spots. UNDERSIDE, /orewing with the outer margin pale
brown, and the costal margin narrowly so ; the rest of the wing fulvous, the outer dark. lunu-
late line defining the fulvous, and the two black spots as on upperside, two short brown
streaks across the cell and two beyond it. Aindwing with the basal half pale brown, the
outer half greyish; the extreme margin dark brown ; a dark brown highly dentate submar-
ginal line inwardly suffused with brown; another almost equally dentate defining the pale
brown basal half, a subbasal dark, somewhat dentate line ; and an incomplete basal line with
a spot beyond it in the cell, dark brown ; the nervules white. Two specimens both females,
taken by Major J. Biddulph at Gilgit in August, and now in Major Marshall’s collection, are
the only specimens we have seen; they differ from the plate, but correspond with the descrip-
tion, in that the fulvous fascia is inwardly diffused, much more so in one specimen than in the
other, and showing a close approach to the following species HX. cadesia.
Hipparchia geyert is found in the Caucasus and in the mountains of Ararat. It is allied to
H. huebneri, but has the band on the upperside brown not fulvous and almost obsolete ; on the
underside the forewing is paler and duller ochreous, and all the dark markings are very promi-
nent ; the hindwing also differs in having the two dark median well defined lines. Aipparchia
agave, Esper, is also very similar to 7. Auebneri ; the band on the upperside is fulvous margined
with dark brown, the underside being almost exactly as in ZZ. geyer?, but with less white on
the hindwing.
Hipparchia regeli, Alphéraky, has lately been described from Kuldja (Hor. Soc. Ent.
Ross., vol. xvi, p. 419, n. 9t, pl. xv, fig: 23 (1881). EXPANSE: I°7 inches. UPPERSIDE:
‘* Forewing pale olivaceous-fuscous (or brownish), the fascia smoky-white or yellowish-white,
bearing two black ocelli with white pupils (very rarely blind). Aézdwing with the fascia
narrower, outwardly dentate, inwardly inversely dentate and everywhere clearly defined.
UNpersSIDE of the hindwing with the nervures white, the disc greyish (fuscous covered with
obscure markings), irregularly terminated, defined with whitish, and an interrupted series
of acutely dentate fuscous marks before the margin. Cv/éa everywhere white alternated with
grey.” It is very closely allied to H. huebuerit, but has the fulvous band narrower and
everywhere better defined.
184. Hipparehia cadesia, Moore.
H. cadesia, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 565, pl. Ixvi, fig. 7, male.
Hanirat: Kashmir; Boorzil Valley towards Stakpila Pass, 11,000 feet ; Leh, Ladak,
EXPANSE: 1°58 to 2‘2 inches,
DESCRIPTICN: ‘*MALE. UPPERSIDE bright ferruginous ; exterior marginal line blackish.
Cilia yellowish alternated with brown. Forewing with the base, custal, and exterior border
pale brown; a subapical pale-bordered black spot with a white central dot ; subcostal nervure
and its branches blackish, terminating in a transverse sinuous submarginal line. /indwing with
the base, abdominal and outer border brown, the nervures being ferruginous; a submarginal
series of blackish lunules. UNDERSIDE: forewing paler ferruginous, the costal and outer
borders being fawn-colour ; a few transverse brown strigze withinthe cell; nervures below the
apex terminating in a pale streak, Z/indwing ferruginous white, numerously covered with short
NYMPHALID&, SATYRIN. HIPPARCHIA, rot
blackish strigee, which are thickest at the base ; nervures prominently whitish ; a broad curved
transverse median brown band with irregular black borders, and a broad submarginal brown
band with black outer dentate lunules ; outer margin and base of wing suffused with brown.
Body and legs brown, Antenne yellow, tip ferruginous. Allied to 4. huebneri, Felder.”
(Moore, 1. c).
We have seen only a single specimen of 7. cadesia, a female taken at Leh in Ladak by the
late Dr. Ferdinand Stoliczka, Ph. D., on the 8th September, 1873, and nowin the Indian
Museum, Calcutta. In Moore’s figure of the species the underside of the hindwing has the
transverse fascize very slightly dentate, but in the specimen here these lines are as highly den-
tate as in H. Auebneri, No sexual mark is shewn in the figure or mentioned in the description.
The FEMALE differs from the male in having a small black spot on the first median inter-
space on both sides of the forewing ; it is very closely allied indeed to the female of & huebnert,
the only noteworthy features being the complete suffusion of the basal area of the forewing
with fulvous, and the very small size of the black spots in 1 cadesia, Both these characters are
variable in 7. Auebneri; and while so far as the types are concerned, there is no difficulty in
separating them ; it is probable that when more is known about these rare species, it will be
found that the line of separation between them cannot be maintained.
The remaining species are much blacker in tone, with the markings on the upperside
typically creamy-white, but varieties of several of the species are found in which the markings
are more or less deeply tinged with fulvous.
185. Hipparchia shandura, Marshall.
H. shandura, Marshall, Journ. A. S, B, vol. li, pt. ii, p. 38, pl. iv, fig. 3 (1882), fevnale.
HasiraT: Northern Kashmir.
EXPANSE: 2, 2.4 inches,
DESCRIPTION : UPPERSIDE, doth wings dull black, with creamy-white markings. Fore-
wing with the costal margin streaked and mottled with grey and black ; a large blotch of
creamy-white in the discoidal cell, filling it completely from the base to near the extremity
where it ends abruptly, anda discal series of longitudinal creamy-white streaks, consisting of
a short streak above the subcostal nervure, a very long one below it bearing a round black
spot in the middle, a very short narrow streak between the discoidal nervules, a larger streak
below the third median nervule, a larger one still below the second median nervule divided
transversely by a large blackish spot, a shorter streak filling the whole width between the
first median nervule and submedian nervure, and bearing a blackish spot near its outer upper
end, and a short streak below the submedian nervure. Cvz/ia long, white, broadly interrupted
with black at the ends of the nervules. Hénudzving with a broad discal transverse band of
creamy-white longitudinal streaks completely coalesced, widest at the middle, where it extends
half way into the discoidal cell, and narrowest at the margins, especially at the costal margin,
Cilia long, white, scarcely perceptibly interrupted with black. UNDERSIDE, Forewing with
the costal margin and apex whitish, finely mottled with brown: the cell white, mottled with
brown at its upper edge, and with a blackish bar near the extremity; the discal series of
streaks as above, but all larger, completely coalescing, and sharply defined with dark brown
internally and externally, except at the apex, where they merge into the mottled ground, the
two black spots of the upperside reappearing as black ocelli with white pupils. Aindwing
white mottled with brown, the mottlings deepening into three irregular dark brown mottled
transverse bands darkest at their outer edges, one submarginal, one near the base of the cell,
and one between these two.
Allied to H. ériseis, Linnzeus, from Northern and Western Asia, but smaller and notably
differing in having a large creamy-white patch in the discoidal cell of the forewing completely
filling the cell except at its extremity; and in this feature approximating to the species of
Melanargia (galathea, lachesis, psyche, clotho, &c.,) in colouring.
26
192 NYMPHALID#. SATYRINZ. HIPPARCHIA.
A single specimen, which is now in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, was taken by Major
J. Biddulph on the Shandur plateau in Northern Kashmir.
Hipparchia brise’s, Linneeus, is found in the Caucasus and near Kuldja, and also in
Turkestan. It is a smaller insect ; the upperside is almost as in #7. shandura, but without the
creamy-white patch in the cell of the forewing ; on the underside the forewing is very similar in
markings, but the dark bar across the cell is much wider ; the hindwing has the nervures
concolorous with the ground, not white as in “4. shandura, and is of a yellowish-brown
tinge, clouded with darker brown, mottled with deep brown throughout in the female, and
with a dark submarginal line and two dark patches near the base in the male. There is a
large variety of this species found in Persia which is probably the variety referred to by
Alphéraky in his paper on the Lepidoptera of Kuldja and the surrounding mountains (Hor.
Soc. Ent. Ross., vol. xvi, p. 418 (1881). At first sight it appears very distinct on the underside,
which is pale ochreous-brown, almost devoid of mottlings, and the hindwing without any
markings whatever in the female, except traces of a broad nebulous paler median band, but
the whole of the markings, so far as they appear at all, are exactly as in typical 7. driseis, and
the pale underside is precisely the variation which would be expected from the arid nature of
the country in which this variety is found.
LHipparchia heidenreichii, Lederer (Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges., vol. iii, p. 359, pl. i, fig. 2
(1853), also occurs in Turkestan and in the Altai mountains. It is placed by Kirby and Erschoff
between A’. driseis and H. anthe, but neither figure nor description is available in this
country.
186. Hipparchia anthe, Ochsenheimer.
Papilio anthe, Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur., vol. i, p. 169, n. 2 (1807); Pafilio persephone, Hibner,
Eur. Schmett., vol. i, figs. 589, 590 (1800-1807); figs. 710, 71x (1825?); Satyrus anthe, Boisduval, Icones,
p- 200, pl. xl, figs. 3, 4 (1832), female; Hipparchia persephone, Butler, Cat. Lep B. M., Satyvide, p. 55, n. 16
(1868) ; id., Kirby, Syn. Cat. D. L., p. 85, n. 29 (1871).
HaBiTaT: South Russia, Persia, Afghanistan.
EXPANSE: &, 2°8 inches.
DESCRIPTION : UPPersIDE blackish brown, slightly greyish towards the base, witha
greenish reflection in certain lights ; with beyond the middle a whitish band almost as in
HT. briseis. Forewing with the band interrupted, formed of elongated unequal quadrangular
spots, the one nearest the apex the longest, cut in two by a black spot without a pupil, and
recurved towards the costa at its inner extremity, where it is divided by the black nervules ;
the second irregular, narrow, just above the second median nervule ; the third placed in the
lower median interspace, and also cut in two by a large rather oval black spot; the fourth
and fifth short; all the last four spots only separated by the dark nervules. Hindwing with
the fascia broad and continuous from near the costa to the lowest median nervule, the edges
irregular, the inner sharply defined, the outer diffused ; a small black spot just beyond the
band in the lower median interspace. UNDERSIDE : forewing yellowish, greyish along the
costa and outer margin, and striated with dark brown; a dark stripe on the disco-cellular
nervules, a dark band across the cell beyond the middle, and two indistinct lines nearer
the base, and several scattered dark striae; the whitish macular band as on the upperside,
but more dingy and inwardly sharply defined with dark brown ; the black spots as on
upperside but larger and oval; the interno-median interspace dark brown throughout except
where cut by the whitish band ; a sinuous dark brown submarginal line ; the cé/ia grey, spotted
with black at the tips of the nervules. AWéndwing paler brown, striated with dark brown;
all the nervures white ; a highly irregular discal line of dark brown lunules and sagittate
marks, beyond which is a greyish fascia gradually shading into brown, which deepens out-
wardly till it is again defined by a dark irregular line, beyond which is a submarginal grey
fascia shading inte brown towards the margin ; the margin itself dark brown, inwardly edged
with grey ; a short whitish bar and two dark patches in the cell. Cuz//a as on forewing.
NYMPHALID2, SATYRINAE. HIPPARCHIA. 193
#1. anthe, as figured by Boisduval, differs from 77. shandura on the UPPERSIDE in having
no whitish patch in the cell, the black spots on the fascia much larger, especially the upper
one, and with no trace of white pupils, the black spot below the lower median nervule, and
the whitish streak between the discoidal nervules wanting: on the Aindwing by the whitish
fascia being sharply defined inwardly, and not extending into the cell. On the UNDERSIDE
by the forewing being tinged with yellow, with no whitish patch in the cell, the black spots
larger and blind; and on the Aindwing by having the discal dark brown line continuous,
whereas in 1. shandura it is interrupted by the greyish white band extending back into the
cell.
From ZH. “driseis it differs in the style of the whitish macular band on the UPPERSIDE, for in
fT, briseis the upper whitish streak of the forewing does not curve up to the costa inwardly,
the streak between the discoidal nervutes is prominent, and the black spots are small, equal,
rounded, and distinctly pupilled ; while on the Aindwing the band is wider, extending into
the cell, and diffused inwardly as well as outwardly. On the UNDERSIDE JZ. briseis has the
forewing less decidedly tinged with yellow, and the black spots are small, round, and distinctly
pupilled ; the Azzdwing is darker and the markings clouded and indistinct, with in the male
large dark brown patches.
In some notes*on a small collection of Lepidoptera from the neighbourhood of Kandahar
taken by Colonel Swinhoe, Mr. Butler identifies a specimen as ‘‘ /ipparchia anthe 2, var. ?
Boeb. Taken on the 14th May at Chaman. It differs somewhat from European examples
on the underside ; but it would not be safe to regard it as distinct until more examples have
been seen.” No description of this specimen is given, and we have no other record of its
capture on the confines of India.
According to Boisduval (Icones, vol. i, p. 201 (1832), Aifpfarchia anthe, Ochsenheimer,
‘‘was discovered by Bceber, and some entomologists still call it HW. anthe, Boeber (anthe
bebert).” None of the standard catalogues or works on Lepidoptera, so far as we can trace,
admit ‘‘anthe, Boeber,” and we are not aware on what grounds Mr. Butler has so recently
resuscitated the term. It is indeed doubtful whether the name az/¢he should stand at all.
#1. anthe, Ochsenheimer, is identical with 7. persephone, Hiibner, and Mr. Butler records it as
H. persephone, and remarks ‘‘ Ochsenheimer has substituted the name anthe for persephone on
the ground of this name having been previously used by Fabricius ; such 2 name, however, does
not seem to exist amongst the Sa¢yrine” (Cat. Lep. B. M. Satyride, p. 55 (1868); but as
M. Erschoff, in his Lepidoptera of Turkestan, dated 1874, rejects the name persephone and
retains anthe, we have adopted his conclusion.
Hipparchia hanifa (Satyrus hanifa, Herrich Schiffer, Schmett. Eur., vol. i, figs. 477,
478 (1850?) is a variety of 17. anthe, and identical apparently with H. anthe, var. caucasica,
hanifa (sic), Nordmann (Bull. Mosc., vol. xxiv, pt. i, p. 405, n. 3; pl. ix, figs) 1—3
(1851) ; it was described in Nordmann’s Fauna Taurico-Caucasica, and is included in Ers-
choff’s Lepidoptera of Turkestan. It differs from . anthe, female, on the UPPERSIDE only in
having the black spots rounded, and rather smaller, and the white fascia tinged with fulvous in
the male, deep fulvous throughout in the female. On the UNDERSIDE also the forewing has the
black spots smaller, the whole disc yellow, and the macular fascia merged in the yellow
ground, and not at all defined ; the A7zdwing has the ground-colour finely mottled with dark
brown instead of being striated, the whitish fascize are more prominent, and the nervures are
not prominently irrorated with white. This variety also occurs in Persia, and according to
Butler it is ‘‘very like 4. e/opea on the upperside, but without the white intermacular spots”,
(Cat. Lep. B. M., Satyrida, p. 55 (1808).
Another variety, 7. anthe, var. enervata, Alphéraky, and an aberration named aza/oga,
Alphéraky, have been recently described (Hor. Soc. Ent, Ross., vol. xvi, p 418, n. 89 (1851)
with the following remarks :—‘‘ H. anthe, var. enervata, A little smaller ; UNDERSIDE with
* Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., fifth series, vol. ix, ps 2c6 (1882),
?
194 NYMPIIALIDE. SATYRIN. HIPPARCHIA,
the nervures of the hindwing not whitish. ZZ. anthe, ab. analoga, UPPERSIDE with the
fascize golden yellow ; UNDERSIDE asin var. enervata. The variety exervata is always a
little smaller than the true 7. athe of South-Eastern Russia. The fascize are never of a pure
white as in the latter ; if indeed on the upperside the bands are white (which is rare), they
are always more or less ochraceous on the underside, so also is always part of the disc of the
forewing on the underside. But the variety eervata is aboveall characterised by the hindwing,
which is not veined with white or whitish. The aberration aza/oga corresponds absolutely to
the variety Aanifa, Nordmann, by the orange-yellow colour of the bands, and with enervata,
by the underside of the hindwings. The specimens taken in August appear to me smaller
but not otherwise distinct from those taken in May. It occurs between 2,000 and 3,500 feet
altitude. The 7. anthe of the Altai and of Ferganah according to Staudinger, as well as all
those of Turkestan according to Erschoff, belong to my variety exervata.” (Alphéraky, |. c.)
Hipparchia kaufmanni, Erschoff, (Lep. Turk., p. 19, n. 60, pl. 1, fig. 14 (1874), female)
from Turkestan is a very distinct species, to judge from the figure ; the upperside is brown, the
hindwing unmarked, the forewing bearing a small black subapical spot on a white elongate
streak which joins a small whitish streak from the costa; a small black spot on the upper
median interspace and a large one on the lower, both narrowly ringed with whitish ; the
underside almost uniform ochreous, the hindwing with indistinct median and submarginal
dusky lines; forewing with the black subapical spot, but no pale streak ; and the two median
spots ringed as on the upperside, and placed on a diffused dark discal patch.
Hipparchia phedra, Linneus, with which H. dryas, Scopoli, is closely allied, if not identi-
cal, is also found over the same area ; it is very distinct from all the foregoing, the upperside
being uniform brown with no trace of a submarginal band, but with two black spots bearing
large bluish-silvery pupils ; the underside being also dark brown throughout, with the ocelli
of the upperside, a darker submarginal band on both wings, and an indistinct median band
on the hindwing.
Hipparchia circe, Fabricius, [= Hipparchia proserpina, Wiener Verzeichniss] which most
nearly resembles the Av/ocera genus in colouration, has been found in the Caucasus ; it very
closely resembles 4. padma, but on the underside the white band is broader and better defined
on the forewing ; and there are clouded white patches in the cell of the forewing anda
broad irregular white streak from the middle of the costa on the hindwing extending
across the cell. A variety, A. virdius, is recorded from the Caucasus.
Hipparchia hermione, Linneeus, also found in Syria and the Caucasus, is a browner insect
almost equally large, but with no white band on the upperside, it being replaced by an indistinct,
but uniform, paler brown band. On the underside the band is pale yellowish brown on the
forewing, whitish on the hindwing inwardly, and clouded with brown outwardly ; the rest of
the wing rather dark brown, mottled and freckled with very dark brown; a lunulate dark
submarginal line, a dark median line defining the band, and a very irregular dark subbasal line.
The foregoing descriptions will suffice for the identification of all the Aifparchias as yet
known to occur within our limits ; but as shown above numerous species and varieties of this
genus are found in the Caucasus, Turkestan and the neighbourhood of Kuldja, and since our
own frontier and the intervening regions have been so little explored, it is difficult to predict
which of the numerous forms are likely to occur on further research. We have included brief
descriptions of all of these so far as our material is sufficient for this, but unfortunately it is
incomplete. The species of this genus are not only numerous but are so variable and withal
often so closely allied, that, unless the material is complete, conclusive identification is
almost impossible.
The genus Melanargia, Meigen, which is closely allied to Hipparchia, having the eyes
naked, but with the median nervure scarcely perceptibly swollen at the base, and with no
secondary sexual characters in the male, does not extend to India so far as is yet known.
All the species are white with black markings, and the type is the ‘‘marbled white” of
England, J/. galathea, Linneus. One species at least is found in Persia, and a female in
NYMPHALID, SATYRINA, AULOCERA., 195
the Indian Museum, Calcutta, only differs from the figure of that sex of M7. herta, Dalman,
in Boisduval’s Icones, vol. i, pl. xxviii, fig. 3 (1832) in the area of the cell on the upper-
side of the forewing beyond the transverse bar being clouded with fuscous; the basal area
below the cell also more thickly irrorated with fuscous than in the specimen figured by
Boisduval. On the hindwing the cell is whitish for the basal two-thirds. A detailed des-
cription of this specimen is appended for reference.* Numerous other species of A/élanargia
are recorded from the Caucasus and the adjoining regions.
Gonus 18.—AULOCERA, Butler. (PLate XVI).
Aulocera, Butler, Ent. Month. Mag, vol. iv, p. 121 (1867).
“Very closely allied to Avpparchia; wings large, black, with a white band ; the ci/ia
broad, white, variegated with black. Bopy woolly. yes naked, Palpi as in Hipparchia.
Antenne with a gradually formed club, with a slightly hollowed median longitudinal streak on
the underside. NkruRATION of the wings as in Hiprarchia, but the nervures of the forewing
less tumid at the base ; and in the Aindzwing the discoidal cell is more entire, and the costa
more convex. It chiefly differs from A’zpparchia in the form of the antenne, the character of
the markings, and the longer cilia to the wings ; the arrangement of the nervures is very similar
in both genera.” (Buéler, 1. c.)
This genus is exclusively Indian, and, with one doubtful exception, is confined to the
temperate and higher elevations in the Himalayas. The doubtful exception is the variety
scylla of A. brahminus, which is described from ‘‘near Sylhet,” but this locality cannot
be accepted without further evidence. Az/ocerva is very closely allied to Hipfarchia, but the
very slight dilation of the base of the nervures of the forewing, and the style of colouration,
mark it as a group sufficiently distinct for generic separation.
The sexual streak on the forewing of the male insect is variable, and owing to the dark
colour, and density of the clothing of the wing, is often very difficult to trace. In one species
(A. padma) the scales of the sexual mark have a slight sheen, which shows the position clearly
in certain lights ; in other species it is only to be traced by the greater opaqueness of the
wing, and it differs in intensity in different specimens ; its position is between the median ner-
vure and the white transverse fascia, and it extends from the middle of the interspace below
the submedian nervure to the interspace below the upper discoidal nervule,
Key to the species of Aulocera.
A. Upperside nearly black, with a prominent whitish transverse fascia across both wings.
a. Forewing triangular, the outer margin straight ; the whitish fascia broad on both wings.
a. Of large size; the whitish fascia reaching the inner margin of the hindwing.
Underside with the basal area black with greyish undulations.
187. A. PADMA, Himalayas.
31. Of smaller size; the whitish fascia not reaching the inner margin of the hindwing’
Underside with the basal area greenish bronze, irrorated with grey on the ab-
dominal margin of the hindwing.
188. A, sSwAHA, Himalayas.
&. Forewing more rounded, the outer margin convex.
a’, With the median fascia very narrow. Ofsmall size. Underside with the basal
area fuscous, irrorated with ochreous.
189. A. BRAHMIMUS, Himalayas.
A. weranga, N.-W. Himalayas,
A. scylla, (2?) Sylhet.
41, The median fascia very broad. Underside ochreous, with narrow dark undulations,
190, A. SARASWATI, Himalayas.
* FrMALE: UpprrsipE fuscous; a large whitish patch in the cell of each wing, a broad whitish band
from the second median nervule of forewing continued across the hindwing, covering the whole abdominal
margin, and uniting with the patch in the cell. /ovewg with an irregular diseal macular band, an interrupted
subapical band beyond it, and a marginal series of large spots all whitish. Aiding with a simi ar series of large
whitish spots almost coalescent along the margin UNpkrsip8 tinged with ochreous; the fuscous obsolescent,
except on the disc of the forewing. Hindwing with broad irregular very pale and indistinct submarginal
band and another submedian ; no trace of ocelli Expanse, 2 55 inches.
196 NYMPHALID, SATYRINZ, . AULOCERA,
The species of Ax/ocera are common where found at all ; and they seem more fond of
sunshine than is usual in this subfamily ; one species frequents the sunny paths and glades in
oak and rhododendron forests ; another is found everywhere at suitable elevations ; the third
generally frequents the grassy slopes above the forests; and the fourth the grassy slopes
and scrub jungle at lower elevations ; all of them are fond of settling on paths or rocks, where
they rest with their wings closed over their backs. Seven species have been described by
different authors, but we are unable to admit more than four of these as really distinct. Among
the older described species some confusion in synonomy has occurred, owing to Blanchard
describing and figuring the same sex of two species as the opposite sexes of one species,
187. Aulocora padma, Kollar.
Satyrus padma, Kollar in Hiigel’s Kaschmir, vol. iv, pt. ii, p. 445, n. 3, pl. xv, figs. 1, 2 (1848), female ;
Satyrus avatara, Moore, Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Lep., E. I. C., vol. i, p. 229, n. 481 (1857), tale; Aulocera
padma et avatara, Butler, Cat. Lep. B. M., Satyride, p. 49, n.3, and p. 50, n. 4 (1868); id. Lang, Ent.
Month. Mag., vol. iv, p. 246 (1868).
HasitaT: Himalayas.
EXPANSE: 6, 3°I to 333; 2, 3°5 to 3°7 inches. ©
DESCRIPTION : FEMALE: ‘‘ UPPERSIDE obscure fuscous, with a common whitish fascia ;
macular in the forewing, and bifurcate at the apex. UNDERSIDE fuscous, marbled with grey
and whitish, a black ocellus on the forewing pupilled with white ; the fascia broader in the
forewing, narrow in the hindwing ; the cilia spotted with whitish and fuscous.” (ol/ar, 1. c.)
MALE (A. avatara, Moore.) ‘‘ Differs from A. padma [the female] in having the transverse
maculated band much narrower, and there being no spots running obliquely to the costal
margin. Itis less in size than A. fadma [the female] but larger than A. swahka and A,
saraswatt.” (Moore, 1. c.)
A. padma is the largest species of the genus, and is distinguished, in both sexes, by the
very black ground-colour of the underside of the Aizdwing. The MALE is further distinguish-
ed by the complete absence of the inner subcostal white spots on the upperside of the forewing,
a character which is approached in some specimens of the very distinct A. saraswati, but in no
other species ; also by the sexual mark on the forewing being comparatively prominent. The
FEMALE has the outer margin of the white fascia indistinct and often much extended by
suffusion into the black ground-colour beyond, especially on the underside. It differs from
the male in its larger size; and in having considerably more white on the underside; the
whitish undulations covering the whole basal area of the hindwing instead of being prominent
only on the abdominal margin ; the outer half of the wing alsois white, undulated irregularly
with various shades of brown, least densely towards the costal margin.
A.avatara has hitherto been accepted asa distinct species, and even now some authori-
ties hold to this view; but notwithstanding that 4. avafara is common overa wide range
all the specimens are males so far as has as yet been ascertained ; and not a single male
specimen of the 4. fadmatype can be found. Itis true that Mr. Moore when describing
A, avatara in the Cat. Lep. E. I. C., recorded the single specimen of 4A. padma which the
Museum contained, and by which he wrote his comparative description of A. avatara, asa
male, but that identical specimen is now in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, and notwithstanding
that the abdomen and forelegs are missing, the outline of the wings, the white character of
the markings, especially on the underside, and complete absence of the sexual mark leave no
room for doubt that the specimen is really a female, and that the original discrimination of
its sex was erroneous, and so far as the evidence at present goes, the conclusion that the
two are opposite sexes of the same species is irresistible.
In 1868, Colonel Lang wrote, ‘‘ 4. fadma and A. avatara I have always found in
company, and they have appeared to me as female and male respectively of the same species.
They frequent quite different ground to A. swaha and A. savaswati, and appear at a different
season ; flying in May and June on the borders of oak and rhododendron forests at the
summits of ranges of from 8,000 feet to 10,000 feet altitude. A second brood appears in July
NYMPHALID&. SATYRIN A. AULOCERA. 197
in the same localities. They fly with much bolder Nymphalidian flight than their tamer
congeners 4A, swaha and A. saraswati, and they do not extend out of the Simla district
into Kunawur.” (Ent. Month. Mag., vol. iv, p. 246).
On the other hand, Mr. A. Graham Young holds that the two species are distinct ; he
writes of 4. padma that ‘it is fairly common in Kulu, and is double brooded, the first brood
appearing in June on the grassy slopes amongst and above the upper forests, at an elevation
of 10,000 feet or so; the second brood appears at a much lower elevation, from 3,000 to
4,000 feet. It is very punctual in its appearance, as in the fifteen years that I have observed
this insect, it has never appeared earlier than the Ist or later than the 3rd October. It is an
extremely powerful insect on the wing, and very difficult to take, it flies down one hill
straight across the valley, and up the opposite hill at a great pace, keeping some ten feet from the
ground, and very rarely settling ;” while of 4. avatara he writes ‘‘ confounded with the above
by superficial observers and cabinet naturalists, it is smaller in size than 4. fadma, and much
weaker in flight, taking but short flights, and is easily captured ; a succession of broods appear
throughout May, June, and July.”
A. padma is found in suitable localities throughout the Himalayas from Kashmir to
Sikkim. It is a forest-haunting insect ; in Simla the males appear plentifully in May and again
in july, but the female is usually very scarce ; in 1882, however, it was abundant in October,
188. Aulocera swaha, Kollar.
Satyrus swaha, Kollar in Hiigel’s Kaschmir, vol. iv, pt. ii, p. 444, n 1, pl. xiv, figs. 1, 2 (1844); Satyrus
brahminus, Blanchard, in Jacquemont’s Voy. dans I’Inde, vol. iv, Ins, p. 22, n. 18, pl. ii, figs. 5, 6 (1844),
male (in part); Aulocera swaha, Lang, Ent. Month Mag,, vol. iv., p. 246 (1868).
HABITAT: Himalayas.
EXPANSE: 2°6 to 2’8 inches.
DESCRIPTION : ‘‘ UPPERSIDE obscure fuscous, glossed with greenish; with a common
yellowish-white fascia, in the forewing macular, with one ocellus, the ocellus blind. UNDER-
SIDE paler, the base and margins marbled with greyish ; the median common fascia entire,
the ocellus pupilled with white ; the cé/éa varied with fuscous and yellow.” (Ko//ar, 1. c.)
A. swaha is the commonest species of the group ; and is easily distinguished from 4. padma
by its smaller size ; and by the bright bronzy brown, not black, colour of the underside; the
white fascia of the upperside has in both sexes the inner white subcostal spot which is lacking in
the male of 4. padma (A. avalara), and terminates in the forewing in four white spots ranged
round a blackish subapical spot ; there is also in many specimens a minute subcostal white
spot beyond. On the UNDERSIDE the Azudwing has a diffused greyish band from the apex,
where it is broadest, along the outer and abdominal margins, marked with irregular dark
brown undulations most densely along the abdominal margin, but more sparingly at the apex ;
in many specimens this band consists of greyish undulations on a brown ground, and in some
there is an irregular dark brown very sinuous line between it and the fascia. The sexual
mark in the male is usually very obscure in this species, but insome old specimens in the Indian
Museum, Calcutta, it is very distinct, and extends into the cell. The FeMALE differs only in
the more rounded outline of the wings ; and in having the pale fascia rather broader and its
edges less sharply defined. The colouration throughout is much paler.
Typically 4. swaha has the median fascia creamy-white on both wings on the upperside,
and pale buff on the forewing, almost pure white on the hindwing, on the underside. There
is a well-marked variety found at the higher elevations in which the fascia is on the upperside
deep yellow on the forewing and buff on the hindwing ; and on the underside bright yellow
on the forewing and almost white on the hindwing. In these specimens the dark brown line
beyond the fascia on the underside is more prominent. This is the form figured by Blanchard
as the female of A. drahminus, but the specimens he figures are evidently males of this
variety of A. swaha. Typical specimens of this variety are very distinct, but the gradations in
tone of the yellow tint are so gradual in intermediate localities that it is impossible to draw the
line of separation,
198 NYMPHALID#. SATYRINZ. AULOCERA.
In the Western Himalayas A. swaha ‘‘ abounds during the rainy season, from July to
October, from the outer spurs overlooking the Indian plains, for two hundred miles into the
interior of the mountain ranges towards the treeless regions of Spiti and Thibet.” (Colonel
Zang). In Kulu Mr. A. Graham Young writes :—‘‘ Not uncommon in its peculiar haunts,
grassy hills at 7,000 to 8,000 feet elevation, from June to September.” Its range to the east-
wards is probably extensive in suitable ground, but we have no certain record of its occurrence
in the Eastern Himalayas.
The next two species have a very different outline, the wings being more rounded and feebler
in appearance ; the outer margin of the forewing being decidedly convex.
189. Aulocera brahminus, Blanchard. (PLATE XVI, Fic. 496 *).
Satyrus brahminus, Blanchard, in Jacquemont’s Voy. dans I’ Inde, vol. iv, Ins., p. 22, n. 18, pl. ii, fig. 4
(1844), male (in part) ; Aulocera scylla, Butler, Ent. Mouth. Mag., vol. iv, p. 122, n. 5 (1867) ; Audocera
qwerang, Lang, Ent. Month Mag., vol. iv, p. 247 (1868).
HasitaT : Himalayas.
EXPANSE: 2°4 to 2°7 inches.
DESCRIPTION: UPPERSIDE blackish brown, paler than in A. szwaha ; the discal white
fascia very narrow and attenuated especially on the hindwing. orewng with an inner white
spot, making with the three upper spots of the fascia a group of four surrounding an indistinct
oval black spot ; two or three white dashes between the inner spot and the costa, as in A. padma,
female. Cilia white interrupted with black at the end of each nervule. The sexual mark is
very obscure. The FEMALE only differs from the male in the shape of the body, and the outline
of the wings being more rounded ; the colour and markings are identical. UNDERSIDE paler
and brighter brown, irrorated with ochreous scales and with variable grey, ochreous, and dark
brown markings ; the white markings as on the upperside, but on the /ovewizg the subapical
black spot is pupilled with white; and on the Azwzdwing are a few variable whitish suffused
spots beyond the discal fascia.
In describing A. brahminus, Blanchard erroneously described the yellow variety of
A. swaha as the female of A. brahminus ; he gives a figure of the upperside only of a male
A. brahminus, and figures of both upper and undersides of males of 4. swaha, while in his
description the two are so mixed up that it is difficult to ascertain what the markings of the
true 4. drahminus on the underside really are. So much of the original description as
manifestly applies to this species is appended below for reference,t and it seems to us that the
typical form of A. brahminus is that which is found at comparatively low elevations about
8,000 feet above the sea, in Kulu and Kashmir. This form is nearly as large as 4. swaha, and
most nearly resembles it on the underside ; but the shape of the wings and the very narrow
discal white fascia abundantly distinguish it from that species. The underside is comparatively
uniform in colouration, bright brown ; within the discal fascia the whole area of the hindwing
is irrorated with ochreous; and towards the costal margin of both wings are numerous
indistinct ochreous and darker brown striz ; beyond the discal band the ochreous striz are
less indistinct, and appear on the whole of the hindwing and on the apical half of the
forewing, some grey striz also appear in patches at the apex of the forewing, and along the
extremity of each nervure of the hindwing, most distinct at the apex and gradually disappear-
ing along the inner margin; the hindwing also bears two or three suffused whitish spots
beyond the fascia, and beyond them again a submarginal series of very indistinct suffused dark
brown spots.
* Erroneously named A. weranga on the plate.
+ Satyrus brahminus, Blanchard. Wescriprion: “ Uppersipe, both wings blackish brown, with a nearly
straight oblique transverse white band a little beyond the middle; on the forewing consisting of a series of
spots, the first four spots placed in pairs near the costal margin, then two others pyriform pointing outwards, the
Jast quadrangular divided by the black submedian nervure, and reaching the inner margin ; on the Aindwing
the band is almost straight, narrowed towards the anal angle, and interrupted only by the black nervules.
UnbersIDE, forewing with a black spot with a white dot in its centre near the apex; against the white band,
along the costal margin and at the apex are some small white and brown stria. The Aindwing is similarl
striated throughout on each side of the t-ansverse band except that towards the outer margin are some whitis
spaces, and the base is also finely powdered with greyish.” (Blanchard, |. c.)
NYMPHALID, SATYRIN A‘. AULOCERA. 199
Var. weranga, Lang. ‘*MALE and FEMALE. Upperstpe blackish fuscous with a
whitish discal fascia; the whitish fascia macular in the forewing, bifurcate at the apex,
and including an oval black spot; arched on the A/ndwing, slender, obsolescent near the
anal angle. Cz/ia white, variegated with black at the end of the nervules. UNperrsipe
scarcely paler, covered with fuscous striz, Aéndwing greenish at the base, outwardly slightly
ochraceous ; forewing with a subapical spot bearing a minute white dot ; hindwing with the
discal fascia reaching the anal margin, and an exterior series of three subobsolete whitish
dots. edy black; antenne with the tip obsoletely ochraceous on the underside.
Hagitar: Upper Kunawur (Werang Pass), Kashmir (Goolmurg). IE-XPANSE : 2°6 inches.”
(Lang, Ent. Month. Mag., vol. iv., p. 247 (1868).
A. weranga is a rather smaller insect, and differs from typical A. drahminus in the far
greater prominence of the ochreous strize on the underside, so much so that in some speci-
mens it appears as if the ground-colour were ochreous more or Jess densely striated with
brown. Extreme examples are widely distinct from typical 4. drahkminus, but the gradations
met with between the two forms renders it impossible to separate them satisfactorily. ‘lhe
extent of the grey strize too varies greatly ; in some specimens the greyish irrorations of the
inner margin extend over the whole base of the hindwing. The whitish spots and the
submarginal dark brown spots beyond are obsolete in some specimens, and very prominent
in others. :
Var. scylla, Butler. ‘* MALE: UPPERSIDE blackish-fuscous, with a whitish discal fascia,
macular on the forewing, slender and obsolete near the anal angle on the Aindwing, bifurcate
at the apex of the forewing, and including an oval black spot. Ci¢ia whitish, variegated with
black at the end of the nervules; Jody black; antenne with a yellow club. UNDERSIDE
paler, covered with blackish striz; the subapical spot of the forewing ocellated ; hindwing
very slightly yellowish, an outer discal series of whitish spots tinged outwardly with black, the
discal fascia distinct at the anal angle. Most nearly allied to A. drahmonus, but differs in its
much smaller size, less sinuated margins, more slender central band, and on the underside in
having a row of white spots placed in an are outside the central band. I have seen three
specimens of this species, which all appear to agree in size, pattern and colouration. HABITAT:
near Sylhet. EXPANSE: 2°25 inches.” ( Bué/er, Ent. Month. Mag, vol. iv, p. 122, n. 5 (1867).
Colonel Lang in describing 4. weranga writes, that ‘‘it differs from [the description of ]
A. scylla by its paler colour, larger size, more sinuated margins, and the want of the exterior
series of white, black-encircled spots ; the whitish dots of A. weranga being only two or three
in number, very small, and indistinct.” Mr. Butler adds, ‘‘the two species are nearly allied,
but I think quite distinct ;” another point of difference being that ‘the veins on the under-
side of the hindwing in A. scy//a are powdered with whitish scales.” We are quite unable to
separate A. scylla from A. brahminus ; it is described from ‘‘ near Sylhet,” and if that locality
could be accepted definitely, there might be some grounds for its separation ; but the
authority for the habitat rests apparently on a very slender basis, and some specimens of
A. weranga from the N.-W. Himalayas present every feature that is given as distinctive of
A. scylla ; it is doubtful whether it can even be retained as a distinct variety.
A. brahminus is found so far as we have any certain knowledge only in the N.-W.
Himalayas at from 7,000 feet to 13,090 feet elevation; Mr. Graham Young took numerous
specimens in 1889 in June on the Ser-ka-joth in North Mundi, two miles south of the
Kulu frontier, and forty miles south of the snowy range at barely 8,000 feet elevation ;
these were all typical A. drahminus; Mr. de Nicéville found it very plentifully on the
banks of the Chandra Bhaga river, in July, near Koksir on the borders of Lahoul at 7,000 feet
elevation, and again at Kailang in Lahoul at about 9,000 feet in the same month ; all
his specimens being of the A. weranga form with the ochreous predeminating on the
underside, and one, a female from Kailang, has the nervures powdered with white scales
and the whitish black-encircled spots of A. scy//a ; the types of A. weranga were taken by
27
200 NYMPHALIDE. SATYRIN/. AULOCERA.
Colonel Lang at ‘‘ 12,000 feet elevation, about 1,090 feet below the bleak and bare summit
of the Werang pass, amidst the rocky, grassy ground just clear of the forests of Pinus
gerardiana and Cedrus deodara ;’ in Lahoul, at Patseo, 11,000 feet elevation, specimens were
taken in July by the Reverend A. Heydé, which differ from the usual form in the great
predominance of the grey irrorations. In Pangi on the Sach pass Mr. R. Ellis took at
an elevation of 13,000 feet in August and September some beautifully marked examples in
which the prevailing ochreous is beautifully contrasted with the grey markings, and dark brown
strice; the veins in these are powdered with white as in A. sey//a; and finally a large series
taken by Mrs. Bazett at Goolmurg in Kashmir in July at from 9,000 to 10,000 feet elevation,
showed every gradation between typical 4. drvahminus and typical 4. weranga,
The figure (erroneously named A. weranga on the plate) shows the upper and undersides
of a male in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, taken in the Kulu Valley ; of the typical
A, brahminus form.
190. Aulocera saraswati, Kollar.
Satyrus saraswati, Kollar in Hiigel’s Kaschmir, vol. iv, pt. ii, p. 445, n. 2, pl. xiv, figs. 3, 4 (1844) ;
Aulocera saraswati, Butler, Ent. Month. Mag., vol. iv, p. 121, n. 2 (1867) ; idem, id., Cat. Lep. B. M., Satyrida,
P. 49, n. 2 (1868).
HapitTaT: Himalayas.
EXPANSE: 6, 2:7 to 2°85; 9, 2°9 to 3'5 inches.
DESCRIPTION: ‘* UPPERSIDE obscure fuscous, glossed with greenish, with a common
whitish fascia, in the /orewing macular, with one ocellus, the ocellus blind. UNDERSIDE
yellowish, undulated with fuscous, the fascia whitish in the forewing, yellowish in the
hindwing; the ocellus pupilled with white; the cé/za varied with fuscous and white.”
(Kollar, 1. c.)
The white fascia in this species is broader and more regular than in any other. On the
UPPERSIDE in the MALE the inner white spot beyond the cell is small and in some specimens
evanescent, asin A. pada, male ; but the narrow white streak below the costa which is often
present in 4, fadma, male, is altogether wanting in A. sarvaswati. ‘The sexual mark varies
much in prominence, being quite obsolete in some specimens. In the FEMALE the inner white
spot is conspicuous, and in some specimens the oval black spot beyond it has a minute white
pupil. The UNDERSIDE is very distinct, the basal half is very pale ochreous, fading to greyish
white on the inner margin of the hindwing, marked throughout with dark brown striz, the inner
edge of the broad white fascia, which is almost equally whitish on both wings, is defined by a
narrow dark brown lunular line, almost straight on the hindwing ; beyond the fascia the ground-
colour is ochreous marbled with brownish, merging into a diffused dark brown submarginal band,
darker and broader on the forewing ; the margin is pure grey along the nervules, ochreous in the
middle of each interspace, and more or less marked throughout with fine brown striz. The
FEMALE is larger than the male and paler in colour, the markings on the underside similar,
but less prominent.
According to Colonel Lang, ‘‘ A. saraswati is not quite so widely spread, appears later,
and disappears earlier than A. swaha; in August it swarms in the localities affected by it,
amongst the luxuriant grass pastures on the less wooded slopes of the hills.” In Simla it is
not uncommon on the grassy slopes in the neighbourhood in the autumn months. In Pangi
Mr. Robert Ellis and Dr. Hutchison took numerous specimens of both sexes in July and
August. In Kulu, according to Mr. A. Graham Young, ‘‘it appears in July, and remains on
the wing until the middle of October: it is common from 4,000 feet and upwards, and greatly
affects the thistle flowers, upon which numbers may be captured in their peculiar haunts.”
‘There are specimens in the Indian Museum both from Kumaon and Sikkim, so that the range
of this species is much wider than was thought when Colonel Lang wrote the note quoted
above, fourteen years ago,
NYMPHALID. SATYRINZ, EPINEPHELE. 201
Genus 19.—EPINEPHELE, Hiibner. (Pirate XV).*
Epinephele, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett., p. 59 (1816); Satyrus (in part), Westwood, Gen. D. L., vol.
ii, p. 388 (185r).
The genus Efinephele occupies almost the same range as //iffarchia, and is about
equally numerously represented here, eleven species having been recorded from within Indian
limits. ‘They take the place of the ‘‘meadow browns” of England, and in the Himalayas
are only found at considerable elevations, and they chiefly frequent grassy uplands. The genus
comprises two well-marked groups, first those in which the males have a conspicuous brand
on the forewing, composed of silky densely packed scales, and extending along the median
nervure below the cell, as in many species of true Hiffarchia ; and second, those in which
the males have no trace of a brand on the forewing ; this latter group contains the smallest
species of the genus, indeed the smallest of the subfamily, with the exception of the still smaller
Ypthimas. In the first group the shape of the anal angle of the hindwing (see Plate XV, fig. 39,
E. davendra), and in the second group the absence of the sexual brand in the male, distinguish
them from /iffarchia, but the two genera are very closely allied, The antennze in all the
Indian species of Zpinephele have a gradually-formed club, as also have some of the Hippar-
chias. None of the species of Efinephele have a complete series of ocelli on the underside of
the hindwing, and in many of them that wing is altogether devoid of ocelli on both
sides,
Key to the Indian species of Epinophele.
First group.
A. Males with a well-defined brand on the upperside of the forewing.
a. Males with the forewing fulvous with brown margins; the brand conspicuous, brown,
on the fulvous ground; Aindwing dentate near the anal angle. Underside with
an angulate median dark line defined outwardly with whitish ; the ocelli generally
prominent.
a, Female with the discal angulate dark line obsolescent on the upper-
side.
tor. E. DAVENDRA, Western Himalayas.
b!. Female with the discal angulate dark line prominent on the upper-
side.
192. E. ROXANE, Beluchistan, Afghanistan.
&. Male with the upperside as in a, but the hindwing quadrate and slightly dentate. Under-
side with three very irregular dark lines and clouded whitish fascie ; no ocelli.
193. E. narica, Afghanistan.
Males with the forewing brown, the brand deeper coloured than the ground 3 Aindwing
less dentate near anal angle. Underside with the median dark line much more
irregular, seldom prominent, and never defined with whitish ; the ocelli small or
evanescent.
Female with two or three ocelli on the upperside of the forewing,
tase
ringed with fulvous and the space between irrorated with
fulvous.
194. E. CHEENA, Western Himalayas.
51, Female with a single subapical black spot on upperside of forewing
placed on a fulvous submarginal band.
195. E. INTERPOSITA, Beluchistan, Persia.
191. Bpinephele davendra, Moore. (PLATE AVE Te, -S1). &)))-
Epinephile davendra, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1865, p 502, N- 94, pl. xxx, fig. 7, male and female.
HABITAT: Spiti, Pangi, Thibet, Ladak, Kabul.
EXPANSE: 1°75 to 2’0 inches.
DescrIPTION : ‘‘ MALE greyish brown.
to near the apex, and then descending to near the posterior ma
distinctly defined ; within it is a single black apical spot. [Or, in other words, the forewing
Forewing with the space within the discoidal cell
rgin ferruginous, this colour being
* EpIngrHBLe ; erroneously spelt EpinEPHILE on the plate.
202 NYMPITALID., SATYRINAE. EPINEPHELE.
is fulvous with brown margins, and the brown sexual mark extending from near the inner margin
to near the apex of the cell below the median nervure.] UNDERSIDE with the costal and
exterior margins of the forewing greyish brown, the inner space pale ferruginous, the apical
ocellus with a white pupil and brown-bordered yellow iris, which latter, however, does not
encircle the spot, being cut off as it were posteriorly ; a short streak before the ocellus, and a
submarginal line, dark brown. Aindwing grey, with delicate minute brown striz ; a discal
and a submarginal line dark brown, the former irregularly [even, but angulate] across the
disc from middle of anterior to posterior margin, both bordered outwardly with pale white, and
haying a single anterior and two posterior black ocelli, each witha yellow* brown-bordered iris,
and the anterior with a white pupil. FEMALE pale grey, the ferruginous space in the forewing
ill-defined, and with a second black spot situated near the posterior angle [sometimes evanescent or
altogether wanting]. UNDERSIDE as in the male, but with the lower black spot on the forewing
as above, the anterior ocellus on the 4/ndwing being minute or nearly obsolete. Allied to
E. endora.” (Afoore, \. c.)
** Nole.—This is a Thibetian and Spiti insect, affecting the dry hot summer of the rainless
region of the Chinese frontier. On a hot June or July day, these sober insects may be seen
flitting about the stony hill-sides, 9,090 to 12,000 feet altitude—hill-sides where the Graminacee
are scarce and brown, and grey Artemisie and EHphetra form the principal vegetation. They
do not occur in the moister and more wooded regions of the Himalayas ; but first appear on
the confines of Upper Kunawur, in Spiti, and the Chinese provinces of Gughe and Nari
Khorsum (Thibet).” (Colonel A. M. Lang, R. £., 1. c.)
The ocellation on the underside of this species is variable. In the specimens taken by
Colonel Lang, who obtained the types, there are three ocelli on the underside of the Aindwing,
one subapical, two subanal; in the male all three are prominent, but never so large as in the
next species Z. roxane; in the female the subapical ocellus is more or less evanescent ; in
three males taken in Pangi in July by Dr. Hutchison, the subapical ocellus is absent entirely,
and the subanal ones are very small, the dark lines too are very faint and less angulate, and their
whitish borderings very indistinct, almost obsolete in one specimen. Two males taken by
Mr. de Nicéville at Kargil and Nurla in Ladak, early in July, have all the ocelli large, almost as
large as in £. roxane; one female from Kargilis similarly marked, another female from the
same locality has a fourth small ocellus above the subapical one, and another female also from
the same locality has only two ocelli, the lower subanal one being entirely wanting. Ina male
and a female, both taken at Sher Dawaza near Kabul by Lieutenant H. Whistler-Smith, the
upper ocellus is entirely wanting; in a second male specimen from the same locality it is
present ; while in two females from Khistwar, Kashmir, the upper ocellus is obsolete. More-
over the three male specimens from Pangi, that we have referred to above, differ from all the
others in the cilia on both wings, both above and below, being pale brown, not more or less
white as in the specimens from the other localities ; and the scalloping of the hindwing is much
less deep.
The ftgure shows the upper and un:lersides of a female specimen in the Indian Museum,
Calcutta, taken at Kabul by Lieutenant H. Whistler-Smith.
192. Hpinophele roxane, Felder.
E. roxane, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep., vol. iii, p. 491, n. 849, pl. Ixix, figs. 12, 13 (1866), /esmale ; id.,
Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1880, p. 405.
Haprear: Western Himalayas, Kunawar, Spiti; Losar, Kargil, Ladak ; Beluchistan.
EXPANSE: 2’0 to 2°2 inches.
Descriprion; ‘*FeMALE. UpperRsIDE, hoary-brown ; the margin immediately before
the cilia fuscous. Forewing with the discal area pale fulvous, divided by a streak most often
obsolete, and with one black blind ocellus and often another median incomplete, and bordered
* This must be an error; in all the specimens we have seen, including those in Colonel Lang’s collection
Captured with the types of the species, the irides of the ocelli are white or grey, certainly not yellow.
NYMPHALID. SATYRINA EPINEPHELE. 203
with fuscous. Yindwing with a subangulate discal streak, and another submarginal almost
obsolete ; the ocelli of the underside more or less visible by transparency. UNperstpe paler,
with a line before the cilia blackish-fuscous, and another on the cilia white. Zorezwing with the
fulvous area paler, a little more extended, more distinctly divided and bordered, the ocellus
larger, blacker, with a single white pupil and broad ochraceous iris, circled with fuscous ;
the costal and outer margins variegated with fuscous, and here and there irrorated with white.
Hindwing with fuscous striz and hoary irrorations, the lines of the upperside much better
defined and outwardly borderel with whitish powdery bands ; a subapical ocellus often minute
or wanting, and two near anal angle, black, blind, with white iris and circled with fuscous,
often with whitish irrorations beyond the subapical ocellus.”
“*This species, reminding one, by the dentate outline of the Aindwing and in the markings
of the underside, of #. Aarisatis, isa local form of the Thibetan £. davendra, Moore. A
specimen collected to the east of Pangi in Kunawar is considerably larger than those from
Spiti.” (Felder, 1. c.)
£. roxane was fora long time considered identical with Z. davendra, Moore ; but Mr. Butler
has recently recognised its distinctness with the following remark :—** Z. roxane, although
nearly allied to £. davendra, differs in its paler colouration, and the more deeply sinuated
margin of the hindwing.” (Aztler, 1. c.)
No specimen that we have seen from any of the localities quoted in the Western Hima-
layas can be separated from 7. davendra, but the form found in the mountains of Beluchistan,
which has been identified by Mr. Butler as Z. voxane, is apparently a distinct geographical
variety. It differs from 2. davendra as stated above, and further by its larger size, and on the
UPPERSIDE by the far greater prominence in the female of the discal band, and on the UNDER.
SIDE by the larger ocelli and the greater prominence of the fuscous strize and hoary irrorations.
The MALE of this race differs from the male of Z. davendra as in the female on the UNDERSIDE,
and in its larger size, but the markings of the upperside appear to be identical. The ocellation
varies in this species as in £. davendra. Dr. Felder figures a female with four ocelli on the
underside of the hindwing ; the males have generally three prominent ocelli, but in the females
the subapical ocellus is minute or wanting, the two subanal ocelli being large and prominent.
The lower ocellus on the forewing of the females is sometimes prominent, sometimes altogether
wanting.
In South Afghanistan Captain Roberts found £. roxane ‘commonly at the end of May
and in June,” and Colonel Lang, R. E., and Colonel Swinhoe have also found it commonly in
suitable places in the neighbourhood of Quetta in September and October.
Two other species, 2. comara and £. mandane, which are found in Persia, have the same
general style of markings as &. davendra, to which they are evidently allied. &, comara,* to
judge from the figure, is closely allied to the form of 4. voxane found in Beluchistan. The
male chiefly differs on the upperside in having the dark margin of the forewing narrower,
and the sexual streak less distinct ; on the underside the forewing is more uniform fulvous ;
the basal half not perceptibly darker; there is no whitish streak from the costa, and the
fulvous colour extends much further up within the ocellus. The female has on the upper-
side only a broad fulvous fascia, and a fulvous spot just beyond the cell ; the basal area not at
all irrorated with fulvous ; on the underside the difference is as in the male, but much less
pronounced,
* Epinephele comara, \.ederer, Hor. Soc. Ent Ross., vol. viii, p. 12, pl. 1, figs. 9 male, 10 female (1871).
Hapitar: Astrabad, Persia. ExpANSE: sale, 1'9 ; female, 21 inches. Description: ‘ Hindwing dentate.
Uppersine fuscous, the cé/a whitish. Forewing of the MALE rufescent-luteous, margined with fuscous, and with
ashort transverse fuscous stripe, and a rounded black spot near the apex. FEMALE cinereous-fuscous, with an
exterior yellowish fascia bearing a rounded black spot. UNDERsIDE of both sexes ochraceous, the black apical
spot pupilled. Hindwing fuscous-ciuereous, a median blackish striga, externally margined with white, and two
black ocelli with white irides near the anal angle. The male resembles on the upperside that of Z. xarica, but
the wings are less pointed and breader ; the female corresponds more with that of £. dycaon.” (Lederer, |. c.)
204 NYMPHALID#. SATYRINZ. EPINEPHELE.
E. mandane* is a very beautiful species, and distinguished especially by the curious elon-.
gate shape of the black spot on the forewing, and the very highly dentate outline of the
hindwing, the margin of which exhibits at least three distinct tails. From the rest of the
E. davendra group it is also distinguished by the curved (not angulate) character of the white
band on the underside of the hindwing. The female has often one, and sometimes two, round
black spots below the spot on the forewing, and the whole of these spots are situated on a
more or less prominent fulvous submarginal band defined inwardly, and diffused outwardly ; the
series of females from Persia in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, show considerable variation.
193. HEpinephele narica, Hiibner.
Papilio narica, Hiibner, Eur. Schmett., vol. i, figs 704—707 (1825?) ; Satyrus nartca, Boisduval, Icones,
p. 212, pl. xlii, figs. 3, wale 3 4,5 female (1832.)
HasitaT: South Russia, Western Asia, Afghanistan.
EXPANSE: 1°8 to 2’0 inches.
DESCRIPTION: MALE: UppersIDE brown; the cé//a whitish. Forewing with the entire
disc fulvous, the margin and the sexual streak alone being brown ; colour and markings almost
exactly as in Z. davendra, but the outer margin is straighter in the /orezving, and less dentate in
the Aindwing. FEMALE: UPPERSIDE very similar in aspect to Z. meoza, female, but with the
cilia of both wings white, and the 4édwing quadrate in outline owing to a prolongation of the
discoidal nervule. Forewéng fulvous, with cinereous-brown margins, the outer margin dusky,
a black subapical spot, (and often a second submarginal spot in the lowest median interspace).
Hindwing cinereous-brown, dusky towards the outer margin. UNDERSIDE also somewhat
similar in pattern to that of Z. weoza, but paler in colouration. Forewing pale fulvous ; a
median indistinct angulate line across the wing, a black subapical ocellus with small white
pupil and pale ochreous iris; the ground-colour between the ocellus and median line also pale
ochreous merging in the iris ; the costa narrowly hoary, mottled with fuscous ; the outer margin
more broadly cinereous-brown, darkest at inner angle, and a distinct submarginal slightly
lunulate dark line. Mindzwing whitish, a subbasal and a highly irregular median fuscous line,
between which the ground-colour is brown, forming a broad irregular sharply defined brown
fascia ; a brown suffused patch near the costa; then another brown submarginal band
inwardly diffused, outwardly sharply defined by a narrow dark lunular line; the margin also
clouded with brown, and the whole wing sparingly mottled with fuscous,
Described from Boisduval’s figures and from a single female taken by Lieutenant-Colonel
C. Swinhoe at Chaman, in South Afghanistan, on the 11th of May, and which is referred to by
Mr. A. G. Butler in his Notes on Lieutenant-Colonel Swinhoe’s collection as £. dterposita.t
This latter lacks the second submarginal black spot on the forewing, but otherwise corresponds
exactly with Boisduval’s figure. It has no resemblance to Z. znterfosita ; and its white cilia
and quadrate hindwing at once distinguish it from £. meoza, which it most nearly resembles in
general aspect.
A closely allied species from the Kirghiz steppes and the Mangyschlak peninsula onthe
Caspian sea has been separated under the name of 4. navricina.
Epinephele naricina, Staudinger, (Z. narica, Hiibner, var. ?), Berl. Ent. Zeitsch., vol. xiv,
p: too, n, 2 (1870). Smaller than £. narica, the smallest male measures 1°3 inches in ex-
panse, and the female 1°5 inches, against a minimum of 1°54 inches in the male of Z. marica.
UprersiveE of the forewing as in Z. narica, but the brand of the male is narrower, even
* Epinephele mandane, Kollar, Denkschr. Akad. Wien Math.-Nat. Cl., vol. i, p. 52, n. 8 (1850), HABITAT :
Persia. I.xpANSE!1°7 to 2'r inches. Descriprion: “ Forewing entire; hindwing acutely dentate. UppersIne
cineraceous-fuscous. /ovewing with an oblong transverse silky black subcostal spot. UNneErsIDE: /orewing
fulvous in the middle, with an abbreviated white fascia; a black ocellus near the apex, with yellow iris, and
white pupil. //évdzving cinereous, with a white median arched fascia margined with fuscous; two ocelli near
the anal angle black, with white iris. Allied to 2. eudora[=F. lycaon] in size and shape, but the markings
of the wings on the underside entirely different. Only two male specimens were brought from the alpine
revions of South Persia by Kotschy. ‘This species is also very closely allied to &. wagnerz, Herrich-Schaffer,
(Suppt. ad Lep Eur. Hiib., pl. Ixv, figs. 311—313) from which it differs in having the wings on the upperside
unicolorous cineraceous-fuscous.” (Kollar, |. c.) Mr. Kirby gives 2. mandane as a synomym of £. wagner.
+ Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., fifth series, vol. ix, p. 207 (1882).
NYMPHALID. SATYRINE. EPINEPHELE. 205
allowing for its smaller size, and not so black. In the single xartcina, female, and in one
male there is beneath the subapical black spot a smaller one attached to it. On the UNDER-
SIDE of the foreze7g the single difference is that the dark shadowy median line which crosses
the wing of Z. marica is totally wanting in 2. naricina. The uPPERSIDE of the Aindwing
is fuliginous-brown (blackish) as in £&. narica, the only difference being that the cilia in
E. naricina are almost totally white; only at the inner margin they show a trace of the dark
middle line of Z. xavica, and on the first dentations are distinct dark spots in Z. naricina ; the
UNDERSIDE of the Aindwing forms the principal distinction between the two species, being in
£. naricina without markings, almost as in &. lycaon or Z. cadusia, [see foot note, p. 206],
with which Z. zartcina has no affinity. The extremely sharp delineation of the underside
of &. narvica with its white nervures, white cross bands, dark middle band and distinct sharp
dentated line at the outer margin is wanting in Z. nzavicina almost totally. The underside is
light ash-grey, with a few darker atoms, and somewhat whiter shadows beyond the middle,
In spite of all this Staudinger considers that it will ultimately be found to be merely a variety
of £. narica. (Abstracted from Staudinger’s original description, 1. c.)
194. Eypinephele cheona, Moore.
Epinephile cheena, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1865, p. 501, N. 93, pl. xxx, fig. 6, male and female.
HasiraT: Western Himalayas.
EXPANSE: 1°8 to 2°3 inches.
DescrIPTION: ‘* MALE. UppersIDE dark brown, with a subapical, black, ferruginous-
encircled spot ; also a similar minute spot some distance below it. UNDERSIDE pale greyish-
brown. Forewing with its discal portion ferruginous ; a medially submarginal dark brown
streak, and an ill-defined discal transverse line ; the subapical ocellus as above, but with a white
pupil and yellow iris. Ainawing covered with minute delicate brown striz. FEMALE with
three black ferruginous-encircled ocelli, the upper and lower large, the middle one small.
UNDERSIDE as in the male, but having the lower ocellus as on upperside, the middle one being
obsolete. Allied to Z. janira.” (Moore, 1. c.)
‘* Note.—The ‘* meadow-brown” of the meadows of Rogi and Chini in Kunawar. It is
limited in its range, not appearing to the westward, nor venturing further north and east into
the drier lands affected by Zpinephele davendra and [Hipparchia] baldiva.” (Colonel A. M.
ITER Ved Ae)
£. cheena exhibits a considerable amount of variation ; in a large series of MAI.ES
collected by Mr. de Nicéville at Budrawah and Jora in Kashmir in June, only two specimens
show the second lower ocellular spot on the forewing; in all the others the only mark on the
UPPERSIDE is a single subapical black spot, with its ferruginous iris, never prominent, often
obsolete. In Colonel Lang’s specimens from Kunawar the ferruginous iris of the subapical
spot is always prominent, and the lower spot is represented in some specimens by a ferruginous
spot, in others by a black spot with a rather prominent ferruginous iris, while in some a ferru-
ginous spot is visible between the two ocelli; on the UNDERSIDE the Aindwire is typically
almost uniform in colouration and without markings ; in some specimens are one, or two,
small blind subanal ocelli ; in some there is a highly irregular transverse discal dark line, the
ground-colour immediately beyond it being paler, deepening again towards the outer margin.
In the FEMALES the width of the ferruginous irides of the ocelli on the upperside varies much,
in’ some the space between the ocelli is also ferruginous coalescing with the irides, and forming
a ferruginous submarginal band, and often bearing a black spot between the ocelli ; and in some
the space between the ocelli and the end of the cell is also irrorated with ferruginous ; on the
UNDERSIDE the variations in the markings of the hindwing are as in the male.
E. cheena is the commonest of all the species in the Western Himalayas, and has the
widest range. It has been taken at from 8,000 to 10,000 feet elevation in June, July, and
August in Kashmir, Pangi, and Kunawar; and probably extends eastwards as far as
Nepal,
206 NYMPHALID. SATYRIN 4. EPINEPHELE.
195. Epinephele interposita, Erschoff.
E. interposita, Erschoff, Lep. Turk., p. 22, n. 68, pl. ii, fig. 16 (1874), female; id., Butler, Proe. Zool.
Soe. Lond., 1880, p. 405, n. 6, pl. xxxix, fig. 1, male.
Habitat: Kandahar ; Turkestan.
EXPANSE: I°5 to 1°95 inches.
DESCRIPTION : FEMALE: ‘* UPPERSIDE fuscous, with an obsolete paler outer band. Fore-
wing with a black ocellus before the apex, broadly circled with yellowish. UNDERSIDE,
forewing yellowish-ferruginous, with the margin fuscescent-ashy. Aindwing fuscescent-grey,
with a median fascia defined with fuscous, clouded with whitish exteriorly ; two small black
ocelli before the anal angle, with paler iris. Described from a single female.” (Zrschoff; 1. c.)
The MALE is as yet undescribed, but has been well figured by Butler ; the following description
is taken from the figure. MaLe. UPPeRSIDE brown, slightly darker on the outer margin.
Forewing with a single black subapical spot with a pale inconspicuous iris. UNDERSIDE,
JSorewing fulvous, the basal half slightly darker and defined by an almost obsolete angulate
median line ; the margins ashy-brown ; the black spot of the upperside but pupilled with white
and with yellow iris, the upper half encircled with a fuscous line ; anda fuscous submarginal
line defining the fulvous area. Hindwing ashy-brown, finely striated with darker brown ; an
irregular discal dark line, beyond which the ground-colour is paler irrorated with whitish,
forming a pale fascia, and another similar pale submarginal fascia restricted to the anal half, and
uniting at the anal angle with the inner complete fascia ; two dark spots near anal angle.
E. interposita is evidently very closely allied to 4. cheena; the only differences that
can be detected on comparing MALES of &. cheena with Mr. Butler’s figure of the male are
in the somewhat paler colouration of the latter, and the brighter and more extended fulvous
patch on the underside of the forewing ; in 4. cheena the underside of the forewing is often
ferruginous rather than fulvous, and the patch is often ill-defined and somewhat obscure,
Erschoff’s figure of the FEMALE differs from females of #. cheena much more conspicuously ;
on the UPPERSIDE in Z. interpfosita the ground-colour darkens to the middle of the wing,
where it is sharply defined on both wings, the submarginal band beyond being dull fulvous
on the forewing, and bearing a single subapical black spot, and on the //mdwing obsolescent,
whereas in Z. cheena the colour is uniform, there are often two black spots on the forewing,
and there is no trace of a submarginal band on the hindwing ; the irides of the spots on the
forewing are bright fulvous and often coalescent, forming an irregular submarginal band.
On the UNDERSIDE the discal line on the forewing is less angulate in Z. sferposita, and there is
only one subapical ocellus ; on the Aindwing there is no difference of importance, according
to the figure it is similar in general appearance to that of the male, except that the whole outer
half is paler, bearing a clouded submarginal band.
E. interposita has been recorded from Chaman and Kandahar, and is therefore included in
our list ; but it is rare and has been found in no other place within our limits. Major Roberts
took one male in the middle of May, and one female at the end of May in the neighbourhood
of Kandahar.
Of the former specimen Mr. Butler writes (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1880, p. 403), ‘it is
much like a small £. fadlescens, [see foot note, p. 207], male, on the upperside, but on the
underside all the brown areas are replaced by whitish, and there are two minute obliquely-
placed ocelli near the anal angle of the hindwing as in Z. hispulla.”
Of this group Z. /ycaon* from Europe and Western Asia is the typical species, and is
closely allied to 2. cheena. The MALE differs on the upperside in having the black spot smaller,
* Epinephele lycaon, Kihn, Naturf., vol. iii, p, 21, pl. ii, figs. d—f (1774). Hasrrar: Europe and Northern
and Western Asia. Expansn: Male, 1'9; female, 2:2 inches. DrscrirpTION: Matt. Uppersitpr brown. Fore-
wing with an indistinct silky sexual streak, a nebulous faintly irrorated submarginal fulvous band, and a black
subapical spot very indistinctly ringed. Aindwing unmarked, except by a very indistinct submarginal lunular
band; the c/a brown. Unprrsing: Forewing fulvous, shaded with fuscous along the margins; the black spot
of the upperside with distinct white pupil, bnt the iris scarcely discernible; scarcely any trace of a median dark
line. Hindwing brown, faintly clouded with greyish on the disc, and finely freckled throughout with minute
fuscous scales ; no trace of ocelli, and the median angulate line scarcely visible. Ihe FEMALE differs on the
NYMPHALID, SATYRIN AE, EPINEPHELE. 207
and the iris far less distinct ; and on the underside in having the median dark line very faint on
the hindwing, and almost absent from the forewing. The FEMALE differs in having on the
underside the median line on the forewing continued straight to the costa and inner margin
instead of merging into the rings of the ocelli ; and the pale submarginal band on the hindwing
is far more prominent. In a large series of this sex in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, obtained
from Persia, the upperside has a dark discal fascia well defined externally, diffused inwardly on
both wings, and two submarginal black spots, each with a broad pale yellow iris on the
forewing.
E. pallescens, E. amardea, E. dysdora and EF. cadusia are also all found in Persia, and
belong to this group; of these descriptions are appended below for reference.* The climate
of the dry elevated regions in Persia seems peculiarly suited to the development of this genus.
A very distinct species of this group is described by Alphéraky from the neighbour-
hood of Kuldja under the name of &. dirghisa ; it has both wings fulvous on the upper-
side, and margined witk brown.
Epinephele kirghisa, Alphéraky, Uor. Soc. Ent. Ross., vol. xvi, p. 423, 0. 97; pl. xv,
figs. 24, ¢ 325, 9 (1881). Expanse: ¢ and , 1°8 inches. DEscrIPTION : ‘‘ Forewing entire,
hindwing subdentate. UPPERSIDE dilute fulvous, with two rounded black spots (one subapical
and the other in the first median interspace), larger in the female, sometimes with white
pupils, and the margin of both wings swarthy. MALE with a subcellular greyish-fuscous
upperside in lacking the sexual streak ; the ocellus is often distinctly white pupilled, and with a second coherent
black spot below, and often another lower black spot, each with a distinct though narrow yellowish iris ; the
submarginal band of fulvous irrorations is much more distinct and often divided into streaks by the fuscous
nervules. UnpeRstpE with the ocellus as on upperside; the iris wider ; a median dark line on both wings,
beyond which is a broad submarginal fascia, fulvous on the forewing, greyish-ochraceous on the hindwing ; the
basal half of the forewing washed with fulvous, the outer margin of both wings broadly darker than the basal
half. (Described from specimens from Prussia.)
* Epinephele pailescens, Butler, Cat. Lep. B. M, Satyride, p. 65, n. 8, pl. ili, fig. 3 (1868), ferale.
Hasitar: Persia. Expanse: Male, 2°0; female,21 inches. DescripTion: ‘“‘ UpPERSIDE pale olivaceous-
fuscous ; the cédia whitish. Forewing of the Mal-k with a cinerascent internal basal fascia ; the outer margin
slightly fuscescent ; a black subapical dot ; of the FEMALE with a disco-cellular spot, and two elongate and a dot,
discal, arranged in a direct series. golden-yellow; a large black subapical ocellus with two pupils placed obliquely
(the lower sinaller), and irregularly circled with fulvous. A/zzdwing ia both sexes undulated. UNbrrsine
almost asin &. zda.” (Butler, 1. c.) We have no specimens of £. zda, but from Godart’s description of this and
Butler’s uncoloured figure of Z. padlescens, we gather that on the UNDERSIDE the /forew?zug is fulvous with a
median striga, within which the basal haif is somewhat clouded with darker ; the ocellus as on upperside, and
the costa narrowly, and the outer margin broadly fuscous. AHindwing clouded and variegated with greyish, a
median very angulate line from costa to inner margin, beyond which the ground-colour is whitish, gradually
a a and bearing another indistinct submarginal line; no trace of ocelli. It is evidently very close to
. Lycaon.
Epinephele amardea, Lederer, Hor. Soc. Ent. Ross, vol. vi, p. 84, pl. v, figs. 3 male, 4 female (1860).
Hasirat: Astrabad, Persia. ExpaNsE: Male, 1°4; female, 1°5 inches. Description: *‘ Uprersipe fuscous.
Forewing with a subapical black spot (ona fulvous disc in the female) _UNbrExsipe: Forewing fulvous with
two brown strigz, and a subapical spot with white pupil. /zdzwzng greyish, with three serrated fuscous striga,
washed with hoary outside the second, and two subanal dots adhering to the inner edge of the third striga. ‘The
UNDERSIDE is darker, and the markings are more sharply defined than in &. dycaon. Forewing with the outer
margin grey-brown; the costal margin with darker striz, a dark transverse line across the cell; one median across
the wing beyond the cell, and one submarginal—the latter edged paler outwardly.” (Ledever, |. c.)
Epinephele dysdora, Lederer, Hor. Soc. Ent. Ross., vol. vi, p. 85, pl. v, figs. 1 wale, 2 female (1869).
Hasirat : Astrabad, Persia. ExpANnse: Male and female, 1°75 inches. DerscRIPTION : *‘ UPPERSIDE fuscous,
with a subapical black spot on a fuscous band (and in the female another smaller below it). UNDERSIDE: Fore-
wing fulyous, a fuscous striga before the subapical white-pupilled spot. AHzuzdzzéng cinereous, a sharply defined
striga beyond the middle, outwardly washed with whitish ; two subanal black dots with yellow irides. Also
allied to E Zycaon, but the markings of the underside much clearer and more delicate Upprrsipe dark brown
as in EZ. janira, the hindwing slightly scalloped ; the cé//a brown-grey. Vorew?zng in the MALE with a black
ocellus at the apex in the fulvons band, which band disappears towards the inner margin, and is somewhat diffused
inwardly, and crossed by fuscous veins. The FEMALE has the two black spots surrounded by faint yellowish irides,
the fulvous band defined inwardly by a fuscous striga, within which the ground-colour is again suffused with
fulvous for a short distance” (Lederer, 1c.) Inthe figure of the UNDERSIDE the forewing is fulvous with brown
margins, the spots as on the upperside, a dark median line across the wing, and a dark submarginal line out-
wardly defined with whitish. A/ivdwing grey-brown, an incomplete subbasal striga ; a dark median dentate
striga ending just above the anal angle on the inner margin, outwardly defined with whitish, which shades off
into the brown beyond, a pale indistinct submarginal fascia, and lunular marginal band ; the two subanal ocelli
near the inner edge of the pale submarginal fascia.
Epinephele cadusia, Lederer, Hor. Soc Ent. Ross, vol. vi, p. 84, pl. iv, figs. 10 male; 11, female (1860).
HasitatT: Astrabad, Persia. Exranse: Male, 1°53 female, 16 inches. Description : “ Upprrsipr fuscous, the
cilia whitish, the disc fulvous. including a black subapical spot (subgeminate in the female, with another smaller
one below). Unnersipe. Forewing fulvous, with a single brown striga, and a subapical spot with white pupil.
Hindwing fuscescent-hoary, a median fuscescent striga bent backwards, outwardly washed with whitish. Very
close to EZ. lycaon, but smaller, with more rounded wings and whitish cilia ; the /ovezixg in the male with
a fulvous band diffused on the inner side (as in #. gantra, var. telmessia). The UNDERSIDE asin £. lycaon,
the colouration, howeyer, much lighter, whitish grey, the markings brown-grey. Very common.” (Lederer, 1. c).
28
208 NYMPHALID. SATYRIN. EPINEPHELE.
diagonal fascia, outwardly dentated [the usual male mark]. UNDERSIDE: Forewing paler,
bordered with cinereous, the round spots fuscous, pupilled with white (the lower one blind
in the male). Hindwing cinereous, irrorated with fuscescent, two subanal black dots circled
with dilute grey.” (A/phéraky, 1. c.). In the figures the basal area of both wings is clouded
darker on the upperside, especially in the female ; the A/nzdwing on the underside has a
distinct dark median line, and an indistinct submarginal and abbreviated basal line. The
underside is very similar to that of 2. pulchra, but the forewing has two black spots, and
the Aindwing has the markings prominent.
The next group in which the males lack the sexual mark altogether appears to be confined
to the Western Himalayas and Central Asia, and is perhaps worthy of generic separation.
Eey to the Indian Species of Epinephele.
Second Group.
B. Males with no perceptible brand on the upperside of the forewing.
a. Underside, hindwing brown, with numerous darker striz and three irregular
transverse more or less conspicuous dark lines.
a’. Upperside with the forewing fulvous, narrowly margined with brown ;
and with no trace of a discal line.
196. E. pULCHELLA, Western Himalayas.
é'. Upperside, forewing fulvous with broader brown margin and narrow
indistinct discal line.
197 E. NrozA, Kashmir.
c'. Upperside, forewing brown, more or less distinctly irrorated with
fulvous except on the margins; the fulvous patch when distinct
divided by a broad diffused transverse discal line.
198. E. putcura, Western Himalayas.
é. Underside, hindwing ferruginous brown, with yellowish irregularly disposed spots
and blotches.
a', Male with two ocelli on upperside of forewing; underside of hind-
wing in both sexes with dark interrupted discal line, and with the
basal area darker.
199. E. CENONYMPHA, Western Himalayas.
6’. Male with upperside unspotted ; or with only a single subapical
minute indistinct black spot ; underside, hindwing with the ground-
colour uniform, no submarginal ocelli.
zoo. E. maiza, Kashmir.
c'. Male unknown; female with an incomplete row of submarginal ocelli
on the underside of hindwing.
201. E, GootmurGaA, Kashmir.
196. Epinephelo pulchella, Felder. (PLATE XV, Fic. 4o 6, left hand half.)
£. puichella, ¥elder, Reise Novara, Lep., vol. iii, p. 490, n. 847, pl. Ixix, fig. 16 (1866), sale; id.,
Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc, Lond., 1874, p. 566.
HasitatT: Western Himalayas, Spiti, Ladak.
EXPANSE: 1°6 to 1°9 inches.
DESCRIPTION : ‘‘ MALE: UPPERSIDE brown. Forewing with a large discal patch extending
to the base, fulvous ; a blackish spot near the apex. /indwing unmarked. UNDERSIDE much
paler. Lovewing with the patch of the upperside but more restricted, deeper coloured, the
black spot of the upperside larger, circled with a broad diffuse ochraceous iris, often bearing
a white dot; the costal and external margins around the patch irrorated with hoary and
variegated with fuscous, a fuscous streak often composed of dentate lunules defining the outer
edge of the patch. Hindwing variegated with hoary and covered with fuscous strize ; a basal and
a discal streak very flexuous, and a third submarginal, macular, blackish-fuscous, more or less
conspicuous. FEMALE. Forewing with the patch paler. UpPERSIDE with the blackish subapical
spot larger, circled with dilute fulvous ; sometimes with another smaller spot between the first
and second median branches,” (Felder, 1, c.)
NYMPHALIDE, SATYRIN. EPINEPHELE. 209
** Differs from 2. xeoza, Lang, in being smaller, in the ferruginous [fulvous ?] on the fore-
wing being more distinct in the male, and in the absence of the transverse discal sinuous brown
line on the forewing.” (AZoore, 1. c.)
The localities given for this species by Dr. Felder are Spiti ; Losar, Dishungdeo, Kibber,
Shalkar, Rupshu, and Rumbog in Ladak; Karnag; Niri Sumdo, 15,000 feet ; Padam ;
Abrang ; and Marsmag. Mr. de Nicéville took a large series of males and a single female at
Dras and Tashgam in Ladak in June; and according to Moore, Captain Hellard took it
in Kashmir, and Major J. Biddulph took a male specimen at Astor at 7,700 feet altitude in
September. It appears to affect higher elevations and to occur further in the interior than
E. neoza does.
The left hand half of the figure shews the upperside of a male in Mr. de Nicéville’s
collection from Dras, Ladak. The other half of the figure refers to 2. puichra, male,
not Z. pulchella, female, as erroneously entered on the plate.
197. Epinsphele neoza, Lang.
Epinephile neoza, Lang, Ent. Month. Mag., vol. v, p. 35 (1868).
Hasirat: Western Himalayas.
EXPANSE: 1°6 inches (Zang) ; 1°85 actual measurement of the female type specimen.
DescriPrion : ‘‘ MALE: UppErsIDE greyish-brown. Forewing with the discal portion
broadly suffused with asatiny brownish-ferruginous ; a single apical black spot. UNDERSIDE :
Forewing with markings as above ; but the disc is brightly ferruginous and separated from the
grey-brown exterior margin by a narrow, sinuous, darker line ; and the apical spot has a
minute white pupil and diffused yellowish iris, A transverse, fine, scarcely distinct ferruginous
line, strongly angulated outwards below the ocellus, crosses the wing beyond the middle.
Hindwing greyish-brown, minutely striated and freckled, with three transverse, sinuous and
dentated lines darker; the first basal, the second discal, the third simulating a submarginal
series of connected lunules. FEMALE: Markings generally as in the male; but the disc of
Jorewing on upperside brightly ferruginous, the apical spot larger, and with an indistinct
paler ferruginous iris. On the £izdwing the submarginal lunular line of the underside appears
very indistinctly (or not at all) on the upperside.” (Lazg, 1. c.)
The type female specimen of Z. zeoza in Colonel Lang’s collection differs from the Ladak
female of Z. fzz/chella in Mr. de Nicéville’s collection in being larger, the subapical spot is also
larger, the fulvous patch slightly darker, and the outer brown margin rather wider. On the
underside the discal angulate line on both wings is rather more distinct in Z. zeoza,
198. Epinophelo pulchra, Felder. (Pate XV, Fic. 40 g, right hand half.)
E. pulchra, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep., vol. ili, p. 491, n. 848 (1866).
Hasirat : Western [imalayas,
EXPANSE: 1°6 to 2’0 inches.
DeESCRIFTION: ‘*MALE. UpPERSIDE as in Z&. pulchella, but the forewing with the
fulvous patch less bright, divided by the fulvous [fuscous?] nervures, and cut through
beyond the middle by an obsolete fuscous angulate streak, within which it is irrorated with
fuscous ; the margin of the ground-colour beyond wider than in £2. pulchella, the blackish
spot larger ; the Aizdwing irrorated with fulvous on the disc. UNDERSIDE as in Z. pulchella,
but the patch of the forewing more restricted and brighter fulvous, divided beyond the
middle by the streak of the upperside, but obscure ferruginous and more distinct and the ocellus
larger.” (Fé/der,|. c.) FEMALE: UPPERSIDE as in the male, but the forewing with the
fulvous patch brighter, the subapical spot larger, its iris more distinct, and the fuscous angulate
discal streak more prominent.
E. pulchra seems to be even more closely allied to 2. meoza than to Z. pulchella ;
typically it is a much darker insect both on the upper and undersides, On the UPPERSIDE the
210 NYMPHALID&. SATYRINE. EPINEPHELE.
fulvous patch is in some specimens almost altogether obsolete, and in these there is little or
no trace of the dark discal line; in others, where the fulvous patch is more prominent, the
transverse discal line is prominent also, and the brown margin is wider ; but the patch is never
so large, so continuous, or so pale as in Z. zeoza ; on the underside the markings appear to be
identical, but Z. pulchra is much the darker.
Dr. Felder gives Kunawar; Pangi, Bisahir, and Chini for this species. Mr. de Nicéville
took several males at Dras and Tashgam, Ladak, in June; Mr. R, Ellis took it in Pangi in
July ; Mrs. Bazett took it in Kashmir at Baba Marishi, at 8,400 feet elevation in June, at
Katabal at 10,000 feet, and at Goolmurgat 9,400 feet, in July. Major J. Biddulph took a pair,
male and female, on the Shandur plateau in northern Kashmir ; the female having on the
forewing a second black spot placed on the lower median interspace, both spots prominently
circled with pale ochraceous, the irides coalescing. Mr. A. Graham Young has sent a
single female from the Kulu Valley.
The right hand half of the figure shews the upperside of a male in Mr. de Nicéville’s
collection from Dras, Ladak, and is not that of a female of £. fulchella, as erroneously given
on the plate. The other half is correctly named Z. fudchella, male.
Erschoff in his Lep. Turkestan describes and figures as Z. amardea, var. naubidensis,
a species which seems ciearly to belong to this group, and to be closely alied to 2. pulchra.
His description is as follows: ‘‘MaLe: UppersiDE without ocelli. UNDERSIDE : Hindwing
unicolorous grey, median fascia almost wanting.” The figure shows a very small male insect
14 inches in expanse, with no sexual brand on the forewing. The UPPERSIDE of doth
wings brown, darkest at the outer margin ; the ci/ia paler. UNDERSIDE: Forewing fulvous,
the outer margin broadly pale brown, with two dark submarginal lines, a subapical small
ocellus, and a smaller submedian black spot below ; the izdwing uniform pale brown, with
indistinct dark striz ; and indistinct, but somewhat regular, subbasal, median and marginal
dark lines. It is most like 2. fudchra but smaller, with no trace of the fulvouspatch on the
upperside, and with two black spots on the underside, and none on the upperside in the fore-
wing. In his paper on the Lepidoptera of Kuldja and the neighbouring mountains (Hor. Soc,
Ent. Ross., vol. xvi, p. 425 (1881), Alphéraky also records a species belonging to this
group with the following remarks: ‘‘ Zpinephele species ? Some males of a species probably
new, which have also been taken in the Altai by Haberhauer. Dr. Staudinger had deter-
mined them as £. fulchella, Felder, and truly it is a species closely allied to this latter to
judge from the underside especially. I have since received from Dr. Staudinger a male under
the name of Z. xaubidensis, Erschoff, which does not appear to me to be distinct from the
doubtful Z. pulchella from the Altai.” Allthese remarks appear to us to apply to one and
the same species, which is nearest to 2. pulchra, not Z. pulchella, but closely allied to both,
and which should stand as £. naubidensis, Erschoff.
199. Epinephele ceononympha, Felder.
E. cenonympha, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep, vol. iii, p. 492, n. 850, pl. Ixix, figs. 14, 15 (1866), female.
Hapirat: Suroo, Ladak ; Western Himalayas.
EXPANSE: @, 1°65 inches.
DescripTION: “ MALE : UPPERSIDE fuscous, with the forewing below and the hindwing
above the internal nervure obscurely and shiningly hoary, [this is not quite clear, and there
is no trace of it in the figures which accompany the description]. /orewing with an ocellus
between the discoidal nervules, and another between the first median nervules, blackish-fuscous,
blind, incomplete. UNDERSIDE hoary-fuscous, paler in the exterior region, with a very
obsolete submarginal line. Fvrewing with a large fulvous discal patch, ill-defined, divided by
a fuscous disco-cellular streak, and a most indistinct small fuscous fascia beyond the cell; the
ocelli of the upperside blacker, the upper one with an indistinct ochraceous iris. Hindwing
densely irrorated with blackish at the base, with a large fulyous patch on the upper base, with
NYMPHALID, SATYRIN. EPINEPHELE. 211!
a smaller one above coalescing with it, circled with fuscous [the fuscous cincture is not shown
in the figure] ; the basal region darker, defined by an interrupted flexuous fuscous streak, and
margined externally by seven unequal spots, the larger median one excepted, fulvescent,
contiguous; with a minute posterior ocellus, obsolete, broadly circled with ochraceous.
FuMALE : UPPERSIDE as in the male. forewing beyond the cell shaded with darker, with
two blind black ocelli, but broadly circled with ochraceous, (especially the upper smaller one).
Hindwing showing the markings cf the underside. UNDERSIDE as in the male, but darker.
Forewing with the ocelli larger, more distinct, and with minute white pupils. Aizdwing with
two blind, whitish, subanal spots.” (e/der, 1. c.)
We have never seen Z. cenonympha, and the type specimens collected by Dr. Stoliczka
are apparently unique. It is closely allied to both £. maiza and LE. goolmurga, and approaches
the latter most closely by the presence of a subanal ocellus on the underside of the hindwing :
the colour is much darker in the figure of the female than that of the females of Z. maiza
and £. goolmurga which we have seen, but not darker than fresh males of 2. maiza. The
principal points of distinction appear to be that in Z. cenonympha the male has two ocelli on
the UPPERSIDE of the forewing ; and cn the UNDERSIDE the fulvous patch on the forewing
occupies the entire wing, excepting the narrow brownish margins, and no trace of the discal
streak is shown in the figure ; whereas this streak is very prominent in #, mazza ; and on the
hindwing the basal area is much darker than the outer area, and edged with an interrupted
dark brown lunular line, and the yellowish spots beyond appear to coalesce ; whereas in Z.
maiza the colour of the hindwing is uniform, the dark line is absent, and the yellowish spots
are well separated ; but all these characters are variable, and it is possible that further research
will show that Z. mazsa is really inseparable from £. cenonympha,
200. Epinephele maiza, Lang. (PLatTe XV, Fic. 41 @).
Efinephile maiza, Lang, Ent. Month, Mag., vol. v, p. 36 (1868) ; id., Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874,
p. 26s, pl. xlili, fig. 6, wae.
HasiraT : Goolmurg and Pir Pinjal, Kashmir.
EXPANSE : I'5 to 1°6 inches.
DESCRIPTION : ‘* MALE: UPPERSIDE dark brown. Forewing with a small, scarcely per-
ceptible ocellus [this ocellus is often entirely absent, the upperside being uniform unspotted
brown]. Underside ferruginous brown. Forewing with the discal portion clear ferruginous,
traversed by the dark nervures, and crossed by an angular discal band ; a small subapical
ocellus, distinct, iris yellow, white-pupilled. //zzdwing with a small subbasal ferruginous
patch, and an irregular transverse discal series of yellowish spots.” (AZoore, 1. c.) ‘* FEMALE:
UPPERSIDE as in £. goolmurga, Lang, but with the irides of the oceijli much smaller and
darker. UNDERSIDE generally as in &. gcolmurga ; but in the forewing the greyish-brown
borders and the transverse discal line are much broader and darker. In the /Aindwing the
colour is clear, unclouded brown ; the basal ferruginous patch is larger, the discal series
of cuneiform spots is incomplete and indistinct, formed of smaller, darker spots, and the four
submarginal ocelli are entirely wanting. The /orew?zg is slightly broader, and has a more
rounded apex and more convex exterior margin than in Z. goolmurga.”
* Were this insect and Z. gvolmurga male and female, they would be indubitably set down
as sexes of one species, but both appear to be females; these may, however, pertain to one
species, which is variable, and of which a larger series must be obtained before its character
can be correctly defined.” (Zang, 1. c.)
The FEMALE only appears to differ from the male so far as markings are concerned in
having on the forewing two blind ocelli on the upperside, and two ocelli with minute white
pupils on the underside.
Two specimens of the male from the Pir Pinjal, Kashmir, differ only from a female from
the same locality on the upperside of the forewing having but one minute black subapical
212 NYMPHALIDE. SATYRINZE. YPTHIMA.
spot very faintly surrounded with ferruginous, and on the underside in having only one
subapical ocellus on the forewing, which is rather smaller than in the female. A large series
of the males collected by Mrs. Bazett, at Goolmurg, in July at from 9,000 to 10,000 feet
elevation, have no trace of the black subapical spot on the upperside, being of an uniform
unspotted dark brown throughout. £. mazza appears to be common at Goolmurg, but with
the exception of the three specimens from the PirsPunjal in the Indian Museum we have seen it
from no other locality.
The figure is taken from the female specimen from the Pir Pinjal, and shows both upper
and undersides.
201. Epinephele goolmurga, Lang.
Epinephile goolmurga, Lang, Ent. Month. Mag,, vol. v, p. 36 (1868).
HasitaT : Goolmurg, Kashmir,
EXPANSE: 1°6 inches,
DescRIPTION : ‘* FEMALE : UPPERSIDE dark brown. Forewing with two rather large black
spots, broadly encircled with pale ferruginous ; one subapical, the other near posterior angle.
UNDERSIDE greyish-brown. Forewing with discal portion ferruginous ; ocelli as above, but
with irides smaller, and with minute white pupils ; an indistinct streak closing the cell, and
beyond it a transverse discal line, angulated externally beyond the ocelli. Hindzwing irregularly
and indistinctly tinted with fuscous, ferruginous, greenish and glaucous ; but a large, medial,
ferruginous patch near base; a curved discal series of seven irregular cuneiform spots, pale
yellowish ferruginous, and an incomplete submarginal series of small ocelli, black with yellow-
ish irides ; two below apical and twoabove anal, angle. Heap, thorax, abdomen, palpi
and antenne, brown ; eyes ferruginous.” (Zamzg, 1. c.)
The MALE is unknown. Z£. goolmurga is evidently very closely allied to the preceding
species, Z. maiza, but the type specimen which, so far as we know, is unique, differs from the
female of Z. maiza to an extent which warrants its being kept distinct till more specimens
are obtained ; the differences are detailed in the description of 4. maiza, female, which
precedes. The type specimen was taken by Dr. Jerdon at Goolmurg at 9,000 feet elevation.
Genus 20.—YPTHIMA, Hiibner. (PLATE XVIL.)
VAthima, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett., p. 63 (1816); id., Westwood, Gen. D. L., p. 394 (1851); VAhthima,
Hewitson, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., third series, vol. ii, p. 283 (1864), Wonograph.
‘* Bopy small; wings rather large, entire, uniformly and plainly coloured ; the forewing
generally with a large ocellus near the apex. HEAD small, clothed with long hairs in front.
Eyes prominent, naked. Antenne not half the length of the forewing, very slender, ringed
with white ; terminated by a very slender club, gradually formed, with the joints short, and
finely carinated beneath on the innerside. a/fi rather long, slender, acute at the tip,
porrected obliquely, straight, compressed ; the tip elevated to the level of the top of the eyes,
and extending forward further than the length of the head; clothed beneath with long,
straight, divergent, slender, bristly hairs ; the terminal joint being but slightly hairy. Thorax
small, clothed in front with woolly hairs. Addomen elongated, slender, rather thickened at the
tip in the males, FOREWING large, elongated, triangularly-ovate ; costal margin well arched ;
apex rounded ; outer margin entire, convex, about two-thirds of the length of the costal margin ;
inner margin nearly straight, three-fourths of the length of the costal one. Costal nervure
strongly swollen at the base. Swdcostal nervure with its first branch arising just before the
anterior extremity of the cell ; the second, third, and fourth branches arising at equal distances
apart ; the second at a considerable distance beyond the cell. Upfer disco-cellular nervule nearly
obsolete, arising at about half the length of the wing. JZiddle disco-cellular curved towards the
base of the wing. Lower disco-cellular much longer, nearly continuous with the middle one, and
united to the third branch of the median nervure at a short distance beyond its origin. JM/edian
nervure moderately [sometimes greatly] swollen at the base. Swdmedian nervure simple.
NYMPHALID. SATYRIN &. YPTHIMA. 213
HINDWING triangularly ovate ; costal margin rounded, as well as the outer margin, which is
entire ; inner margin slightly emarginate towards the extremity. Cos¢al nervure extending to
about two-thirds of the length of the costa. Swédcostal nervure arising just opposite to the
preecostal one ; its branch arising at a considerable distance from the base. Upper disco-cellular
arising at a short distance from the origin of the branch, oblique, slightly curved. Lower
disco-cellular longer, also oblique, and very slightly curved ; uniting with the third branch of the
median nervure at a little distance beyond its base. FORELEGS of the MALE extremely minute,
hairy, concealed among the hairs of the breast. Coxa long ; remainder forming a very small
oval articulated mass, much shorter than the coxa. Jorelegs of the FEMALE small, but quite
distinct, several times longer than those of the male, scaly, destitute of long hairs; the “ia
shorter than the femur. Zarsws about equal in length to the tibia, rather widened to the tip,
articulated ; the tips of the joints beneath furnished with short spines. Claws wanting. Four
hindlegs scaly, moderately elongate and slender ; the femur moderately clothed beneath with
hairs ; ¢die scaly, scarcely spined beneath ; ¢idial spurs long ; tarsi with longer spines on the
sides beneath. CZaws strong, curved, entire. Paronychia minute.” (Westwood, 1. c.)
Ypthima, or as it is sometimes spelt Zyphthima, Vphthima, and Jpthimais chiefly an Indian
genus. Of the (about) forty species known, no less than twenty-six are found within our limits,
but it has a peculiar distribution. Of the Indian species, eight are found in the Western
Himalayas, one of which extends to the Eastern Himalayas, and another is found all over India
in plains and hills, in suitable localities ; one is found in Beluchistan ; nine are found in the
Eastern Himalayas and Khasi hills ; three are found in the plains of North-east India; six are
found in Burma ; six are found in Central India ; six at least are found in South India, of which
three appear to be confined to particular ranges of hills ; and three are found in Ceylon; but
from the Andamans and Nicobars none have been recorded. Beyond our limits a few species
are found in Africa, one in Madagascar, a few in the Malay Archipelago and Australia, and
others in Japan and China extending to Amoorland.
The species of VA¢hima are for the most part small insects, none reaching 2°5 inches in
expanse, and some of them are among the smallest of the Rhopalocera, the Lycenide and
Hesperiide alone excepted. They are for the most part brown insects with ocelli on both sides of
the wings, the underside being almost always finely reticulated with brown undulations on a
paler ground ; they have almost invariably a bipupilled ocellus on each side of the forewing,
and from three to seven oceili on the underside of the hindwing ; but occasionally the ocelli
on this wing are entirely wanting; on the upperside of the hindwing they are very variable even
in the same species. In habits they are very similar to Zyebia and Callerebia, occurring
almost everywhere both in the hills and piains where there is grass, amongst which they take
short weak flights, and continually settle ; but they differ in distribution, the two latter being
palzearctic forms, and only occurring within our limits in the Himalayas and outlying ranges.
They may be distinguished from Cad/erebia by their usually much paler colouration, the
prominence of their ocelli and of the undulations of the underside. Structurally they differ
in the arrangement of the subcostal nervules of the forewing, having the first branch close to
the end of the cell, the other three at equal distances beyond, while in all the other genera of
this subfamily, except Ragadia, the first and second subcostal nervules both originate before the
end of the cell ; the median nervure of the forewing is usually only slightly swollen at the base,
showing an approach in this feature to Calleredia, which feature is particularly noticeable in
Y. nikea which occurs on the same ground as the Ca//erebias ; in only one species, Y. dolanica,
is the median nervure highly dilated at the base.
The genus is, as in the case of Zpinephele, Amecera and others, divisible into two groups, one
of which has, and the other has not, a patch of densely packed scales on the forewing of the
male insect. There has been considerable difficulty in identifying the species of Ypthima
owing to this fact not having hitherto attracted attention, and to the meagre nature of the
original descriptions which based the characters in many instances on the numbers of the
ocelli—a very inconstant feature, or on comparison with other species to which they were
erroneously supposed to be allied, But though the #wmder of the ocelli is an unsafe guide,
214 NYMPHALID. SATYRIN, YPTHIMA.
the arrangement of them is distinct in all the various minor groups, and affords at once a clue
to the affinities, due regard being always had to the fact that the disappearance of one or more,
or the appearance of an additional one may frequently be looked for, it will be found that the
incomplete or inflated series always gives sufficient trace of the original arrangement to make
the identification easy. The ocelli of the upperside of the hindwing are too variable in many
species to afford any guide whatever, while in others they seem fairly constant. The arrange-
ment of the ocelli of the underside of the hindwing is given special prominence in the key.
Key to the Indian species of Ypthima.
First grou.
A. Males with a broad patch of more densely packed scales on the upperside of the forewing along both
sides of the median nervure with a somewhat silky appearance.
a. UNDERSIDE of the hindwing with three ocelli, placed one near apex, and two near anal angle.
202. Y. MOTSCHULSKII, Khasi hills.
&. UnNpeErs1DE of the hindwing with six ocelli (very rarely seven).
a'. These ocelli placed in pairs in echelon, sometimes prominent, sometimes reduced to
minute dots. The striation distinct.
a*. Underside with only an indistinct median fascia.
203. Y. Mk&THORA, North India (?!, Yunan,
Y. NEWBOLDI, Malacca.
6%, Underside with subbasal, median, and submarginal fascize more or less
distinct.
204. Y. PHILOMKLA, India, Himalayas, Burma.
205. Y. MARSHALLII Tennasserim.
b1, These ocelli reduced to minute dots, often entirely wanting, but when visible
arranged as in Y. philomela; the striation indistinct; the fascia clouded and
often tinged with ochreous.
206. Y. INDECORA, Western Himalayas.
cl. These ocelli placed, two near apex, and four in linear order from anal angle, the
lower pair often geminated ; the striation distinct.
a. Upperside with two subanal ocelli on the hindwing.
207. Y. AVANTA, Western Himalayas, Tenasserim.
62, Upperside with three subanal ocelli on the hindwing,
208. Y.ORDINATA, Bengal.
Of this group Y. phz/omela is the most widely spread as well as the most variable species
in the genus, and is the only one that occurs in South India. YY. motschulskit is very similar in
appearance to Y. xaveda and its allies in the second group, the ocelli in these appear to be re-
markably constant. Y. avantaand Y. ordinata most nearly resemble Y. sézga/a and Y. thora ;
and the nearest approach to Y. ivdecora in the second group appears to be in VY. inica,
202. Ypthima motschulskii, Bremer, Grey.
Satyrus motschulskyi, Bremer, Grey, Beitr. zur Schmett.-fauna nord]. china’s, p. 8, n. 26 (1853); S. ofs-
chulskiji, Ménétriés, Enum. Corp Anim , pt i, p- 47,n- 782, pl. vi, fig. 5 (1855) 3; VpAthima motschulskizt,
Hewitson, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond, third series, vol ii, p. 290, n. 17 (1864).
T1aBiraT: North India, Khasi Hills, China.
EXPANSE: 1°55 to 2'00 inches.
DESCRIPTION: ‘* UPPERSIDE fuscous; each wing with a single ocellus. UNDERSIDE
cineraceous, densely undulated with rufous. A/indwing with three ocelli.”
**Very near to VY. pandocus, but differs from it on the upperside in having the iris of the
forewing slightly divided; and in having one ocellus only on the Aindwing, UNDERSIDE
undulated throughout, and with the apical ocellus of the Azvdwing larger, and bears a great
resemblance to Y. nareda except in colour. ” (ewitson, 1.c.)
NYMPHALID&, SATYRINE. YPTHIMA. 215
There is a species of VAthima which occurs in Shillong, and which we for the present
identify under this name ; chiefly because a variety of V. motschulskit from North India is
mentioned by Mr. Butler in the Catalogue of the Saty7ide in the British Museum (p. 148) ; it is at
once distinguished from all other species having only three ocelli on the underside of the hind-
wing, by the presence of a sexual brand on the forewing of the male placed along either side
of the median nervure, which though concolorous with the rest of the wing, is easily seen
on holding up the insect against the light, owing to the much greater density of the clothing
of scales; the UPPERSIDE is more uniform in colour than in Y. naveda and its allies,
with no trace ofa dark submarginal line, and the colour is more fuliginous. On the UNDERSIDE
too the colour is quite uniform rufous brown, covered throughout very finely and densely with
cinerascent-ochreous striz, with no bands or patches of any kind free from striation ;
the ocelli are asin Y. mwareda, but rather smaller. The /ovewig is more triangular and the
outer margin less convex than in Y. xareda.
Typical Y. motschulskii, as figured by Ménétriés from Pekin, has the underside clouded
with whitish, especially on the Aéudwing as in Y. pandocus, but it, as well as the Indian
variety here described, differs from Y. pandocus in having only a single ocellus on the upper-
side of the Aindzwing, and further in having the ocellus on the upperside of the forewing
geminated rather than brpupilled. The Indian specimens measure 1°55 inches in expanse.
We have only as yet received specimens from Shillong, where it has been taken by Dr. E.
R, Johnson in March, April, May and July, who writes that ‘‘it flies faster than Y. mewara,
frequents more open spaces, and is rather uncommon ;” the FEMALE flies in May, and is
somewhat larger, paler, and on the UPPERSIDE with traces of the whitish striation so con-
spicuous in ¥. #ewara; on the underside it is equally uniform in colour and striation as the
male, but the striation is coarser and the ocelli are larger.
203. Ypthima methora, Hewitson.
Vphthima methora, Hewitson, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., third series, vol. ii, p. 291, n. 19, pl. xvili, figs 20, 2r
(1864), femade.
HapitTat: North India, Upper Burma.
FXPANSE: 2 inches.
DESCRIPTION : ** FEMALE: UPpPeERsIDE brown, undulated with grey towards the outer
margins ; the outer margins and cé/a rufous-brown, traversed by agrey line. Forewing with one
very large two-pupilled ocellus on both sides. /indwing with five ocelli, all black, with pupils
dull silver, with irides rufous, narrow. UNDERSIDE grey, closely undulated throughout with
rufous-brown. otk wings crossed at the middle by a curved rufous band. Aindwing with
six ocelli in pairs ; the pupils of bright silver ; the irides orange-yellow. Nearest to Y. sakra,
but of very different aspect.’’ (//ewitson, 1. c.)
The only distinctive feature in the above description is the single curved rufous band
crossing both wings on the underside. ‘There are three males in the Indian Museum, Calcutta,
taken by the Yunan Expedition which, allowing for the difference in sex, correspond well
with Hewitson’s figure of this species. They are over two inches in expanse (2°1 to 2°2),
and are distinct from VY. philomela, aberrant specimens of which sometimes equal them in
size ; but they belong to the same group, and have a distinct sexual mark on the /orezwing,
They are more rufous in tone than Y. pilomela ; the striation of the underside is much more
uniform and bolder; and the subbasal fascia is entirely absent, the submarginal scarcely
traceable, and the median one alone distinct, but even that not so distinctas in Y. philomela.
Further, although Hewitson in his original description describes the ocelli of the upper-
side of the Aindwing as pupilled with dull silver, in his figure, and also in all the threc
specimens in the Indian Museum, they are entirely blind, though Jarge and prominent, and
this seems in reality the most striking feature of the species.
29
216 NYMPHALID#. SATYRIN#. YPTHIMA.
An apparently allied species. of which the female alone is known, has been described
from the Malay peninsula.”
204. Ypthima philomela, Johanssen.
Papilio philomela, Johanssen, Ameen. Acad., vol. vi, p. 404, n. 60 (1764) ; Papilio philomelus, Linnzus,
Syst Nat., vol. i, pt. ii, p. 768, n. 123 (1767); Papilio baldus, Fabricius, Syst. Ent., Appendix, p. 829
(1775); id., Donovan’s Ins. Ind., pl. xxxvi, fig. 2 (1800); Satyrus baldus, Godart, Enc. Méth., vol. 1x,
Pp. 551, n. 184 (1819) ; VAAthima daldus, Hewitson, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond, third series, vol. ii, p. 286,
n. 9 (1864) 3 Papilio lara, Donovan (vec. Linnaeus), Nat. Rep., vol. ii, pl. Ixxi (1834); Ypthima laroides,
Westwood, Gen. D. L., vol. ii, p. 395, n. 6 (1851).
Hapsirat: India, Burma, Java, Sumatra, China.
EXPANSE : 1°35 to 2°30 inches ; usually about 1°6 inches.
DESCRIPTION : MALE: UPPERSIDE brown. Forewing with one bipupilled ocellus. A
broad streak of darker scales extending widely on both sides of the median nervure. A/ind-
wing with from two to six ocelli. UNDERSIDE whitish, undulated throughout with brown,
with three brown fascize, one submarginal, one discal and one subbasal, the latter sometimes
indistinct. Forewing with one bipupilled ocellus. Midwing with six placed in pairs in
echelon. FEMALE: UPPERSIDE paler, with a broad submarginal nebulous band of whitish
strie on which the ocelli are placed, and which is defined inwardly and outwardly with a
dark line, otherwise marked as in the male ; the male also has traces of this nebulous band,
but it is far less distinct,
Y. philomela has a very wide range, and is perhaps the most variable species of the
genus ; it has not been recorded from Ceylon, but it is found not uncommonly in the
Ashamboo hills in Travancore in the extreme south of the peninsula, and through the Wynaad
along the Western Ghats as far as Khandalla; we have no certain record of its occurrence
on the east coast or in the Deccan, though it probably will be found in suitable localities
throughout the peninsula and Central India ; we have specimens from Manbhoom and Orissa,
and in Lower Bengal, Eastern Bengal, and Assam it is one of the commonest species. In the
Himalayas also it is found as far west as. Chumba, and probably throughout the range
eastward ; in Sikkim it is not uncommon ; it is found in the Khasi and Naga hills, Cachar, and
in Arakan, Pegu and Tenasserim, and extends to Java. Mr. Distant does not mention it in his
** Rhopalocera Malayana,” but he appears to have figured and described it under the name
Y. methora (p. 56, pl. vi, fig. 9, 1882).
The ocelli of the UNDERSIDE of the Aizdwing vary greatly in size and prominence, being
sometimes almost entirely obsolete ; when large each pair is coalescent, when small, all are well
separated, but wherever they can be discerned the arrangement in pairs in echelon is distinct ;
occasionally a seventh minute ocellus appears below the lower discoidal nervule. On the
UPPERSIDE of the Aindwing the pair of ocelli on the median interspaces is always present
(except in a single specimen from Tenasserim in which the upper one is wanting) and pro-
minent, the upper and lower pairs are extremely variable, in some all four are present, and
in these cases the ocellation of the upperside corresponds in arrangement with that of the
underside ; in others almost every variation is presented, every combination from two to six
ocelli being represented. On the upperside of one forewing only in a female specimen from
* Vpthima newboldi, Distant. Hasirat : Province Wellesley. Expans®: female, 1°65 inches DkscriPTIoN :
“Upprrsipk pale brown. Morewing with a large subovate paler fascia, placed transversely on apical half, and
on which is a large black ocellated spot, with a yellow margin and with two small bluish talc-like eyes ; this
spot is placed a little beyond end of cell, its upper margin extending a little above first discoidal nervule, and
its lower margin reaching the second median nervule. AHindwing with a broad pale submarginal fascia, on
which are three ocellated black spots, with yellow margins and bluish talc-like eyes, the first and smallest
of which is placed between second subcostal and discvidal nervules, and the other two, which are largest and
placed close together, are situated nearer to the posterior margin, and between the median nervules. UNDER-
81DB pale greyish. mottled with brown ; ocellated spots as above, but Aizdzw/ing having two additional smaller
ones placed close together near anal angle, between third median nervule and submedian nervure and the small
spot, as seen above, much larger beneath. Allied to Y. methora, Hewitson, but differs in having five instead
of six ocellated spots on the uncerside of the Aindzwing, which have also a different and more unicolorous hue.”
(Distant, Ann and Mag Nat. Hist., fifth series vol. ix, p. 396 (1882), 1 c. ; idem, id., Rhop. Malay, p. 57,
n. 3 pl. iv, fig. 6 (1882), female.)
NYMPHALID. SATYRINZE. YPTHIMA., 217
Shillong, but on both wings on the underside ; and in another female from Calcutta, on both
wings on both sides, there is a small ocellus in the first median interspace.
Specimens from the Western Himalayas are the smallest and darkest, usually only the
median pair of ocelli is present on the UPPeRSIDE, which in them closely resembles that
of Y. indecora ; occasionally one of the upper pair is present, making three in all, and some-
times one of the lower pair appears; on the UNDERSIDE the ocelli are usually prominent,
large, each pair coalescing; the striation is darker and the subbasal fascia is indistinct.
Specimens from Sikkim are usually rather larger and paler; the UPPERSIDE shows greater
variation in the ocellation ; sometimes the upper pair is present and the lower entirely wanting ;
sometimes the lower pair is present and the upper wanting. In the plains of Lower and
Eastern Bengal, Sylhet and Assam the colouration is paler still ; all six ocelli are frequently
present on the UPPERSIDE of the Aivdwing, especially in the females, but the most common
form has five ocelli, the uppermost of the upper pair alone being obsolete ; on the UNDERSIDE
the ocelli are smaller, distinct, and all well separated ; frequently they are minute and in
some barely traceable. In our specimens from Shillong this feature is most developed ; in
scarcely a single specimen of the spring brood are the ocelli prominent, and in many they are
for the most part obsolete on the underside, while on the upperside they are darker and
usually with only the median pair of ocelli present on the hindwing ; these latter are almost
indistinguishable from Y. zzdecova ; the July brood closely resembles specimens from Sikkim.
These two distinct variations are also shewn in specimens taken by Dr. Anderson in the Mergui
archipelago during the cold weather. Specimens from the Western Ghats and hills of South
India are intermediate between the Sikkim and Shillong forms ; the ocelli are usually small or
minute but distinct ; specimens from Akyab correspond with those from Sikkim ; but in Tenas-
serim the greatest variation is found in depth of colouration, in ocellation, and above all in size.
A MALE from the Meplay valley measures two inches in expanse ; the upperside is silky mouse-
brown, the nebulous band distinct on the hindwing, barely discernible on the forewing, the apical
pair of ocelli are prominent on the hindwing, while the subanal pair is represented by a single
minute blind ocellus; the underside is very pale buff, the striation is pale and fine, and the
fascize are prominent and dark, especially on the forewing; the ocelli of the hindwing are
distinct but minute and well separated ; and a FEMALE from the lower Thoungyeen forests is
dark brown, the nebulous fasciz prominent on both wings, the median pair of ocelli on the
hindwing very large and prominent, with a single apical and a single subanal ocellus small
and less distinct ; on the UNDERSIDE the striation is bold and dark, the fascize prominent,
the ocelli of the hindwing very large, each pair with the irides completely coalesced and
encircled by a single dark outer line, the subanal pair being geminated.
Y. philomela is found in the Western Himalayas in July ; in Sikkim from July to December ;
in Shillong in March, April and May, and again in July ; in Lower and Eastern Bengal it is
very common from May to July, and again in November, and probably throughout the year ;
in Cachar Mr. Wood-Mason took it in profusion from April to October ; from Arakan, Pegu,
Tenasserim, and the Mergui archipelago, we have specimens taken in all months from
October to March ; specimens from Khandalla and tke Coessi Ghat in the South Konkan
were taken by Mr. G. Vidal at the end of March; and from Travancore by Mr. Harold
Fergusson at 2,000 feet elevation in March and April.
205. Ypthima marshallii, Butler.
Y. marshallii, Butler, Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., fifth series, vol. x, p. 373 (1882).
HaBiTaT: Upper Tenasserim.
EXPANSE : 1°65 inches,
DESCRIPTION: *‘ UPPERSIDE brownish grey ; basal area more dusky than the external
area. Forewing with a large oval subapical black ocellus, bipupillated with silver, and with
dusky-bordered pale straw-coloured iris; an ill-defined submarginal dusky line. Hindwing
crossed beyond the middle by an oblique subangulated indistinct dusky line; a small
blind ocellus on the second subcostal interspace ; two large round unipupillate ocelli on the
218 NYMPHALID. SATYRIN. YPTHIMA.
median interspaces, and two minute blind ocelli placed transversely near the anal angle; a
wavy dusky submarginal line; base and an abdominal streak dark grey. ody blackish.
UNDERSIDE whitish stone-brown, finely reticulated with grey ; crossed in the middle by two
subparallel dusky stripes, those of the forewing more distinct and tinted with yellowish ;
disc of forewing whiter than the rest of the surface ; ocellus as above. Hindwing with all
the ocelli very minute; an additional punctiform ocellus on first subcostal interspace.”
‘* Allied to Y. methora ; similar in shape. It appears to be quite constant.” (Bué/er, 1. c.)
The type specimen, which was taken by Capt. C. T, Bingham at Meplay in the
Thoungyeen valley in March, is in the British Museum.
This species is, of course, distinct from Y. methora, but we are unable to detect a single
character by which it may be separated from Y. philomela, specimens of which from the
same locality agree with this in every particular, except perhaps the presence of a dark
grey abdominal streak, but a dark grey streak on a dusky brownish-grey ground is not easy to
trace. No mention is made of the presence or absence of a male sexual streak on the forewing.
200. Ypthima indecora, Moore.
Y indecora, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882, p. 238, pl xii, fig. 7-
Habitat : Western Himalayas.
EXPANSE: 6, 1'25to 1°50; ¢, 1°37.
DESCRIPTION: ** Nearest to Y. ivica, Hewitson. UPPEeRsIDE brown. Forewing with
a darker subbasal oblique shade; a prominent, bipupilled, subapical ocellus. Hindwing
with two smaller subanal ocelli. UNDERSIDE covered with very slender grey strigee ; two
very faint brown fascize crossing middle of 40th wings, those on the hindwing waved. Hind-
wing with two subapical and three subanal, extremely minute, and indistinct silver-pupilled
ocelli.” (Adoore, 1. c).
Y. indecora is really most nearly allied to Y. philomela ; from V. inica it is distinguished
by the presence of the sexual streak in the forewing of the male, and by the invariable
presence of two subanal ocelli on the upperside of the hindwing, Y. zzéca having no sexual
streak, and only a single ocellus on the upperside of the hindwing, From Y. avanta, which
is found in the same localities in the Western Himalayas, it differs on the upperside in having
the ocellus of the forewing large, bipupilled, with distinct yellow iris, and the two on the
hindwing each with a single silvery pupil, in these respects corresponding with Y. ordinata,
and in two specimens that we possess there is a third anal ocellus on the hindwing, making
the resemblance to Y. ordinata complete ; but on the UNDERSIDE it is widely different from both ;
the ocelli of the Aizdwing when visible are arranged as in Y. philomela, but they are always
exceedingly minute, and in a large majority of specimens are totally absent ; the striation
is much less distinct, and the fascize are more diffused and tinged with ochreous. In two
male specimens on the upperside of the hindwing there is a moderate-sized ocellus above
the discoidal nervule. The FEMALE has the /orewing broader and more rounded at the apex,
the ground-colour above and below paler, and on the upperside is decidedly mottled, and
lacks the sexual streak of the male on the forewing.
Typical Y. zzdecora appears to be confined to the Western Himaiayas, where it has been
taken in Pangi, Kulu and Kangra, in April and July. But some varieties of V. philomela
in the east and south, in which the subanal ocelli of the upperside of the hindwing are
obsolete, and those of the underside minute or obsolescent, approach it very closely indeed,
so much so that it is almost impossible to distinguish to which species these varieties belong.
207. Ypthima avanta, Moore. (PLATE XVII,* Fic. 06 2).
Vphthima avanta, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond,, 1874, p. 567.
Hasirat : Western Himalayas ; (var.) Burma.
EXPANSE : 1°25 to 1°50 inches ; vary. 1°70 inches.
* Erroneously named Y. orvdinata on the plate.
NYMPHALID, SATYRIN#., YPTHIMA. 219
DESCRIPTION : ‘‘ UPPERSIDE dark brown, with an indistinct bipupilled ocellus on the
forewing, and two subanal ocelli on the Aindwing. UNDERSIDE grey, numerously covered
with dark brown narrow strize, and crossed with three brown fascize, the subbasal one being
indistinct. /orewing with a bright oval ocellus bipupilled with silver. Hindwing with
seven small prominent silver-pupilled ocelli, the upper third minute, the two anal geminated.”
(AZoore, 1. c.)
Y. avanta closely resembles Y. singala on the upperside, but has a sexual patch on the
forewing of the male, which Y. sézga/a lacks. On the underside the ocellation too is some-
what similar, but Y. s¢gala almost always lacks the transverse dark fascize, which in Y. avanta
are conspicuous. From Y. ¢ndecora it differs on the upperside in having the ocelli of the
hindwing blind, and that of the forewing small, very indistinct, sometimes quite obsolete ; and
on the underside in having the ocelli distinct (though varying in size in different specimens),
and always prominently pupilled with silver, From Y, phélomela it is distinguished by the
four lower ocelli on the underside of the hindwing being arranged in linear order, not in pairs
in echelon,
The specimen described originally by Mr. Moore with, on the underside of the hindwing,
“*seven ocelli, the upper third minute,” was evidently an aberrant form, for among all the
numerous specimens we have seen, the seven ocelli appear in only a single one; all the rest
have the minute upper third ocellus entirely wanting. Similar aberrations occur in ¥Y.
philomela, in which specimens with seven ocelli are even less uncommon, The FEMALE
differs from the male only in having the wings rather broader ; on the UPPERSIDE no sexual
patch on the forewing, and the ocellus of the forewing more prominent and distinctly circled
with yellow, and on the UNDERSIDE in the single typical specimen we have seen the ocelli
are larger with wider yellow irides, the striation is somewhat coarser, and the subbasal fascia
is less distinct. The size of the ocelli in the male also differs widely ; in some they are
minute with very narrow irides, in others large, with wide yellow irides.
Y. avanta is found in the Western Himalayas from April to August, being common in
Kulu and extending to Kashmir on the west, and to Sikkim on the east.
A variety of this species has been taken in Tenasserim by Captain C. T. Bingham, which
is considerably larger, 1°7 inches in expanse; the MALE is on the upperside slightly more
fuliginous in colour, and the ocellus of the forewing is represented by a single indistinct dark
spot ;on the UNDERSIDE it is slightly paler, and the ocelli of the Aindwing are very minute.
The FEMALE is paler on the UPPERSIDE, with the ocellus of the forewing prominent, bipupilled,
and with distinct yellow iris ; and the two on the hindwing each with a single pupil ; there is
also on both wings a distinct indication of the broad nebulous submarginal band defined at both
edges with darker lines which is so prominent in females of Y. philomela. The UNDERSIDE
is as in the male, but still paler. The MALE was taken in the lower Thoungyeen forests in
May, and the FEMALE in the Donat Range in January.
The figure (named erroneously Y. ovdinata on the plate) shows the upper and undersides
of a male specimen from Kulu, in the Indian Museum, Calcutta. In it the ocellus of the
upperside of the forewing is rather more distinct than is usual, and the pupils of the ocelli
of the underside of the hindwing, which are silvery and prominent, have unfortunately not
come out in the plate ; these ocelli are also larger in this specimen than in typical ones, though
we have other examples with the ocelli twice as large.
208. Ypthima ordinata, Butler,
VY. ordinata, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1880, p. 148, pl. xv, fig. 3.
HABITAT: Bengal.
EXPANSE : 1°4 inches.
DEscRIPTION: ‘‘ Nearly allied to VY. “sandra, rather darker. UPPERSIDE: Forewing
with the ocellus less widely zoned. ndwing with three ocelli in an oblique decreasing series
from third median branch to anal angle. UNDERSIDE decidedly browner, the transverse
220 NYMPHALID. SATYRIN. YPTHIMA.
stripes less prominent. Hindwing with six ocelli, forming a regular but interrupted series, two
at apical angle, and two on median interspaces of nearly equal size, and two smaller, unequal
and confluent at the anal angle; all these ocelli have a single small plumbageous pupil.”
(Butler, 1.c.)
The habitat given for Y. ordinata, ‘‘ Bengal,” which may mean anything from Kashmir
to Orissa, is too vague to afford any clue as to its affinities. In Butler’s figure of Y. ordinata
the underside is indistinguishable from our figure of Y. avanta, Plate XVII, fig. 66 (errone-
ously named Y. ordinata on the plate), except that in Butler’s figure the cell of the forewing
is shorter, the disco-cellulars less oblique and defined by a brown litura ; the figure of the
upperside has the ocellus of the forewing much more prominent, with distinct yellow iris, and
on the hindwing there is a third anal ocellus in a line with the other two:
The ocelli on the underside of the hindwing are prominent, and arranged precisely as in Y.
avanta, but on the upperside the presence of the third ocellus on the hindwing is the character
which apparently should distinguish it. We have a single specimen taken in the Sikkim
tarai in July, in which this third ocellus is minutely present, and which should be Y. ordinata,
but it is indistinguishable from some specimens of Y. avanta in which the ocelli of the
underside are large.
Eey to the Indian species of Ypthima.
Second Group.
B. Males without the patch of densely packed scales along the median nervure on the upperside of the
forewing.
a. Unvpgrsipe of the hindwing with three ocelli, placed one near the apex, two near the anal
angle.
at, These ocelli large ; ground-colour uniform ochreous, densely striated with brown;
forewing with the submarginal brown fascia wide at inner margin.
209. Y. NAREDA, Western Himalayas.
61, These ocelli larger and brighter ; ground-colour whiter on hindwing; the striation
bolder ; forewing with the submarginal fascia even throughout,
21o. Y. NEWARA, Eastern Himalayas, Khasi Hills, Assam.
c'. These ocelli smaller ; ground-colour much clouded with white: striation irregular
in density; forewing with submarginal and median fascie more or less
distinct.
211. Y. PANbOCUs, North India, Burma, Java.
Y. coRTICARIA, Malacca.
d’, These ocelli variable in size, ground-colour uniform whitish ; striation uniform ; no
fasciz on the hindwing. “
212. Y. ariaspa, Central India, Punjab.
e!, These ocelli usually minute; forewing with the ocellus with a dark outer zone,
below which is a rufous space devoid of undulations.
213. Y. ASTEROPE, Western Himalayas, Central India, Bombay.
6, UNpersipB of the hindwing with no trace of ocelli.
a. Hindwing with four irregular clouded interrupted bands on the underside, and
only a single ocellus on the upperside.
214. Y. INICA, Central India.
41, Hindwing distinctly striated on the underside, the striation not uniform in
density, but with no fasciz ; no ocellion the upperside. Forewing with dark
outer zone to the ocellus, but the rufous space below undulated.
215. Y. NARASINGHA, Sikkim.
¢. Unpgrsipn of the hindwing with four ocelli placed in pairs, two near apex and two near
anal angle.
216, Y. HyAGRIVA, Himalayas.
NYMPHALID, SATYRINZE. YPTHIMA, 221
d@. Unpersrp8 of the hindwing with four ocelli placed one near apex, and three in a line from
the anal angle, the anal one bipupilled or geminated, sometimes divided, making five
ocelli altogether.
a‘. The three lower ocelli not placed on a complete dark fascia, the anal one
bipupilled.
«?. Both wings brown.
217. Y HUEBNERI, India, Burma, Malayana,
6°, The lower half of the hindwing pure white.
218. Y. ceyLtonica, Ceylon, Madras, Orissa.
4’, The three lower ocelli placed on a complete dark fascia, the subanal one geminated,
sometimes divided, making five ocelli altogether.
a*, The fasciz of both wings converging towards the hinder angle.
aig. Y. cHENUI, Nilgiris.
6?, ‘The fasciz subparallel.
a’. Hindwing greyish ; the striation not uniform ; the fasciz pro-
minent.
220. Y. ROBINSONI, Pulni Hills.
6%. Dark brown throughout ; the striation very faint ; the fascia
indistinct ; irides obsolete.
221. Y. YPHTHIMOIDES, Ashamboo hills.
e¢ Uwnpersrpz of the hindwing with four to six ocelli, typically six in pairs, but one or two
often obsolete.
a, These ocelli in linear order, the ground-colour greyish white.
a*, The fasciz of the underside very indistinct or obsolete.
a®, Upperside with the ocellus of the forewing obsolete; underside
with the ocelli well formed and distinct.
222. Y. SINGALA, Ceylon, Central Provinces, North-West Himalayas.
63, Upperside with the ocellus of the forewing prominent ; underside
with the ocelli minute on the hindwing.
223. Y. THORA, Ceylon.
6*, The fasciz of the underside distinct, prominent, the ocelli all very pro-
minently pupilled with silver. :
224. Y. BOLANICA, Beluchistan.
61, These ocelli in irregular order, the apical and anal pair geminated, the median
distinct, the ground-colour ochreous, uniformly and densely striated ; the fascie
indistinct or wanting.
a*, The apical pair of ocelli completely coalescing, not divided by a yellow
iris.
225. Y.SAkKRA, Himalayas, Khasi and Naga hills.
47, The apical pair of ocelli geminated but divided by the yellow iris.
226. Y. nika:aA, Western Himalayas.
c*. Of very small size, otherwise closely resembling V. sakra
227. Y. TABKLLA, The Wynaad.
209. Ypthima nareda, Kollar. (PLATE XVII, Fic. 63 ¢).
Satyrus nareda, Kollar, in Hiigel’s Kaschmir, vol. iv, pt. ii, p. 451, n. 12 (1844) ; Vphthima nareda, Hewitson,
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., third series, vol ii, p. 284, n. 6, pl. xvii, fig 6 (1864), male.
Hapsirat : Himalayas.
EXPANSE: 1°45 to 1°70 inches.
DescRIPTION : ‘* Wings entire. UPPERSIDE fuscous, 4o/h wings with a single black
ocellus with yellow iris, bipupilled in the forewing. UNDERSIDE undulated with yellowish ;
hindwing with three ocelli.” (Aod/ar, 1. c.)
222 NYMPHALID#. SATYRIN~. YPTHIMA.
This is the common species of the Western Himalayas. The MALE insect has no
sexual patch on the wings ; and the FEMALE only differs by its slightly paler colouration, rather
larger ocelli, and broader more rounded wings. On the UPPERSIDE the outer margin is
slightly paler than the rest of the wings, and bears an indistinct dark submarginal line, less
distinct on the hindwing. On the UNDERSIDE there is a rufous brown submarginal band on
the forewing, narrow at the apex and wide at the inner margin ; all the rest of the wing being
rufous brown, closely and delicately undulated with yellowish striz ; the ocelli are large, black,
with bluish-silver pupils, and yellow iris, bordered with a narrow outer ring of brown ; that on
the forewing is subapical, oblong, and bipupilled, those on the Aizdwing are rounded, one
subapical large, and two subanal smaller, the lower of the two latter the smallest, and sometimes
bipupilled. Hewitson remarks that the anal ocellus is bipupilled in the /emale, but his figure of
the female belongs to the next species, Y. mewara, and the bipupillation of the anal ocellus in
reality occurs casually in both sexes.
Y. nareda, as here restricted, appears to be found only in the Western Himalayas, being
replaced in the East by the next species, Y, newarva. It occurs at from 6,000 to 8,000 feet
elevation in suitable localities throughout the Western Himalayas, and is not uncommon. We
have specimens from Kashmir taken in June at 8,200 feet elevation ; from Pangi and Kulu
taken in May and July ; and from the neighbourhood of Simla in July; it also occurs at
Mussoorie and probably in Kumaon.
The figure shows the upper and undersides of a male specimen from Kulu in the Indian
Museum, Calcutta.
210. Ypthima newara, Moore.
Yphthima newara, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 567; VY. xareda, Hewitson, Trans. Ent. Soc.
Lond., third series, vol. ii, pl. xvii, fig. 7 (1864), femede.
HapitaT: Nepal, Sikkim, Assam, Cachar, Upper Burma.
EXPANSE : 1'6 to 2’0 inches.
DESCRIPTION : ‘* MALE: UPPERSIDE brown. Forewing with a single subapical ocellus.
Hindwing with two subanal ocelli, the former bipupilled, and the latter with a single pupil
of bright blue. UNDERSIDE yellowish grey, partly covered with numerous short brown
strigze ; doth wings with a narrow submarginal brown fascia. Forewing witha single bipupilled
ocellus as above. Aindwing with three ocelli, the apical one very large, the anal bipupilled,
the other one with a single bright blue pupil. FEMALE: UPPERSIDE brown, externally with
short pale strigze, oth wings with a single ocellus. UNDERSIDE as in the male.”
‘‘ Differs from Y. nareda, Kollar, in being somewhat larger, the female striated above,
the ocelli of both sexes much larger on the underside, and the position of the ocellus on the
forewing being less inwardly oblique.” (AZoore, 1. c.)
Specimens of Y. mewara from Sikkim are very distinct, but the Nepal race on which
the species is founded seems to approximate to Y. nareda far more than the Sikkim race
does; and it is not improbable that this may be merely a geographical variety of Y. nareda
which it replaces in the Eastern Himalayas. The whitish striz on the UPPERSIDE of the
female which cover the outer half of both wings forma well-marked character, and on the
UNDERSIDE the very large and brightly coloured ocelli in both sexes, and the even character
of the brown submarginal band not widening out below the ocellus, as wellas the much
bolder striation of the rest of the wing serve to distinguish it.
The second subanal ocellus on the upperside of the Azzdwing is not constant in the
male, and it more frequently occurs in the female, being a casual not a sexual variation. There
is no sexual patch in the male.
We have specimens of Y. mewara from Nepal ; from Sikkim taken by Messrs. Otto
Moller and de Nicéville in October at about 3,000 feet elevation ; from Sibsagar in Upper Assam ;
from Shillong in the Khasi Hills taken by Dr. E. R. Johnson in May and July ; from Cachar
taken by Mr, Wood-Mason in May and July ; and others brought by the Yunan Expedition.
NYMPHALID. SATYRIN 4. YPTHIMA. 223
211. Ypthima pandocus, Moore.
Yphthima pandocus, Moore, Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. C., vol. i, p. 235, n. 506 (1857); id.,
Hewitson, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., third series, vol. ii, p. 290, n. 16, pl, xviii, fig. 12 (1864) ; Vpthima pandocus,
Butler, Cat. Lep. B. M., Satyride, p. 149, n. 5 (1868).
HAsitaT: N. India, Mergui, Java.
EXPANSE: 6, 1°5; @, 1°75 inches.
DEscrIPTION : ‘‘ Wings fuscous. Forewing on both sides with one ocellus. Hindwing
with two on the upperside. UNDERSIDE whitish, clouded and undulated with rufous.
findwing with three ocelli.” (Hewitson, 1. c.) The original description by Moore, which
is appended for reference,* is of little use, as it is given in comparison with a species from China
with which it has but little affinity ; the description, moreover, is certainly meagre and appar-
ently inaccurate, for no Yp¢hima that we are acquainted with has only two ocellion the underside
of the hindwing, unless it be by accidental or varietal obliteration of one or more ; and two
of the original specimens of V. fanocus from the East India Museum are now in the India
Museum, Calcutta, and have three (not two) ocelli, as correctly described by Hewitson.
The types of V. pandocus are from Java; they have on the upperside a submarginal
dark line within which is an obsolete paler band on which the ocelli of both wings are
placed. The underside differs from that of all others in this group by having the ground-
colour partially whitish, and the density of the striation very irregular, so that large patches
of whitish almost free from striation are left, especially on the hindwing ; they are over
one and a half inches in expanse.
We have seen nothing from North India agreeing altogether with the types, but we have
several specimens, among them one from the old East India Museum collection, labelled ‘‘ India”
and named FY. pandocus, agreeing fairly well in colour and markings though very much smaller,
barely over an inch in expanse. Y. pandocus may be distinguished from Y. asterofe, the only
other species with similar ocellation of the hindwing with so small an expanse, by the greater
prevalence of whitish on the underside of the hindwing ; and by the absence of the outer brown
ring to the ocellus on the underside of the forewing. Besides the specimen labelled ‘‘ India”
referred to above, we have others taken at Barrackpore in November, and at Mergui in March.
An allied species or variety from Malacca has been described by Butler under the name
of V. corticariat; it is redescribed and figured by Distant, but we are unable to discover in
what way it is supposed to differ from Y. pandocus. Distant’s remarks (Rhop. Malay., p- 56,
1882) show that the ocelli in this species are variable, which is borne out by the North
Indian examples of Y. pandocus, and other allied species ; the second subanal ocellus on the
upperside of the hindwing is often found in Y. zewara and sometimes in Y. nareda,
* Vpthima pandocus, Moore. D¥scRipTion: “ Upprrsip® as in Yfhthima lysandra, but with only two
ocelli on the Zindwing, the lower ocellus being at the anal angle and very small. UNpERsSIDE with the hindwing
having only two ocelli.” (Moore, 1. c. )
t Vpthima corticaria, Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., second series. vol. i, Zoology, p. 537 (1876) ; idem,
id., Distant, Rhop. Malay., p. 55, pl. vi, fig 8 (1882). Hapirat: Malacca. Expansk:1°7 inches. Descrip-
TION: “‘Uppersipg. Soth wings greyish brown, an inner submarginal streak, and an outer submarginal line,
blackish, diffused. Fovewing with a large subapical oval black ocellus, with two plumbaginous pupils, and a
testaceous iris surrounded by a dusky line; a similar smaller unipupillated rounded Ocellus near anal angle of
hindwing. UNvERSIDE: Both wings white, densely reticulated with brown, two ill-defined, interrupted,
central, subparallel lines ; a submarginal streak and line as above. Fo7¢wzng with the ocellus brighter and better
defined than above, outer border pale brown, bounded by the inner submarginal streak. Hindwing with three
ocelli, one at apex (below which is sometimes another extremely small ocellus), and two placed obliquely at
anal angle, the lower one small and irregular. Allied to VY. xareda.” (Butler, 1c.)
In his Rhopalocera Malayana, Mr. Distant remarks: “his species also exhibits the inconstancy of ocellated
macular markings. In the type specimen described by Butler there was only one spot on the upperside of the
hindwing near the anal angle, whilst on the underside the duplex one of the specimen here described was single.
In another Malaccan specimen in the British Museum there is a fourth very small ocellated spot below the one
at apex.”’
30
224 NYMPHALID#. SATYRIN#. YPTHIMA.
212. Yphthima ariaspa, Moore.
YVphthima ariaspa, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,"1874, p. 568.
HABITAT: Punjab, Central India. —
EXPANSE: I'I to 1°4 inches.
DESCRIPTION : ‘MALE: UPPERSIDE dark brown. Forewing witha subapical bipupilled
ocellus. Hindzwing with a small subanal ocellus. UNDERSIDE whitish grey, with numerous
narrow brown uniform prominent strige. orewing with the ocellus asabove, Hindwing with
a single large subapical ocellus, and two smaller ocelli from anal angle.”
‘*This species is similar in appearance to Y. zareda ; the ocelli of the upperside are
smaller, the ground-colour of the underside being much paler, more uniformly covered with
strigze, and without transverse brown fasciz.” (JAfoore, 1. c.)
We have only seen Y. aviaspa at present from Mhow in Central India, where it was taken
by Colonel C. Swinhoe in May, and again in November. It differs from VY. mofschulskit,
the only other species in which the underside is uniformly coloured and _ striated
throughout, by having the underside whitish with brown striz coarser and prominent,
instead of rufous brown with very fine yellowish striz ; and more conspicuously by the male
being entirely devoid of the sexual streak of the forewing. The tone of the upperside which
is equally uniform is fuscous, not fuliginous, The wings are rounded as in Y. nareda, but it is a
smaller insect.
A small variety ofthis species has also been taken by Colonel Swinhoe at Mhow in Novem-
ber ; it differs not only in size, but in its generally darker tone. On the underside the ground-
colour is rufous-grey, rather than whitish-grey, but with the same uniform prominent brown
strize ; the ocelli of the underside are much smaller, minute in two, and scarcely visible in one
specimen; and in one specimen the ocellus on the upperside of the hindwing is altogether
absent,
213. Ypthima asterope, Kliig.
Hipparchia asterope, Kliig, Symb. Phys., pl. xxix, figs 11—14 (1832); YVghthima asteropfe, Hewitson,
Trans Ent. Soc. Lond., third series, vol. ii, p. 283, n. 1 (1864).
HaBiTAT: India, Java, China, Syria, Africa.
EXPANSE : I'25 to I'50 inches,
DESCRIPTION : UPPERSIDE: ‘*‘ Wings fuscous. Forewing with a single ocellus. UNDER-
SIDE cineraceous, undulated with rufous. Aizdwing with three ocelli, pupilled with silvery.”
(Hewitson, 1. c.). The ocellus of the forewing is of course present on the underside also, and
has almost always two silvery pupils. On the upperside the hindwing is sometimes immaculate,
often with a single small subanal ocellus, and occasionally with three, the upper and lower very
minute. ‘The FEMALE is somewhat larger and paler coloured than the male, but its markings
are similar,
‘‘ This species may be easily known from all others by the circular band of brown which
passes round the ocellus on the underside of the forewing, as well as by a rufous space (some-
times clouded with brown), below the said circular band free from undulations. As will be seen
from the localities quoted, it is widely distributed, and differs considerably in size. Y. norma,
of Westwood, [Gen. D. L., vol. ii, pl. Ixvii, fig. 1, 1851], from China, I believe to be only a
small variety of this species, darker, and wanting the ocellus on the upperside of the forewing ;
[Aindwing is evidently meant ; Westwood’s figure shews an ocellus on the upperside of the
forewing, but none on the hindwing] there are similar varieties from the Holy Land.
Specimens from Calabar and Natal do not differ from those of Europe [?], except in having the
ring of brown which encircles the ocellus of the forewing more distinctly marked above, as in
Y. norma, and in having the underside more clouded with rufous striae.” (Hezwitson, 1. c.)
Y. asteropeis a wide spread and somewhat variable species ; the ocelli of the underside are
smaller than in any other species with only three ocellion the underside of the hindwing, often
NYMPHALID 2%, SATYRINZ, YPTHIMA. 225
minute, and sometimes scarcely visible, but the characters given above by Hewitson will always
serve todistinguish it. It occurs in India in the Western Himalayas, and probably throughout
Continental and Peninsular India in suitable localities. We have specimens from Chumba,
Kussowli, Naini Tal, Sind, Khandesh, Nagpur, Mhow and Poona. Specimens from Chumba,
taken in March by Major C. H. T. Marshall, are very dark in colour, the subanal ocellus on the
upperside of the hindwing is prominent in all, and in one there is a smaller ocellus on each side
of it, making three in all ; the underside is uniformly striated on the hindwing, except in one spe-
cimen, which has a trace of a median rufous fascia. Specimens from Mhow, taken in May by
Colonel C. Swinhoe, are paler and more whitish on the underside ; and in all of them thereis a
trace, more or less distinct, of a median rufous fascia on the hindwing ; the ocelli are very mi-
nute and in many of them scarcely traceable, Specimens from Poona, taken in October by
Colonel Swinhoe, are typical, all having the ocelli minute but prominent, and only one or two
showing a trace of the median rufous fascia on the underside. A single specimen from Hydera-
bad in Sind is a typical female ; so are also two specimens from Amri and Ghindwara in the
Central Provinces taken in October by Mr. J. A. Betham.
214. Ypthima inica, Hewitson.
Yphthima inica, Hewitson, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., third series, vol. ii, p. 284, n. 5, pl. xvii, fig. 5 (1864).
HABITAT : East India.
EXPANSE : 1°7 inches, Hewztson (about 1°4 in his figure), 1° to 1°3 inches.
DESCRIPTION : ‘* UPPERSIDE rufous-fuscous, each wing with a single ocellus. UNDERSIDE
cineraceous, undulated with rufous. Forewing with a single ocellus. FEMALE: UPPERSIDE
rufous-brown, with a single ocellus on J0¢h wings. UNDERSIDE with rufous undulations
throughout. Forewing with the ocellus as above. Hindwing without ocelli, clouded with darker
colour.”
** Closely allied to Y. asterofe, but without the circular brown band which surrounds the
ocellus on the forewing of that species, and also without the rufous space (devoid of undulations)
near the anal angle.” (Hewson, 1. c.)
The only precise record of the occurrence of V. zzéca that we have received is from Lieut-
enant-Colonel C. Swinhoe, who writes that ‘‘it was very common at Mhow in Central India from
November until March, when it was replaced by Y. asterofe, which has been just as common
ever since, but I have not captured a single Y. zwzca since the 20th March. I have also V.
tnica from Paras Pani near Mirzapur takenin February.” Not one of these specimens that we
have seen come anywhere near the dimensions given by Hewitson (1°7 inches in expanse); they
are all far smaller, ranging from II to 1°3 inches only in expanse; but they correspond well
with the description, and some examples which were sent to the British Museum were identified
by Mr. Butler as Y. zéca, Hewitson ; so that they may be accepted as V. izica pending further
research. These are, as Hewitson remarks, very closely allied to V. asterope, and the fact
recorded above by Colonel Swinhoe suggests the idea that they may be only the winter brood of
that species. They are easily distinguishable from all other species in which the ocelli of the
underside of the hindwing are entirely absent by the markings of that wing which on the under-
side has four irregular, interrupted, generally clouded and indistinct dark bands, the intervening
spaces paler, and about the middle of the wing often washed with ochreous. The MALE of FY.
inica has no trace of the sexual patch on the forewing. Y. éndecora, which most nearly ap-
proaches it in the aspect of the underside, may be distinguished by its larger size, the presence
of the sexual patch in the male, and of at least two ocelli on the upperside of the hindwing.
215. “¥Ypthima narasingha, Moore,
Vphthima narasinga, Moore, Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Lep. E.1.C., vol. i, p. 236, n. 509 (1857); id.,
Hewitson, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., third series, vol. ii, p. 291, n. 21, pl. xviii, fig. 19 (1864).
HABITAT: Sikkim.
EXPANSE : 2 inches.
DESCRIPTION: ‘‘ UPPERSIDE with only one ocellus on the forewing. UNDERSIDE
greenish-grey, covered with short undulated darker strix, the one ocellus on the /orewing
226 NYMPHALID. SATYRIN. YPTHIMA.
only, beneath which are two descending dark lines to posterior margin.” (JAZoore,
l.c.) “UprersiDE fuscous. Forewing with a single ocellus on both sides. UNDERSIDE
cineraceous, undulated with rufous. Aindwing with minute white dots. The only species
which has no ocelli on either side of the Aizndwing. On the underside some minute white
spots occupy the place where in other species the ocelli are placed.” (Hewitson, 1. c.)
We have never seen this rare species, and are ata loss to recognise its affinities ; the
entire absence of ocelli from the upperside of the hindwing occurs in other species only in
aberrant examples here and there, asin ¥. sizgala. In Hewitson’s figure (uncoloured) of the
underside of Y. arasingha in the hindwing the striation is less dense at the outer margin,
and again across the middle of the wing, giving a somewhat clouded appearance on the sub-
marginal and basal areas ; but besides the undulations there is no indication of any other
markings whatever. On the forewing the dark line encircling the ocellus is remarkable ; it
is nearest to that of Y. asterofe, but lacks the rufous space below devoid of undulations ; the
line starts from the inner edge of the ocellus to about the lower median nervule, where it is
continued parallel to the inner margin, then sharply curving upwards continues parallel to the
outer margin, disappearing before it reaches the costa, having a curiously quadrate appearance.
216. Ypthima hyagriva, Moore. (PLATE XVII, Fic. 64.)
Yphthima hyagriva, Moore, Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. C., vol. i, p. 236, n. 507 (1857); id.,
Hewitson, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., third series, vol. ii, p. 291, n. 20, pl. xviii, fig. 11 (1864).
HABITAT: Himalayas.
EXPANSE: I'5 to I'9 inches.
DESCRIPTION: ‘* UPPERSIDE with only two ocelli, one being at apex of the forewing, the
other on the Ainmdwing near the anal angle. UNDERSIDE yellowish. Aindwing covered
with short narrow undulated strize, with two anterior and two posterior ocelli ; a marginal
line and submarginal streak blackish.” (Jfoore, 1. c.) ‘‘ Easily known from all the other
species by the broad submarginal line of brown on both sides, by the geminated oval ocelli
near the apex of the 4izdwing, and the ochreous colour of the underside.” (Hezitson, 1. c.)
The UPPERSIDE is dark brown, slightly paler externally, and with a blackish submarginal
line, obsolete in the male, but prominent in the FEMALE ; the ocellus of the forewing is vari-
able, sometimes rounded, with a single pupil, sometimes ovate with two pupils ; the UNDER-
SIDE is ochreous brown, the submarginal line prominent in both sexes. The ocelli are large
and prominent, black, with a single bluish-white puvil to each on the hindwing, broad yellow
iris and dark outer line. The uniform colouring of the forewing on the underside (the hindwing
only being striated), and the arrangement of the ocelli of the hindwing, a large geminated pair
at the apex, and another large geminated pair at the anal angle, render this species notably
distinct ; the nearest approach to it being some aberrant examples of Y. zikea. The male has
no trace of the sexual patch on the forewing. Y. hyagriva was originally described from
Darjiling, but we have only as yet received it from the Western Himalayas, where it does not
appear to be common. Mr. A. Graham Young took it in the Kulu Valley in August and
September.
The figure shows the upper and undersides of a female specimen from Kulu, in the
Indian Museum, Calcutta.
217. Yythima huebneri, Kirby. (PLATE XVII, Fic. 65 3.)
Y. philomela, Hiibner (ec Linnaeus), Zutr. Ex. Schmett., figs. 83, 84 (1818); Yphthima philomela;
Hewitson, Trans. Ent Soc. Lond,, third series, vol. ii, p. 284, n. 4 (1864); Vpthima Philomela, Butler, Cat
Lep. B. M., Satyride, p. 152, n. 18 (1868) ; V. hitbneri, Kirby, Syn. Cat. D. L., p. 95, n. 18 (871); idem id.,
Distant, Rhop. Malay., p. 57, pl. vii, fig. 5 (1882), female.
HapiTaT: Peninsular and North India,
Celebes.
EXPANSE : I'2 to I°5 inches.
Burma, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java,
DESCRIPTION : ‘‘ UPPERSIDE fuscous; forewing with one ocellus; Aimdwing with two.
UNDERSIDE whitish, undulated with rufous ; forewing with one ocellus, Aindwing with four,
NYMPHALID&, SATYRIN. YPTHIMA, 227
placed one near the apex, and three together towards the anal angle ; they are indistinctly
pupilled with silver.” (Hew7tsoz, 1. c.)
Y. huebneri is a very variable insect ; typically the UPPERSIDE of the MALE is uniform rather
pale fuliginous brown, with an indistinct dark submarginal line on both wings, and two ocelli
on the Aimdwing, and one large bipupilled ocellus on the forewing. The UPPERSIDE of the
FEMALE has two indistinct bands of whitish striz on the forewing, one on either side of the
ocellus meeting at the hinder angle, and continued on the hindwing as an indistinct. submar-
ginal pale band, and the ocellus of the forewing is larger with prominent yellow iris margined
with brown. On the UNDERSIDE in both sexes the ocelli are typically prominent on both wings,
the ground-colour is whitish, especially on the hindwing, finely but not very densely striated
with rufous-brown ; a marginal rufous line on both wings, a short line from the lower edge of
the ocellus on the forewing ; and a median fascia distinct on the forewing, but disappearing on
the hindwing.
The variations of the UPPERSIDE, which are casual and common to both sexes, are as
follows :—(a.) With the forewing immaculate ; and again with great diversity in the size
and prominence of the ocellus when present. (4.) With the Azzdwing immaculate. (c.) The
hindwing with a single ocellus between the lower median nervules. (@.) The hindwing with
a second ocellus between the upper median nervules. (¢) The izdwing with a third minute
(sometimes geminate) ocellus at the anai angle. (/.) The Aéndwing with a fourth ocellus at
apex, the ocellation in this case being similar to that of the underside.
The variations of the UNDERSIDE are in the ocellation of the Aizdwing, every gradation
being found from prominent very black ocelli with minute silvery pupils, and wide pale
ochreous irides, to minute dots, and in some cases no trace of ocelli whatever ; and also there
is a slight variation in the density of the rufous striz, and in the prominence of the
rufous fascize; where the ocelli are minute or obsolete, the striation is, as a rule, less dense,
giving a paler, more whitish, tone to the whole, and at the same time the narrow rufous bands
are more prominent, and on the hindwing the median band is more irregular.
In one very aberrant female specimen from Calcutta the yellow irides of the ocelli on
the underside of the hindwing coalesce, forming a distinct yellow submarginal band, defined on
both sides with a dark line, and bearing besides the usual four ocelli, a fifth and sixth, minute,
placed one on each side of the discoidal nervule. In another female from Sibsagar the subapical
ocellus is highly irregular in shape, having apparently two, if not three, other minute ocelli
coalescing with it on its margin.
Where the ocelli of the underside are traceable, Y. Auedneri can be distinguished from
all others by their number and position, except from Y. ceylonica, Y. chenui, and Y. robinsoni,
V. ceylonica has the lower half of the hindwing pure white on both sides, and Y. chenuz and
Y. vobinsoni have the rufous bands of the underside very broad and prominent, and the three
subanal ocelli of the hindwing placed on the dark submarginal band.
Where the ocelli of the underside are indistinguishable on the hindwing, the species is not
so easy to determine; from Y. philomela and its allies, Y. ordinata, Y. indecora, Y. methora,
Y. marshall, &c., it can be distinguished by the absence of the sexual patch on the forewing
of the male; from Y. xarasingha by its smaller size, and by the presence of the rufous fascize
on the underside ; from Y. zca by its larger size, whitish colour of the underside and com-
paratively uniform striation; and from Y. asterofe by the absence of the large outer brown
band encircling the ocellus on the underside of the forewing.
Y. huebneri is very common in the neighbourhood of Calcutta, throughout the year, and
in Assam as far north as Sibsagar at any rate; and in both these localities every variation
appears to be represented. We have specimens also from Manbhoom both with and without
the ocelli on the upperside of the hindwing ; and typical specimens from the Sikkim tarai
taken by Mr. Otto Moller from July to September ; also from Akyab taken in July ; from Pegu
taken in May and June, and from Gyne in Burma, taken by Captain C. H. E. Adamson in Jan-
uary. In these latter the male is typical, the female has the ocelli minute, and the rufous median
228 NYMPHALID. SATYRINZ, YPTHIMA.
fascia prominent on the underside. Lieutenant-Colonel C. Swinhoe has taken a few specimens
at Mahableshwar in May which are typical. Mr. G. Vidal took numerous specimens in March on
the Coessi and Onomed Ghats, in the South Konkan, and in these all the males were
typical, with prominent ocelli on the underside of the hindwing, and the median fascia
obsolete ; while all the females have the ocelli minute or obsolete, and the median fascia promi-
nent. ‘Typical specimens have also been taken in the Upper Godaveri districts, by Mr. C. R.
Morris in September ; and at Trevandrum and in the Ashamboo Hills, in May, by Mr. Harold
Fergusson. The specimens from the South are much darker in tone than those from North-
East India. Two male specimens from Chumba notably differ from typical Y. huebneré
in the uniform colour of the upperside with no dark marginal line, and in the uniformly and
densely striated underside, with no trace of fasciz. These are the only specimens we have seen
from North-West India, and are a distinct geographical variety.
The figure shows the upper and undersides of a male specimen from Barrackpore in Major
Marshall’s collection. f
218. Ypthima ceylonica, Hewitson.
Yphthima ceylonica, Hewitson, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., third series, vol. ii, p. 288, pl. xviii, figs. 14,
15 (1864); Vpthima ceylonica, Moore, Lep. Cey., p. 25, pl. xii, figs. 5, male; 5 a, female (1880).
HasitTaT: Ceylon, Travancore, Madras, Orissa.
EXPANSE : I'I to 1°55 inches.
DESCRIPTION: ‘‘ UPPERSIDE rufous-brown. Forewing with one large ocellus, with
two silver pupils. Aindwing with the outer half white, the outer margin and a submarginal
line of black; one obscure ocellus and a minute black spot. UNDERSIDE white, undulated
with rufous-brown. Forewing with the ocellus as above, thickly undulated towards the outer
margin. Aindwing slightly undulated near the margins, with four ocelli, one near the apex,
three near the anal angle, the outer ocellus minute, blind, the anal ocellus with two pupils
of silver.”
‘*The ocelli on the underside of the hindwing differ much. In one specimen, three are
perfect, one blind ; in another two only are perfect.” (Hewitson, 1. c.)
This is a very remarkable species ; on the UPPERSIDE the lower half of the hindwing is
pure snowy white, contrasting strongly with the brown hue of the rest of the wing; the
FEMALE is similarly coloured to the male, but both sexes show considerable variation. On
the UPPERSIDE of the indwing there is often a subapical black spot, with sometimes a smaller
one below it, and three rather large subanal perfect ocelli, sometimes one or more blind ;
the upper one is often minute and the lower one sometimes wanting altogether. On the
UNDERSIDE the forewing is undulated throughout, finely and sparingly towards the base,
densely on the outer area; the Aéndzwing is typically almost entirely pure white, there being
only a few delicate undulations near the margins, but in some specimens the basal area is also
undulated, and in others again the undulations extend, though sparingly, over the entire wing.
The ocellation of the underside is as in Y. Auwedneri, and as in that species is variable.
Till quite recently Y. ceylonica was believed to be confined to the island of Ceylon ;
but it has now been taken in Travancore by Mr. H. Fergusson, and in Orissa by Mr. W. C.
Taylor, and Mr. Kirby records it from Madras. In the Orissa specimens the striation of the
underside is denser and shows a considerable approximation to Y. Auebneri, to which it is
evidently closely allied. The male has no trace whatever of the brand on the forewing.
In Ceylon Y. ceylonica is ‘*very common at Galle and Colombo among grass and weeds
by the roadside. Flight short, constantly settling down on leaves or in grass.” ( Hufchison).
219. Ypthima chenui, Guerin.
Satyrus chenu, Guérin, in Deless. Souv. Voy. Ind, pt. ii, p. 77, pl. xxi, figs. 2,2 a@ (1843), female >
Yphthima chenu, Hewitson, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., third series, vol. ii, p. 285, n. 7 (1864); YVpthima chenut,
Kirby, Syn. Cat. D. L., p. 95, n. 15 (1871).
Hasitat: Nilgiri Hills, South India.
EXPANSE: 1°33 to 1°75 inches,
DESCRIPTION : ‘‘ UPPERSIDE greyish-brown, with some fine nebulous paler striz towards
NYMPHALID&, SATYRIN. YPTHIMA. 229
the outer margin. Forewing with, near the apex, a large round black ocellus with wide
yellow iris, and two small pupils of shining blue. Aindwing with two much smaller ocelli,
black, with yellow iris, and a single very small blue pupil, placed submarginally between the
median nervules. UNDERSIDE ashy-grey with numerous small undulated tranverse brown
strie. Forewing with the ocellus as on upperside. Hindwing with three [four in the
figure] ocelli, the two of the upperside, and a third near the costa and more distant from the
outer margin, [and a fourth towards the anal angle, minute, geminate. This latter ocellus,
though omitted from the original description, is clearly shown in Guérin’s figure, and is of
much importance as showing the affinity of the species with Y. huebneri rather than with
Y. motschulskii), Forewing with the outer margin of a yellowish-brown, and two bands of the
same colour starting nearly from the same point on the inner margin near the hinder angle and
diverging towards the costa, the one within the other beyond the large subapical ocellus,
Hindwing with the external margin equally yellowish-brown, and with three bands of the same
colour, and the commencement of a fourth band, on which is placed the ocellus near the
costa. The band near the base is slightly arched, and does not reach the inner margin ; the
two others diverge from the anal angle to the costa on either side of the apical ocellus. Body
and antenne brown, the underside variegated with grey. There are also smaller individual
specimens which do not at all differ from this description.” (Guérin, 1. c.)
Y. chenui is a rare species. Gueérin’s figure is evidently that of a female, and the single
female specimen in Mr. de Nicéville’s collection, which is the only one that we have seen,
corresponds exactly with it; the male is apparently unknown, but it is probable that the
smaller specimens referred to above by Guérin were males, and that the sexes do not differ in
colouration. Unfortunately the original descriptions of the species in this genus, in no case
mention the sexual mark on the wing of the male insect, but it is most probable that in this
species the male mark is wanting. It flies in July in the Nilgiri Hills.
220. Ypthima robinsoni, Distant.
Y. robinsoni, Distant, Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., fifth series, vol. x, p. 406 (1882),
HABITAT: Pulni, and Rhodi canal, South-India.
EXPANSE : 1°27 inches.
DESCRIPTION : ‘‘ UPPERSIDE very dark fuliginous. Forewing with an ovate ocellated spot
(black, with two small bluish centres and an ochraceous margin) placed a little beyond the
cell, its upper margin reaching just above the upper discoidal nervule, and its lower margin
extending a little beneath the first [third] median nervule. Aindwing with two small rounded
ocellated spots (black, with a bluish centre and ochraceous margin) placed between the median
nervules. UNDERSIDE : Forewing slightly paler than on upperside, with the ocellated spot
brighter, and crossed by two dark transverse fascize, the first near the apex of the cell, and the
second somewhat submarginal. Aindwing greyish, with numerous dark strigze, which are
very thickly and confluently situate at the basal area, and crossed by three dark fuscous fascize,
the first and narrowest very slightly curved, passing through the middle of the cell, the middle
one very oblique, crossing the apex of the cell, and the third submarginal, broadest near the
apex, and narrowing towards the anal angle ; between the second and third fascize the colour
is very pale greyish, and contains a small ocellated spot between the subcostal nervules; on
the dark outer fascia are three ocellated spots, placed two between the median nervules and
one between the first median nervule and submedian nervure ; all these spots are black, with
bluish centres and ochraceous margins. ody and /egs more or less concolourous with the
wings.”
‘* This species is allied to Y. chenuz, Guérin, from which it differs, on the underside, by
the darker colouration, the different direction of the two dark fasciz on the forewing, which
do not approximate towards each other on the inner margin as in Guérin’s species, and also
by the second and third dark fascize on the hindwing, which in Y. robinson? ave subparallel and
placed somewhat close together, the ocellated spots much smaller, &c.” (Déstant, 1c.)
230 NYMPHALID, SATYRIN#. YPTHIMA.
We have never seen Y. vodinsoni, but from the description it appears to approximate very
closely to Y. yphthimoides, if indeed the two descriptions do not apply to one and the same
species.
No indication of difference between the sexes is given, nor is any mention made of the
presence or absence of the sexual patch on the forewing of the male ; in all probability this
mark is absent as in Y. Auedbnerz.
221. Ypthima yphthimoides, Moore.
Callerebia yp. himoides, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1881, p. 307.
Hasitat: Hills of Travancore, South-India.
EXPANSE: 6, 1°5 to 1°93 ¢, 1°9 to 2’0 inches.
DESCRIPTION : ‘* MALE and FEMALE: UPPERSIDE dark olive-brown. Forewing with a
bipupilled ocellus encircled by a narrow indistinct orange-yellow border. Hindwing with two
small subanal ocelli) UNDERSIDE numerously covered with grey strigee. Sorewing with the
ocellus as above, and a slight brownish submarginal and a discal fascia. Aindwing with
three broader and more distinct transverse fascize, a small apical ocellus and four lower,
smaller, decreasing ocelli.” (AZoore, 1.c.)
Originally described as a Callerebia, but the arrangement of the subcostal nervules of the
forewing is as in Yf/hima to which it certainly belongs ; the colour approaches that of a Cal-
lerebia, but the markings are those of an Yg¢hima. The genus Cadleredéa is restricted in India
to the Himalayas and outlying ranges.
Mr. Fergusson writes from Trevandrum : ‘ Ypthima yphthimoides is to be found on the hills
here only on grass land near the tops of the hills. The specimens I got were from two localities —
one a small patch of grass about an acre in extent, at an elevation of 3,500 feet, and the other
on a grass hill called Pon Mudi (golden hill) about 3,000 feet ; here they were fairly abundant.”
It also occurs in April at Colathoorpolay Patnas, 4,000 feet, Travancore.
In the nine males which Mr. Fergusson has sent us there is no variation on the upperside,
but on the underside of the hindwing in one specimen there are two additional ocelli, placed
one on either side of the discoidal nervule, and in one female on the upperside of the hindwing
there are two additional small geminate ocelli at the anal angle; and in another female there
are three further additional small ocelli placed above the two large median ocelli, making seven
in all. On either side of the outer dark fascia on the underside of the hindwing there are
two pale, almost white fascize, in fresh specimens.
222. Ypthima singala, Felder.
Yphihima singala, Felder, Vehr, zool.-bot. Gesellsch., vol. xvili, p. 283 (1868) ; Vpthima singala, Moore,
Lep. Cey., p. 24, pl xii, figs. 3, 3@ (1880), sale.
HABITAT: Ceylon, India.
EXPANSE; 1°3 to I'5 inches.
DesckIPTION: ‘*‘MALE: UPPERSIDE brown. Hindwing [typically immaculate] with
one, sometimes two, small, indistinct, subanal spots encircled with yellow. UNDERSIDE
cinereous, numerously covered with short brown strige. /orew?2g with transverse indistinct
brown discal and marginal band, and a prominent bipupilled ocellus. Hindwing with six
[five in the figure, the uppermost being absent] small well-formed ocelli disposed in regular
linear order, the first upper being very minute. FEMALE: UPPERSIDE: Forewing with a
subapical bipupilled ocellus. Hindwing with three small subanal ocelli. UNDERSIDE
as in the male.” (JZoore, 1. c.)
Felder’s original description” is given in comparison with Y. lysandra, Hewitson, 2ec
* Y. singala, Felder. Dxscriprion : ‘‘ MALR a little larger than V. dysandra, Hewitson, mec Cramer.
Forewing with the apex, Aindwing with the anal angle more produced, the disco-cellular nervules of the
forewing more oblique, and, therefore, the upper angle of the cell more drawn back Uppxrrsipr, both wings
(in our specimen) immaculate. UNnpERSIDB pale hoary, much more densely and uniformly striated with fuscous.
forewing with an ocellus with narrower tris than in that species. /7indwing with five small ocelli, three lower
in the same line, the second (below the second subcostal branch) and the fourth (between the first and the second
median branches) a little larger.” (Fedder, 1. c.).
NYMPHALID. SATYRINA. YPTHIMA. 231
Cramer ; it is clear that the species identified by Hewitson with Y. /ysandra, Cramer, was not
that species, but what it really was we cannot ascertain. ‘Ihe true Y. Zysandva is from China,
and is very distinct, the UPPERSIDE being uniform rather dark brown, with one bipupilled
ocellus on the forewing, and three subanal prominent on the Ainmdwing. The UNDERSIDE is
ochreous, uniformly striated with brown. Forewing with the ocellus as usual, no dark fascize,
the inner margin broadly white. Aindwing with two prominent subapical ocelli on a short
dark band, beyond and in continuation of which is a whitish fascia to the inner margin ; below
this is another short dark band from anal angle bearing three prominent ocelli placed in a line.
Y. singala was originally described from a specimen from Badulla in Ceylon at an elevation
of 3,000 feet. In Moore’s ‘* Lep. Ceylon” it is stated to be ‘‘rare ; a few specimens only taken
in long grass on borders of coffee-plantations at Buselowe, 3,000 feet elevation.” (Hutchi-
son). In the Indian Museum, Calcutta, there are five specimens of the male, three of
them typical with no ocelli on the upperside on either wing, and two bave two subanal ocelli
on the hindwing, the upper minute and evanescent. On the underside of the hindwing four
ocelli are always present, one above the discoidal nervule, and one below each median nervule ;
sometimes there are six by the appearance of a minute apical and a minute subanal ocellus,
and sometimes five by the absence of one or other of these latter : the linear arrangement of
these ocelli distinguish Y. s#zga/a from all other species of this group except Y. ‘hora, which
is closely allied to it, and Y. éolanica which is otherwise widely diverse. The MALE of
Y. singa/a has no trace of a sexual patch on the forewing.
Until recently Y. stzgala was believed to be confined to the island of Ceylon, but in
October last a pair, male and female, were taken by Mr. J. A. Betham in the Central Provinces
near Nagpore, which are inseparable from Ceylon examples. A specimen in Major
Marshall’s collection, taken at Barrackpore in November, seems to link this species with
Y. huebneri, the third and fourth ocelli of the hindwing are slightly out of line, the anal pair
is geminated, and the first is larger than the second, In Colonel Lang’s collection are two
typical males from Kussowli; and a very aberrant male from the Rajmahal district, with the
fascize on the underside of the hindwing very prominent.
223. Ypthima thora, Moore.
Y. thora, Moore, Lep. Cey., p. 24, pl. xii, figs. 4, 4a (1880), mad/e.
HABITAT : Ceylon.
EXPANSE: 6, 1°4 inches.
DESCRIPTION: ‘‘ MALE: UPPERSIDE brown. Forewing with a prominent subapical
bipupilled ocellus. Aindwing with a small indistinct subanal ocellus. UNDERSIDE cinereous,
numerously covered with short delicate brown strigee. Forewing with a very indistinct discal
and marginal band, ocellus prominent. A7ndwing with five very minute ocelli, disposed in
linear order.” (Jove, 1. c.) FEMALE somewhat paler than the male, wings broader, the
markings identical.
We have never seen this species ; it is evidently very closely allied to Y. singala, but
appears to be distinct, though the only point of difference is on the upperside of the /orewing,
which has an ocellus which is absent from male Y. sizga/a, though present in the female of
that species. It is not known whether the MALE has or has not a sexual patch on the fore-
wing ; in all probability it is absent, as in Y. singala,
224. Ypthima bolanica, Marshall, n. sp.
HapsitaT : Mach, Bolan Pass, Beluchistan.
EXPANSE: 6, 1°6 inches,
DESCRIPTION : MALE: UPPERSIDE dark brown, (distinctly glossed with purple in some
lights when fresh as in Ca/lerebia). Forewing with a prominent black ocellus with two large
bluish-silver pupils and narrow yellow iris, ringed with dark brown, then with mottled greyish
31
232 NYMPHALID. SATYRINE. YPTHIMA.
more broadly, and then again with dark brown. Hindwing with one black ocellus very promi-
nently pupilled with bluish-silver between the lower median nervules some distance from the
margin, and two bluish-silver specks on the submarginal dark line near the anal angle being the
pupils of obsolete geminate ocelli, a submarginal sinuous dark brown line ; the margin of both
wings narrowly whitish, defined on the inside with dark brown ; the ci/éa brown. UNDER-
SIDE greyish-white, covered more or less with fine reddish-brown strive. Forewing with the
ocellus as on upperside. Hindwing with six ocelli, the first three in a line from the costa
small, the third minute, the fourth between the first and second median branches large, the
fifth and sixth geminated at the anal angle, all prominently pupilled with bluish-silver as on
the upperside ; the cé/ia brown, the margin of both wings narrowly pure white, inwardly defined
by a brown line, then a whitish mottled line, broadest at costa of forewing and ending at
the fifth ocellus of the Aizdwing ; two brown lines one on each side of the ocellus of forewing,
and meeting below it, continued on the Aindwing as a single narrow band on which the first
three ocelli are placed, and terminating just beyond the third; a short brown line from the
costa of forewing, defined exteriorly with whitish, and again another brown line continued
across the hindwing to the abdominal margin, and on the latter wing defined externally with
whitish, the basal area more densely striated than the external area; no defined fascia
on basal half.
¥. bolanica is unlike any other known species of this genus ; it perhaps most nearly
approaches Y. ordinata in the markings of the underside, but there is no trace of a subbasal-
fascia ; the median and submarginal fascize are much more distinct, the ground-colour beyond
the median fascia is whiter, and the ocellation is very different, the six ocelli of the hindwing
being nearly in a straight line. The median nervure is much swollen at the base, more so
than in any other species; and there is no trace of the sexual patch on the forewing of
the MALE.
Taken by Lieutenant-Colonel Swinhoe, in whose collection the type specimen is, at Mach
in the Bolan Pass in September, 1879.
225. Ypthima sakra, Moore. (PLATE XVII, Fic. 67 ¢.)
Vphthima sakra, Moore, Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. C., vol. i, p. 236, n. 508 (1857); id., Hewitson,
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., third series, vol. ii, p. 290, n. 18, pl. xviii, fig 18 (1864).
HABITAT: Himalayas, Khasi and Naga Hills, Upper Burma.
EXPANSE : 1°85 to 2°1 inches.
DESCRIPTION : ‘‘UPPERSIDE [brown], with five ocelli, one being on the forewing, three
near anal angle, and one (but indistinct) near anterior angle of the Aimdwing. UNDERSIDE
yellow, covered with short narrow dark brown striz. indwing with geminated anterior,
and three single posterior ocelli.” (ooze, 1. c.)
For remarks see the next species, Y. x7zkea.
The figure shows the upper and undersides of a male specimen from Shillong in the Indian
Museum, Calcutta,
| 226. Ypthima nikewa, Moore.
Yphthima nikeaa, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 567.
HABITAT : N.-W. Himalayas.
EXPANSE : 1°7 to 2°1 inches,
DESCRIPTION : ‘‘UPPERSIDE dark brown; pupils of ocelli blue. Forewing with a subapical
bipupilled ocellus (smaller than in Y. sakra). Hindwing with two subanal ocelli. MALE some-
times with only one subanal ocellus.s UNDERSIDE grey, with numerous short brown narrow
strige. Forewing with the ocellus as above, and a distinct brown submarginal transverse fascia.
Hindwing with five ocelli, the two apical being the largest and joined together, though
having a yellow band between them ; the other three ocelli in a linear series from anal angle,
the anal one bipupilled.”
NYMPHALID<%, SATYRIN&. YPTHIMA. 233
“Differs from Y. saéra in its smaller size, @arker colour above and greyer below;
and may be distinguished by the difference of the apical ocelli on the hindwing, which in
Y. sakra have no intervening yellow band.” (AZoore, 1. c.)
This species seems to us to be but a casual variety of Y. sakra. Taking the absence of the
yellow intervening band between the apical ocelli of the underside of the Aindwing, as given by
Mr. Moore, as the test character, we have specimens of Y. sa#va from the Eastern hills of Mani-
pur, Shillong in the Khasi hills, Sikkim, Simla, Pangi, and various localities in the Chumba
State which borders on Kashmir: while we have VY. xifea from ‘many localities in the
North-West Himalayas, and a typical specimen from the eastern hills of Manipur.
Of the specimens of Y. sakra, that from Manipur has only three ocelli on the UPPERSIDE of
the hindwing, the apical one being absent ; those from Shillong have four ocelli, the one nearest
the anal angle being however minute or obsolescent, and one specimen (the one figured) has only
two ocelli ; the specimens from Sikkim are typical, having all four ocelli prominent ; one
from Chumba is also typical, with all four ocelli prominent ; one from Simla has three Ocelli,
the one nearest the anal angle being absent; others from Pangi and Chumba have only two
ocelli placed between the median nervules (as in the Shillong specimen figured), the upper
one sometimes minute. On the UNDERSIDE there is more uniformity, all the specimens
having the five ocelli of the Aizdwing—two apical, three subanal—prominent, except in one
specimen from Simla, in which the ocellus of the upper median interspace is minute, and
another has this ocellus absent altogether, and one from Kujiar in the Chumba State has the
anal ocellus quite round with a single pupil. There is considerable variation in the dens'ty
and coarseness of the striation, in the tone of the ground-colour, and the prominence of the
submarginal dark band : the Eastern specimens are as a rule yellower, the striation is coarser,
and the submarginal band more prominent ; but there are exceptions to every point. The
FEMALE has broader wings, and the upperside is less uniform in colour, having frequently
a broad nebulous submarginal band of pale strize, these striz sometimes extending with more
or less density over the entire wing.
The specimens of Y. z7&ea vary quite asmuch, but the occurrence of four ocelli on the
UPPERSIDE of the hindwing is very rare ; usually there are two, and frequently there is only
one; the anal ocellus is generally altogether wanting, the ocellus between the lower median
nervules is always present ; the one between the upper median nervules is also found in both
sexes wherever the ocelli are limited to twoin number, and occasionally there is a third ocellus
above the discoidal nervule. On the UNDERSIDE typically the ocelli are five in number
asin Y. sakra, but frequently the ocellus of the upper median interspace is absent, leaving
two near apex and two near anal angle, presenting very much the appearance of VY. hyagriva;
the density and coarseness of the striation, the tone of the ground-colour, and the promi-
nence of the submarginal dark band, are all as variable asin Y.sakva. The FEMALE differs
from the male as in Y. sakra.
In both species and in both sexes there is occasionally a second ocellus on the underside
of the forewing placed in the lower median interspace. The uniform brown of the upperside,
and the uniform striation of the underside, together with the large size, serve to distinguish both
Y, sakra and Y. nikea from other species of the genus.
Y. sakra was taken in the Manipur hills in May by Mr. A. O. Hume; in Shillong it
occurs in May and also in September ; in Sikkim it has been taken at an elevation of 7,000
feet in September ; in the N.-W. Himalayas it has been taken in Chumba at 6,000 feet elevation
in April and May by Major C. H. T. Marshall; and throughout the hills at 6,000 to 8,000 feet
elevation it is common in the rains on grassy slopes and at the edges of forests.
Y. nike@a was also taken in May in the Manipur hills; and in the N.-W. Himalayas it
oecurs in Apriland May, and throughout the rains it is extremely common at 6,000 to 8,000 feet
elevation in suitable localities ; dut of a large series taken by Mr. de Nicéville at Simla there
is not a single specimen of Y. saéra, and though by no means universal, Y, xi#ea is evidently
the dominant form in the west, as Y. saéra is in the east,
234 NYMPHALID#. SATYRIN &. RAGADIA.
227. Ypthima tabolla, Marshall, n. sp.
Hasitat: Wynaad, South India.
EXPANSE: 6, I'I5 inches.
DESCRIPTION: MALE: UPPERSIDE brown, uniform in shade. Forewing with a not
very prominent bipupilled ocellus. Aindzwing with two submarginal ocelli between the median
nervules, the upper one minute. UNDERSIDE paler brown, with greyish undulations most
numerous on the hindwing. Forewing with the ocellus as usual. Hindwing with six ocelli
placed in pairs in echelon, the apical pair geminate on the lower subcostal nervule, the upper
minute, the median pair complete but touching on the median interspaces, the anal pair ge-
minate, the lower being extremely minute, the outer margin somewhat darker, but no trace
otherwise of fascize on the underside. No sexual patch on forewing on upperside.
At first sight Y. ¢adel/a appears to be only a dwarf specimen of Y. sakra, but the grayer
tone of the striation of the underside, the subanal ocellus being geminated not bipupilled,
the very small size, and also the locality from whence it comes, mark it as distinct. It is dis-
tinguished from Y. philomela and its allies by the absence of the sexual mark in the male. No-
thing approaching Y. sakra is known to occur south of the Khasi hills in the vast interme-
diate country between them, and the Wynaad where Y. ¢adella appears.
Genus 21.—RAGADIA, Westwood. (PLaTE XV.)
Neonympha, suogenus Ragadia, Westwood, Gen. D. L., vol. ii, p. 376 (1851).
‘| )istinguished from Meonympha [an American genus] by the very singular arrangement
of the veins of the wings, especially of the hindwing ; the lower disco-cellular nervule being
placed almost at the base of the wing, and furnished with an elongated pouch in the males.
The costal nervure of the forewing is alone swollen at the base.” (Westwood, 1. c.)
Bopy slender. HEAD wide, antenne slender, distinctly articulated, with a slender gra-
dually formed club, Zyes almost naked. PALPI moderately long, densely clothed in front
with rather long bristly hairs, not tufted at the back, terminal joint slender. FoREWING
somewhat elongate ; costa slightly curved ; outer margin oblique, slightly convex ; costa/ nervure
alone swollen at the base, the remaining nervures simple ; disco-cel/ular nervules concave, the
upper very short, the middle long, the /ower longer still, and joining the median nervure at an
acute angle some distance beyond the origin of its second branch ; subcostal nervure with its
branches free and short, the second originating beyond the cell, as in YVpthima ; discoidal nervules
from the junctions of the disco-cellulars, the upper one-originating very close to the subcostal
nervure. HINDWING rounded ; precostal nervure very short, curved outwardly ; costal nervure
curved at base, andjoining the costal margin at about one-half its length. Szdcostal nervure
almost straight ; dzscozdal cell very short and acute ; discoidal nervule curved at its base and
appearing to originate from the subcostal nervule below ; the lower disco-cellular appearing to
originate from the subcostal at some distance nearer the base, then acutely angled outwardly and
joining the median nervure at a very acute angle some distance before the origin of its first
branch ; along its free part closing the cell it is simple in the FEMALE, but in the MALE it is
developed along its underside into a narrow glandular pouch, and on the upperside is furnished
with a small tuft of fine long hairs which lie along it. FORELEGS of the FEMALE slender,
destitute of hairs, the joints of the ¢arsws very short, dilated, distinct, each furnished with a
single spine on the lower side, and appearing as a clubbed termination to the slender leg: of
the MALE wanting in our only specimen.
Ragadia isa very remarkable and aberrant genus ; and its affinities are difficult to determine ;
according to the characters taken in the key to the genera it should have come in the first
group, as the apex of the cell in the hindwing is distinctly zo¢ beyond the origin of the second
median nervule, nor are the eyes entirely destitute of hairs ; of the first group it has most
affinity with JZycalesis, especially in the dilation of the disco-cellular nervule in the hindwing
and the tuft of hairs along it in the male, but its nearest ally is evidently Vpthima, with which
it corresponds in the arrangement of the subcostal nervules of the forewing; in the brilliant
NYMPHALIDE. SATYRINZ. ERITES. 235
silver pupillation of the ocelli; in the shape of the wings and in habits. It differs in style of
_ colouration and structurally in having the median nervure of the forewing simple, though,
even in this feature some species of Y¢hima approach it ; but the curious construction of the
cell of the hindwing places it apart by itself. Only a single species of this genus is found
within our limits, occurring in Burma and North-Eastern Bengal ; and only one other species
is known which inhabits Java, Borneo, and the Philippine Islands, with varieties in Mindanao
and Luzon. The Indian species is a small brown insect with whitish transverse bands crossing
both wings, and with a complete discal series of silver-pupilled ocelli on both wings on the
underside.
228. Ragadia crisilda, Hewitson. (PLATE XV, Fic. 36?.)
R. crisilda, Hewitson, Ex. Butt., vol. iii, Zuptychia et Ragadia, figs. 5, 6 (1862), female.
Habitat : Sylhet, Tenasserim.
EXPANSE: 6, 1°63 2, 1°85 inches.
DESCRIPTION : MALE and FEMALE: ‘‘ UPPERSIDE brown, doth wings crossed at the middle
by a broad oblique band of white ; both with a narrow band of white parallel to the outer mar-
gin, obscured towards the apex of the /orewizg, [and both showing the pale basal bands of the
underside through by transparency]. UNDERSIDE white ; doth wings with the outer margin
ana five transverse bands brown, three parallel bands before the middle (crossing the forewing
obliquely), the fifth band near the outer margin narrow ; the fourth beyond the middle [broad],
marked with numerous ocelli, on the forewing by six of equal size, [in our specimens of both
sexes there are eight ocelli, the upper one minute, the two lowest small placed in the interspace
below the first median nervule]; on the Azzdwing by seven [six in our male specimen], the
third and fifth the largest ; the seventh (near the anal angle) minute; all black, with silver
pupils, the iris orange ; the second, third, and fourth ocelli of the Aindwing enclosed in one
iris.” (Hewitson, 1. c.) The FEMALE is slightly larger than the male, and has the wings
broader and more rounded, the white markings all sullied ; all the ocelli larger.
R. crisilda is apparently a rare insect. It was originally described from Sylhet, and
Colonel Lang’s collection contains two males from that locality ; Kirby notes it from the Khasi
hills, (if this is correct it probably only occurs at the foot of them), and the Indian Museum,
Calcutta, has two specimens, believed to have been taken in Cachar. The only recent record
of its capture is by Captain C. H. E. Adamson, who took several specimens flying among
long grass by the Aploon Choung in the neighbourhood of Moulmein in October, the only
occasion on which he ever saw them.
The figure is taken from a female specimen in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, from Cachar,
and shows both upper and undersides.
Genus 22.—ERITES, Westwood. (PLaTe XVI.)
Satyrus |Hipparchia], subgenus Z£7ztes, Westwood, Gen. D. L., vol. ii, p. 392 (1851); Zrztes, Distant,
Rhop. Malay., p. 46 (1882).
‘* FOREWING somewhat elongate and narrow, with the costa arched and slightly convex
at its apex, the afex rounded [sometimes slightly falcate]; outer margin nearly straight, or
very slightly waved inwardly about the middle ; zzver margin nearly straight [about equal in
length to the outer margin] ; costal mervure very strongly dilated at the base; first and second
subcostal nervules emitted before the end of the cell ; «per disco-cellular nervule very short,
directed a little outwardly at base, and then somewhat concavely in its greater length to apex ;
lower disco-cellular nearly straight, and very slightly directed either outwardly or inwardly.
HINDWING irregularly subovate, with the outer margin waved and produced into an obtuse angle
or tail near the first [third] median nervule ; nervules well separated at their origin ; disco-cellular
nervules about or almost subequal in length, the upper one concave, the lower one almost
straight. [HEAD wide] ; eves prominent and naked ; fa/fi clothed beneath with fine long semi-
erect hairs, somewhat separated and placed in tufts; aufenne slender, the apical portion
slightly and gradually thickened.” [Bopy slender]. (Distant, 1. c.)
236 NYMPHALID. SATYRIN. ERITES.
This is a very beautiful genus ; the wings are delicate and semi-transparent ; the forewing
has a large ocellus at the hinder angle, and four small ones above it, and the hindwing has a
complete submarginal row of ocelli, and both wings are crossed by two median fasciz, the
outer one much angled on the hindwing; the markings of the underside show through by
transparency on the upperside. The wings of the FEMALE are slightty broader than in the
male, the forelegs are long, slender, destitute of hairs ; of the MALE shorter, and very hairy.
The male has no sexual glands or tufts of hair.
Erites is an Indo-Malayan genus; only five species are known ; the type Z. medura is
found in Java and Sumatra ; two species are found within our limits, one in Tenasserim and
the other in Cachar; the remaining two are found in Borneo and Labuan. The Indian
species both appear to be local and not common even where they occur.
Key to the Indian species of Erites.
A. Wings pale brown, forewing with a large black ocellus at the hinder angle.
a. The forewing not falcate; the large ocellus blind on upperside ; and with a large
bluish-silver pupil and wide well-defined ochreous iris on underside.
229. E. anGuvaris, Tenasserim.
&. The forewing somewhat falcate, the large ocellus with prominent pure white pupil
and narrow indistinct iris on both upper and undersides.
230. E. FALCIPENNIS, Cachar.
229. BHrites angularis, Moore. (PLATE XVI, Fic. 50?.)
E. angularis, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 825 ; id., Distant, Rhop. Malay., p. 46, pl. v, fig. 3
(1882), made.
Hasirat: Upper Tenasserim, Perak.
EXPANSE: 2°12 to 2°50 inches.
DESCRIPTION: ‘* MaLE: Wings longer than in 2. medura, Horsfield* (from Java) ; the
forewing being more produced at the apex and the Aimdwing posteriorly. UNDERSIDE similarly
marked, excepting that the yellow-bordered black spot on the forewing is more oval, and the
spots on the Aizdwing smaller, this wing also having the inner yellow band acutely angled in
the middle.”? (JZoore, 1. c.)
MALE: UPPERSIDE light brown. ovewing fuscescent towards the outer margin ; all the
markings of the underside showing through by transparency. Hzndwing with five black sub-
marginal spots, with or without small yellowish pupils, the fifth on the lower median inter-
space the largest, with distinct yellow iris and fuscous outer ring, the rest with the yellow iris
and fuscous ring decreasingly fainter ; three dark brown lines on the margin following its
contour and divided by yellow lines, prominent on the hindwing, obsolescent on the forewing.
UNDERSIDE pale brown, pearly on the hindwing. forewing undulated throughout with fuscous
strie, with two fuscous bands across the disc, the inner straight, the outer concave,
beyond which is a large oval black ocellus near the hinder angle, with large silvery-bluish eccen-
tric pupil, broad yellow iris, and narrow outer fuscous ring ; above which are fourjsmall faint
submarginal ocelli ; three dark lines on the outer margin divided by yellow lines. Hindwing
also undulated with fuscous striz ; with two yellow bands in continuation of the bands on the
forewing, both sharply angulated outwards at the middle ; the inner on both edges, and the
* Evites medura, Horsfield. Hapirat: Java. ExpaNsE: 2°45 inches. DvscripTion : UPPERSIDE pale
brown, much darker on the margins, the striz of the underside shewing through on the basal areas. Forewing
with a brown streak crossing the wing obliquely, and continued on to the hindwing, cutting the lower outer angle
of the cell in the forewing, and crossing the middle of the cell on the hindwing ; beyond this a much darker
brown sinuous streak across the disc, which is also continued on to the hindwing, where however it is ochreous
and highly angled, and defined with dark brown on both edges. A large round black ucellus near the hinder
angle, with a pale pupil, yellow iris and dark outer ring ; two small ocelli above, one on each side of the lower
discoidal nervule. ‘Three marginal black lines divided by yellow lines. Hindwing with four large submarginal
ocelli, with pale pupils and wide yellow irides, all touching. ‘Three marginal fine yellow lines. UND«RSIDB
paler, the fasciz on doth wings ochreous ; the subapical ocelli of the forewing more distinct and three in number,
the large lower ocellus more oval in shape than on the upperside. Hindwing with the submarginal ocelli
smaller and the irides less distinct. (Described from Horsfield’s figure in the Cat Lep, E I.C., pl. vy, figs, 8,
8a (1829). Hewitson records (Journ. Linn Soc. Lond., Zoology, vol. viii, p 145 (1865), a variety of E, medura
fcom Singapore and Sumatra, and another from Singapore and Sarawak,
NYMPHALID, SATYRINA. ERITES. 237
outer on its inner edge, defined with fuscous lines ; five small perfect submarginal ocelli, the
second and fifth larger, the third fourth and fifth on a clouded ferruginous ground ; the margin
as in the forewing, but the lines more prominent. FEMALE: UppeErsIDE as in the male, but
on the forewing the large blackish spot at the hinder angle is much more prominent ; and on
the Aindwing the ocelli are all larger and without pupils, but with the yellow iris wide and
prominent in all ; the outer band is also distinctly outwardly margined with yellow. UNDER-
SIDE precisely as in the male, but the bands on the forewing are often distinctly yellowish with
fuscous margins.
£. angularis has as yet only been found in Tenasserim and in the Malay peninsula. It was
originally taken by Limborg on the Taoo plateau at from 3,000 to 5,000 feet elevation :
Captain C. T. Bingham took it in the Meplay valley in January, and in the Thoungyeen forests
in March ; and Captain C. H. E. Adamson took numerous specimens in the neighbourhood
of Moulmein early in October ; these latter were much worn and frayed and probably had been
on the wing since early in September,
A female taken in the Thoungyeen forests in March differs from our other female speci-
mens in the ocellus on the upperside of the forewing being very nearly round, not oval, with
a distinct yellow iris of equal width throughout ; the outer fascia of the hindwing much
broader and very distinct ; four large black spots beyond twice the size of those in the other
specimens, the yellow irides prominent and touching. On the underside of the Aimdwing the
two discal fasciz have almost disappeared, and the five submarginal ocelli are very minute,
This specimen differs only in the following particulars from Horsfield’s figure of Z. medura :
The outer margin of the forewing is not quite so evenly rounded, being in fact slightly
concave ; the large ocellus is not quite so large as in Z. medura, and the iris is less wide. On
the underside the apical ocelli on the forewing are smaller, and on the hindwing the ocelli are
minute, and the fasciz are obsolete. This specimen, however, is much nearer Z. medurva than
£. angularis.
Mr. W. L. Distant in his Rhopalocera Malayana records the following note: ‘‘ This
~ species is very distinct, differing from the other three species—[Z. medura, Java ; Z. elegans,
Borneo; and £. argentina, Labuan]—by the more apically produced forewing, and by the
inner fascia of the Aizdwing being acutely dentate at its middle; it also structurally differs
in having the lower disco-cellular nervule of the forewing slightly directed inwardly.” This
latter character is not apparent in our Tenasserim specimens, and the two former characters
it has in common with the more recently discovered Z. /alcipennis.
The figure is taken from a female specimen in Major Marshall’s collection, taken by
Captain C. T. Bingham in the Meplay valley ; and shows the upper and undersides,
230. Erites falcipennis, W.-M. and de N.
HapitTaT: Cachar.
EXPANSE: 2'1 and 2°3 inches.
DESCRIPTION : MALE : Nearest allied to Z. angularis, Moore, but differs from that species
in the colouration of the upperside being dark fuliginous throughout, in the forewing being dis-
tinctly falcate, the ocellus round and prominently white-pupilled, with a very narrow pale iris.
Hindwing with the outer fascia and series of blind ocelli hardly defined with ochreous, the
outer margin less waved, especially at the third median nervule, where in Z. angularis
the wing is produced into a short tail ; the marginal lines obsolete. UNDERSIDE: All the
markings duller and less ochreous. orewig with a small round central pure white pupil to
the posterior ocellus, not large, silvery and eccentric asin &. angularis; the iris narrow. On
the Aindwing the ocelli are small, the two discal fasciz wider and a deeper ochreous ; the
strie on both wings shorter and more thickly disposed, forming on the 4indwing a sub-
marginal purplish band.
Mr. Wood-Mason tcok one male in the forests near Silcuri on 6th August, and another
male on Nemotha at 3,300 feet elevation on 25th September,
238 NYMPHALID. SATYRIN. CENEIS.
Genus 23.—CENEBIS, Hiibner. (PLATE XV.)
Cneis, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett., p. 58 (1816) ; Chéonobas, Boisduval, Lép. Amer. Sept., p. 214 (1833) 3
id., Westwood, Gen. D. L., vol. ii, p. 38x (1851) ; id., Méschler, Wien. Ent. Monatsch., vol. vii, pp. 169, 20%
(1863), Monograph.
« Bopy very hairy; wings but moderately clothed with scales, of a dull brownish buff, or
dirty fulvous colour ; the hindwing beneath much freckled. Heap very small, and very hairy,
Eyes prominent, naked, a/fi densely hairy in front, porrected obliquely, scarcely reaching
to the level of the top of the eyes, but porrected to the length of the head; terminal joint
small, slender-oval, hairy. Avfenne short, slender, gradually thickened from the middle
into a long but not thick club, obtuse at the tip, concave, finely carinated beneath. Zhorax
very hairy. Addomen small, slender, hairy. FoReWING elongate-triangular; the costal
margin scarcely arched ; apex rounded ; outer margin convex, entire, about two-thirds the length
of the costal; inner margin straight, not quite so long as the outer. MVewration as in Erebia,
except that, in consequence of the greater length and narrowness of the wing, the discoidal
cell is narrowed and elongated to some distance beyond the middle; the mdédd/e and lower
disco-cellular nervules (the wfper being obsolete), forming a nearly continuous, oblique,
slightly curved line. HtiNnDwrnG also elongated, so that it extends considerably beyond the
inner angle of the forewing; the costal margin nearly straight ; the outer margin rounded,
entire, or but slightly scalloped ; anal margin entire. Mewration as in Erebia, except that the
discoidal cell is elongated and narrow, extending considerably beyond the middle of the wing ;
the upper disco-cellular nervule is also much elongated, and the Jower one as long as the
space between the base of the third branch of the median nervure and the point of its junc-
tion with the lower disco-cellular. FORELEGS of the MALE very small and slender, densely
clothed to the tip with long loose hairs ; the femur about as long as the tibia, and the tarsus as
the tibia, Four hindlegs short ; femur rather thick, very hairy beneath ; tibia clothed all over
with long loose hairs ; tibial spurs long and acute; tarsi armed beneath and at the sides
with rows of spines. C/aws curved, long, simple, and very acute, Paronychia and pulviilus
small.”
‘“Zneis is distinguished from the other genera of Satyrine partly by the more elongate
form of the wings, and shorter inner margin of the fovewzzg, which occasions a deeper incision
between its hinder angle and the apex of the 4izdwing, partly by the wings being less densely
clothed with scales than ordinary, and partly by the pale, livid, or obscure colours of the
wings, and the imdwing marked with paler nervures beneath. Also by the very hairy con-
dition of the four hindlegs, and the greater elongation of the discotdal cell of both wings, and
of the wpper disco-cellular nervule of the hindwing.” (Westwood, \.c.)
The genus is a Palzearctic one extending into the Nearctic region. About twenty species
are known, chiefly from the Arctic regions, and from the high mountain ranges in the temper-
ate zone : only a single species occurs within our limits at great elevations in the Hima-
layas.
231. Cineis pumilus, Felder. (PLATE XV, Fic. 37 3).
Chionobas pumilus, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep., vol. iii, p. 490, n. 846, pl. Ixix, figs. 6,7 (1866),
male ; id., Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882, p. 404, pl. xxv, fig. 3.
HapiTaT: Ladak, Sikkim, Himalayas.
EXPANSE: I'9 inches.
DESCRIPTION: ‘* MALE: UPPERSIDE, both wings yellowish-brown, with a band beyond the
middle ochreous-yellow ; the cé/ia whitish spotted with fuscous. Forewing with the band edged
with fuscous, obsoletely submacular, furcate at apex ; in the Aindwing it isinwardly defined with
fuscescent and bisinuated. UNDERSIDE: Forewing much paler, hoary on the costal and apical
border and irrorated and striated with fuscous, a ferruginous-fuscous cellular streak [on the
disco-cellular nervules] ; the fascia as on the upperside but edged with ferruginous-fuscous, and
including a dot of the same colour between the discoidal nervules ; and fuscous irrorations before
the cilia. Aindwing pale fuscous, closely striated with dark fuscous, chiefly towards the base,
NYMPHALIDE, SATYRIN. EREBIA. 239
with hoary irrorations on the costal margin, the apex and inner margin more or less prominent ;
the nervules, especially the lower ones, hoary-whitish ; an abbreviated dark chestnut-fuscous
basal streak inwardly broadly defined with ochraceous, and the fascia as on the upperside, but
much paler, edged with deep chestnut-fuscous especially inwardly, outwardly variegated with
fuscous.”” (Felder, 1.c.)
G:. pumilus was originally taken by the late Dr. Stoliczka in Ladak on the Lanak pass at
about 15,500 feet elevation, at Trantse Sumdo, and at Pangchog, and has never been taken
since so far as we know, till quite recently Mr. H. J. Elwes received ten specimens through a
native collector in Sikkim which were taken on the borders of Thibet, and probably at a great
elevation. The Sikkim race is figured by Mr. Elwes (1. c.), who remarks that the ‘‘specimens
agree very fairly with Felder’s plate, but the markings are more distinct and well defined,
especially the outer edge of the band on the hindwing ; they are also darker in colour and
less yellow in tint.”
The figure of the Sikkim race differs considerably from Felder’s figure. In the latter, the
band on the upperside of the forewing is very broad and continuous, leaving a narrow
margin beyond of yellowish brown, which almost disappears at the inner angle ; whereas in
the figure of the Sikkim race the band is very narrow, distinctly macular, each spot being more
or less completely circled with fuscous on both upper and undersides, and the band is well
removed from the margin ; also on the underside of the hindwing the basal streak is altogether
lost in the dark ground-colour. Mr. Elwes’ figure represents the markings almost exactly as
in Audocera brahminus ; the band is identical in formation, and the bifurcated apical portion in-
cludes a small dark spot with pale pupil,—in fact it resembles exactly a very small specimen
of A. drahminus strongly tinted with yellow throughout. Felder’s figure on the contrary
much resembles in general appearance a small Hifparchia, except that on the underside of the
hindwing the yellow fascia is in strong contrast with the grey-fuscous ground-colour, and the
fascia of the upperside has no trace of the black spots on it which are found in all the Indian
Hipparchias. It appears to us that the races are separable, and that the Sikkim race should
‘be separately named, but in the absence of specimens it is impossible to decide this.
The figure (which is copied from Felder’s figure in the Reise Novara) represents the up-
per and undersides of a male specimen.
Genus 24.—EREBIA, Dalman. (PLATE XV.)
Erebia, Dalman, Svensk. Handl., p. 58 (1816) ; id., Boisduval, Gen. Ind. Meth., p. 26 (t840) ; id., West-
wood, Gen. D. L., vol. ii, p. 376 (1851) ; Manzola, Schrank, afud Kirby.
‘*Bopy moderately robust, hairy. HEAD moderate-sized, clothed with very long hairs.
Eyes prominent, lateral, naked, the fore part differently coloured from the hinder part in dried
specimens. alfi porrected obliquely, the tips ascending higher than the level of the tops
of the eyes, and reaching further in front than the length of the head, very densely clothed
with long hairs, extending in front at right angles, and almost concealing the terminal joint,
which is slender, short, and villose. Av/enne not half the length of the forewing, slender,
the joints scarcely distinct ; terminated by an oval, rather short, but gradually formed
club, (which in some species is short, broad, and spoon-shaped), its basal portion hol-
lowed within, but its extremity curved outward and obtuse. Z/orax short, oval, very hairy.
Abdomen moderately short and slender. FOREWING triangularly ovate, entire, and convex along
the outer margin; the costal margin but slightly arched; apex rounded ; outer margin about
three-fourths of the length of the costal; hinder angle rounded ; inner margin scarcely as
long as the outer, nearly straight. Costal mervure extending rather beyond the middle of the
costa, slightly swollen at the base, or not thicker than the rest. Swdcostal nervure slender, its
first and second branches arising before the anterior extremity of the discoidal cell, the third
and fourth branches free, arising at a greater or less distance apart, beyond the cell ; upfer
disco-cellular generally obliterated ; middle disco-cellular shorter than the outer one, but rather
variable in its direction ; Jower disco-cellular considerably longer, nearly straight, but oblique,
its extremity being directed towards the outer margin, closing the discoidal cell almost trans-
versely nearly at the middle of the wing, uniting with the third branch of the median nervure
at a shorter distance from its base than exists between the first and second branches ; the third
32
240 NYMPHALID#. SATYRIN. EREBIA.
branch being angulated at the place of junction, beyond which it is nearly straight ; the median
and suémedian nervures not dilated at the base. HINDWING suboval, entire along the anal
margin [it is slightly incised in the Indian species] ; the outer margin also entire, or but
slightly scalloped ; beneath often marked with dark freckles, with a broader dark subcentral
fascia. Swbcostal nervure arising nearer the body than the preecostal, its branch arising at a
moderate distance from the base of the wing; the uper disco-cellular longer than the space
between its base and that of the branch, and sometimes rather arched ; the lower disco-cellular
considerably longer, straight, more oblique, uniting with the third branch of the median ner-
vure at a short distance from its base, closing the discoidal cell rather beyond the middle of
the wing. ForeLecs of the MALE extremely minute, concealed among the hairs of the breast,
very densely hairy ; the tarsus much shorter than the tibia, and very slender. Fore/egs of the
FEMALE much longer, scaly, slender ; the oatside of the tibia and tarsus with a few rather long
sete ; the tarsus nearly as long as the tibia, scaly, not very distinctly articulated, the extremity
armed with fine setze-like spines. vss hindlegs moderately long, slender, scaly ; femur clothed
within with long hairs; tibia armed with a few spines, those on the sides beneath forming
rows; tarsus nearly as long as the tibia, more thickly and irregularly spined ; claws simple;
pulvillé very minute.”
** LarVA rather robust, finely pubescent, longitudinally striated ; head small ; tail pointed,
bifid.” (Westzood, 1. c.)
Lrebia is distinguished from the preceding genera by having the wings much rounded in
outline, also the costal nervure alone is dilated at the base; and the outer margin is very
convex, entire, or scarcely perceptibly sinuate. The colour in the Indian species is velvety
blackish-brown on the upperside, with ferruginous or ochreous patches on the disc ; and on the
underside the hindwing is very thickly clothed with scales and short hairs, dark brown irrorated
with greyish throughout, and having a complete discal row of white spots. The structural
differences between it and the following genus Ca//erebia are very slight, but there isa well-
defined character in the markings so far as our Indian species are concerned ; in all the Indian
Erebias the ferruginous patches are more or less present, the apical ocellus of the forewing is
round, and has a single white pupil on the upperside, sometimes very prominent, (occasionally
two on the underside in Z. shad/ada), and the hindwing is without ocelli of any kind either
on upper or underside. In the Indian Cad/erebias the ferruginous patches are never present on
the upperside, though the ocelli have often ferruginous irides ; the apical ocellus of the forewing
is oval and bipupilled on both sides even when least prominent ; and the hindwing has almost
universally a subanal ocellus on the upperside, and one or more on the underside. The MALE
insects have no sexual patches or tufts of hair on the wing. Zrebia is a Palzarctic genus, of
which numerous species occur in Europe and Northern Asia, but only three species occur in
India, and these are only found within our limits in the Western Himalayas. In habits they
frequent forests and bare grassy slopes at from 6,000 to 14,000 feet elevation, and have a weak
flopping flight, with an irregular pitching action.
Eey to the Indian species of Erebia.
A. Upperside velvety brown, with ferruginous or ochreous discal patches ; the apical ocellus of the forewing
round, with a single pupil: no ocelli on the hindwing on upper or undersides.
a. The ferruginous patches of the upperside diffused.
a‘, The patches large and including the ocellus on the forewing; the ocellus
with distinct fulvous iris.
232. E.KALINDA, Western Himalayas.
4', The patches small on both wings and very dark ferruginous, well removed
from the ocellus on the forewing; the ocellus with the iris obsolete or
indistinct.
233. E.SHALLADA, Western Himalayas.
4. The patch of the forewing paler and ochreous, very large and well-defined ; no patch
on the hindwing.
234. E. mMAnz, Ladak,
NYMPHALID. SATYRIN. EREBIA, 241
232. Erebia kalinda, Moore.
&. kalinda, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1865, p. 501, n. 92, pl. xxx, fig. 5, female.
HABITAT: Western Himalayas.
EXPANSE: 1°85 to 21 inches.
DESCRIPTION : ‘‘ FEMALE: UPPERSIDE greenish velvety brown ; dot wings with a ferru-
ginous discal patch, that on the forewing being subapical. Forewing with an apical black spot»
having a white pupil and yellow iris. UNDERSIDE dull brown. Forewing as on upperside, but
the ferruginous colour extending anteriorly across the discoidal cell; hindwing with a sub-
marginal series of white dots; the ferruginous patch obsolete.” (AZoore,1.c.) ‘* The MALE
differs from the female in being somewhat smaller, the wings rather narrower, and the exterior
margin of the forewing less rounded. The ferruginous patch on the UPPERSIDE of the
hindwing is obsolete, or nearly so, in some specimens. The ci//a are long and alternately white
and brown (in both sexes).” (Zazg in epis.) It is also a much darker insect, the ground-
colour of the female being pale brown.
The type specimens were taken by Colonel A. M. Lang, R.E., who recorded the following
note: “‘Z. alinda is local, and I saw very few, at two places on the hill-sides below the Runang
and Werang passes, not at the summit of the pass, but some 2,000 feet lower down. It has a
weak low flight among the grass and flowers. The perfect insect appears in June and July at
12,000 to 13,000 feet altitude below the melting snow on the passes in Upper Kunawar.” Mr.
A. Graham Young has taken it in the Kulu valley in May; Mr. de Nicéville took numerous
males and one female at Ulwas in May, and Mr. Robert Ellisand Dr. Hutchison took numerous
specimens of both sexes in Pangi in June and July at altitudes of 9,000 feet and upwards,
Mr. A. G. Butler, in writing on Dr. Watts’ collection (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1880, p. 147),
notes that Z. fadéénda was taken ‘‘ in pine forests in the Ravi basin up to 12,000 feet.”
233. Erebia shallada, Lang. (PLaTe XV, Fic. 424).
E. shallada, Lang, Journ. A. S. B., vol. xlix, pt. ii, p. 247 (1880).
HasiTaT: Western Himalayas,
EXPANSE: 2'0 to 23 inches.
DESCRIPTION: MALE: UPPERSIDE, 40th wings uniform dark velvety brown, with a
small diffused dark ferruginous patch within the middle of the exterior margin, and placed be-
tween the third and first median nervules in the forewing, but reaching the discoidal nervulein
the hindwing. C7léa whitish, marked with brown at the ends of the nervules. Fvrewie with a
subapical black ocellus having one prominent white pupil, and usually with no iris. UNDER-
SIDE: Forewing dark ferruginous with brown margins, greyish at apex, the subapical ocellus
larger than on the upperside, black, with one, sometimes two, pupils, one central, the other
when present below it and much smaller; and a narrow yellowish iris. Hindwing dark brown,
finely mottled with a lighter tint, with a submarginal row of eight white dots. The colour
and markings of the underside of the hindwing are almost identical in all the three Indian
species of EZrebéa, ‘* FEMALE more rounded in outline than the male, especially the exterior
margin of the forewing. UPPERSIDE as in the male, but the brown ground-colour paler, the
ferruginous patches lighter and more diffused, the subapical ocellus larger, more distinct, and
with two white pupils, one central, the other below it, and smaller. UNDERSIDE as in the
male. Forewing with the ocellus larger and brighter coloured. Hindwing with a narrow
sinuous transverse discal band of brighter brown.” (Zazzg in epis.)
E. shallada is commoner, and extends to lower elevations than Z. halinda ; it is rather
larger, and the male broader winged ; it is darker and less brightly coloured, and approaches
the Callerebias in appearance, especially in the darker more uniform tone, and in the occasional
presence of a second white pupil in the ocellus.
Colonel Lang notes that “it appears to be very local ; during three or four years collect-
ing in Kunawar I only twice met with it, taking only five specimens, once at 6,000, and again at
242 NYMPHALID. SATYRINA. EREBIA.
8,000 feet altitude, on grass-covered and rocky slopes above the Sutlej in June.’ Since then
Mr. de Nicéville has taken a large number at Ulwas in company with £. alinda in May ;
he also found it during that month exceedingly plentifully along all the roads in the station of
Dalhousie, and through the thick forest as far as Kujiar. Major C. H. T. Marshall found it
commonly at Kujiar near Dalhousie and at other places in the Chumba State in May ; and
Mr. A. Graham Young took it in Kulu in May and July.
The figure represents a male specimen, taken in Kulu by Mr. A. Graham Young, showing
both upper and undersides.
234. Erebia mani, de N. (PLATE XV, Fic, 43 2).
E. mani, de Nicéville, Journ. A. S. B., vol. xlix, pt. ii, p, 247 (1880.)
HasiTaT : Chung Pass and Lingti, Ladak.
EXPANSE : 2'0 to 2'I inches.
DESCRIPTION: MALE: UPPERSIDE, Joth wings dusky brown. Cilia gray at the
interspaces. Forewing with a somewhat square bright ochreous patch, bounded inwardly
above by the disco-cellular nervules, below which it extends in an almost straight line to
below the first median nervule, where it becomes merged into the ground-colour ;
outwardly it almost follows the curve of the wing, but the ground-colour beyond is slightly
wider at the apex; anteriorly it is bounded by the subcostal nervure. It bears a large
round black spot, with an iris of a slightly lighter colour than the ground, and a minute
white pupil. Aindwing immaculate. UNDERSIDE : Forewing with the discal patch more
diffused, extending into the cell, and thickly irrorated with deep ferruginous scales, especially
that portion in and just beyond and below the cell. The iris of the black spot is wider and
lighter than above. The apex and outer half of the costa thickly irrorated with grey scales,
as is also the Aindwing throughout, which also bears a submarginal series of seven or eight
small white dots. FEMALE with both the ground-colour everywhere, and the discal patch on
the forewing slightly lighter ; the grey portions of the cz/ia more prominent.
Mr. de Nicéville took six males and two females on the Chung Pass, on July roth,
and one female at Lingti on the 16th, all at high elevations.
Of the species of Zreéza occurring in Central and Western Asia beyond our limits,
E. maracandica,* Erschoff, is the only one which approaches the Indian group. This species
is closely allied to Z. Aalinda, but appears to differ in having the ocellus on the forewing
on both sides very much smaller, and the underside much more uniform in colouration, the
hindwing lacking the greyish irrorations, and the /orewimg the dark ferruginons patch
which covers almost the whole wing in Z. alinda.
Erebia turanica, Erschoff, is figured by Serge Alphéraky, (Hor. Soc. Ent. Ross., vol.
xvi, p. 413, pl. xv, fig. 22 (1881), and is of very different aspect. It is a dark brown insect
of uniform colouration on both sides ; the UPPERSIDE with a discal row of three yellow spots
on the forewing, the first just beyond the cell large and divided by the lower discoidal nervule,
the other two smaller, one on each median interspace ; and on the Azmdwing a submarginal
row of five smaller yellow spots, one on each interspace from the apex. The UNDERSIDE
is similar, but it has in addition on the 4zvdwing a prominent pure white discal band out-
wardly dentate, inwardly even and macular towards the costa; also a small white spot near
the end of the cell, and another below it. It is said to be very common everywhere between
3,000 and 10,000 feet altitude during the summer in the Tian-chian mountains.
Erebia kalmuka, Alphéraky, is figured and described in the same work (p. 414, pl. xv, figs.
18 g, 19 ¢), and is again of a totally different aspect. DESCRIPTION : ‘‘ UPPERSIDE brown-
ish-fuscous. Forewing with the costa, apex, disco-cellular nervules, and outer margin, and
hindwing with outer margin, narrowly-irrorated with whitish (less densely in the female).
* E. maracandica, Erschoff. The male is described and figured in Erschoff’s Lepidoptera of Turkestan
p.17,n. 56, pl.i, fig. 13 (1874). Description: ‘‘Uppgrsip® fuscous. Forewing with a large outer patch
marked with a black ocellus witha white pupil. Aindwing with an outer patch, fulvous. UNDERSIDE, doth
rei etc) Forewing fulvescent at the base, Aindwing with a transverse outer series of whitish dots.”
(Erschoff, \.c.
NYMPHALID&. SATYRIN AE. CALLEREBIA, 243
UNDERSIDE of the MALE. Forewing chestnut, the costa, the outer margin, and the disco-cellu-
Jar nervules irrorated with silvery-whitish scales. //indwing powdered with greyish-silvery
throughout. Of the FEMALE the forewing is paler, the hindwing brownish-grey with whitish
nervules.” (4/phéaky, 1. c.) Found from 9,000 feet elevation up to the limit where vege-
tation ceases in the mountains near Kuldja.
£Lrebia sibo, Alphéraky, is also figured and described in the same work (p. 416, pl. xv, figs.
20 g, 219). It is found in the same mountains, and somewhat resembles Z£. halmuka
in Eee ae te being totally devoid of ocelli or white dots of any sort on either wing
on either surface, but is rarer and more local. DescripTIoN : ‘* Wings i .
MALE much larger, the wings more ample. FEMALE with the Eres ee
SIDE fuscous, between the nervules chestnut towards the outer margin. UNDERSIDE of the
MALE. Forewing chestnut, with black nervules. Hindzwing greyish-fuscous, with ashy nervules,
three undulate arched streaks fuscous, one subbasal, one median, and one before the margin,
of which the last two unite above the analangle. Of the FEMALE, very different from the
male. Forewing dilute brownish-grey, with a submarginal and a median series of dots, and
the basal dots, irregular, brown, [in the figure the basal area is darker, defined by a dark
lunulate median streak, beyond which is another lunulate dark submarginal streak]. Hindwing
brownish-ashy, the nervules paler, a broad median fuscescent fascia, everywhere irregularly
defined with fuscous, and a submarginal series of angulate marks brownish-fuscous.”
In a paper on the Lepidopterous fauna of Transcaucasia* Lederer notes the occurrence of
the following species of Zredza in the tract dealt with :—Z. tyndarus, Esper ; £. pronoé, Esper ;
EL. hewitsonti, Lederer ; £. ligea, Linnzus ; and Z£. afra, Fabricius; also of £. melancholica,
Herrich-Schaffer. Of the last we have no figure or description available ; the other five
belong to a different section of the genus which is numerously represented in Europe, and
in which the characteristic colouring is dark brown with an incomplete rather narrow
ferruginous band on each wing bearing a series of ocelli; of course the extent to which
these characters are present and developed varies greatly in the various species. It is very un-
likely that any Zredias of this section of the genus will be found to occur within our limits.
Genus 25.-CALLEREBIA, Butler. (PLaTE XV).
Callerebia, Butler, Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., third series, vol. xx, p. 217 (1867).
‘* Very similar to Zvedia ; differs in the form and markings of the wings, the anal angle
of the Aindwing being frequently produced and lobe-shaped ; also in the more slender
antennz less distinctly clavate, and in the more angulate palpi. Otherwise as in Zredia.”
(Butler, 1. c.)
Callerebia is apparently almost exclusively confined to the Himalayas and out-lying ranges ;
a single species occurs in the Khasi hills, and one species has been described from Moupin
in Thibet, all the rest occur in the Western Himalayas, some of them extending to the Eastern
Himalayas as far as Nepal. They affect lower elevations than the Zveéias do, and are conmon
in the outer ranges at 6,000 feet altitude; they differ in colour and markings from the
Erebias, as pointed out above ; and are sombre brown insects with weak pitching flight
and similar habits, but are more frequently found in shady places and among the under-
growth in forests ; they all have a bipupilled ocellus on both sides of the forewing, and
at least one subanal ocellus with a single pupil on the Aindwing, except occasionally in
C. scanda ; on the underside of the indwing also at least one of the submarginal dots, and
often several of them, are developed into ocelli, except occasionally in C, ortxa. Nine species
or varieties have been described ; all of them are more or less variable in their markings, and all
are closely allied to each other, many of them being very doubtfully distinct. The male insect
has no sexual patches or tufts of hair on the wings, and the sexes are but very slightly differ-
entiated in colour and markings ; the females chiefly differ in the somewhat broader and more
rounded outline and the slightly paler tone of colouration. When the specimens of this genus
are fresh and newly emerged from the chrysalis, they are beautifully glossed with deep blue in
some lights.
* Annales de la Soc, Ent, de Belgique, Tome xiii, p, 25 (1869-70),
244 NYMPHALID. SATYRIN . CALLEREBIA.
C. scanda is guite distinct, and so also is C. orixa, the only species found in the Khasi hills.
C. annada, C. hybrida and C. nirmala can typically be easily distinguished, but there are nu-
merous intermediate forms. Typical C. Ayérida can be distinguished from C. annada by the
shape of the wings, from typical C. irmada it may be known by the far greater prominence of
the discal and submarginal brown lines of the underside, and in having only two ocelli near the
anal angle. C. intermedia and C. cashapa only differ from C. irmad/a in the ocellation of the
hindwing, and as neither form is at all constant in this respect, and numerous intermediate
variations are found linking all three together, they seem to be inseparable as species. C.
daksha, the smallest of the group, is also closely allied to C. nirmala, but the uniform dark
brown colour of the underside and the prominence of the white spots render it sufficiently
distinct, though it also shows variations in ocellation.
Koy to the Indian species of Callerebia.
A. Upperside dark brown, with one (occasionally two to five, on Aindwing) ocellus on each wing, that
on the forewing bipupilled and oval ; no ferruginous patches on either wing.
a. Upperside with the margins of both wings broadly and distinctly paler ; underside uniform
brown; Azzdwing with the inner half only densely irrorated with pure white; two
prominent subanal ocelli and four white spots in a submarginal series ; but no trans-
verse dark lines.
235. C. scaNDA, Western Himalayas.
&. Upperside almost uniform brown.
a’. The ocellus of the forewing widely encircled with bright fulvous on upper and
undersides. The underside tinged throughout with fulvous ; Azadwing with
the white irrorations interrupted with numerous fulvous-brown undulated
strie ; the two subanal ocelli small and blind, or wanting ; the white spots
also wanting.
236. C, orixa, Khasi Hills.
$'. The ocelli all with narrow irides on the upperside.
a2, Underside brown ; hindwing with grey irrorations throughout, and crossed
by more or less distinct submarginal and median sinuate brown lines,
between which and on the inner margin the grey irrorations are denser,
sometimes also a subbasal line, the white spots often obsolete, the
two subanal ocelli prominent but often blind.
«, Forewing elongate, outer margin nearly straight.
237. C. ANNADA, Western Himalayas.
63, Forewing short, outer margin convex.
238. C, HyBRIDA, Western Hymalayas.
42, Underside greyish brown, the disc of the forewing maroon ; hindwing
with the grey irrorations very fine and indistinct, with little or no trace
of brown lines or undulations ; the ocelli round, the four white spots
present and irregularly developed into ocelli; often more than one
ocellus on the upperside of the hindwing.
239. C. NIRMALA, Western Himalayas.
C. intermedia, Western Himalayas.
C. cashap~a, Western Himalayas.
c?, Underside uniform dark brown, with no white irrorations ; hindwing with
the white spots prominent and irregularly developed into perfect ocelli.
240. C, DAKSHA, Western Himalayas.
235. Callerebia scanda, Kollar.
Evebia scanda, Kollar, in Hiigel’s Kaschmir, vol. iv., pt. ii, p. 452, pl. xvii, figs. 3, 4 (1844); Cadlerebia
scanda, Butler, Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., third series, vol, xx, p. 217, n. 1 (1867).
Hasitat: Western Himalayas.
EXPANSE : 2'0 to 2°3 inches.
DESCRIPTION : ‘‘ Wings entire, rounded. UPPERsIDE fuscous-black. Forewing with a
black ocellus near the apex on both sides, bordered with ferruginous, and with two white
pupils. Hzdwing with one ocellus near the anal angle on the upperside, and two on the
underside, pupilled with white, UNDERSIDE. Both wings paler, the hindwing irrorated with
white.”
NYMPHALIDA. SATY RINE. CALLEREBIA. 245
‘*The upperside is black-brown, a little lighter towards the anterior and exterior margins 3
the ocellus of the forewing is oblong. //indwing with a lighter marginal line. UNDERSIDE
with four white dots in an arched line above the ocelli.” (Xo//ar, 1. c.)
We have never seen the FEMALE of C. scanda. Kollar’s description of it is appended for
reference ; * but he seems to have described a female of C. annada by mistake. These Cadllere-
dias were at that time hardly known at all, and the specimens available for examination were
few in number : to judge from analogy the female of C. scanda will be found to differ but
little from the male in colour or style of markings.
C. scanda is avery distinct species and shows little variation. The chief distinguishing
features are—on the upperside the paling of the outer margins, and on the underside the
absence of the ferruginous tint on the disc of the forewing, the concentration of the white
irrorations on the inner half of the Aindwing, and the presence of the four submarginal
white dots above the ocelli. The only variation worth noticing is in the occasional dis-
appearance of the single ocellus on the upperside of the Azndwing. In shape it corresponds
with C. xirma/a, but it has the outer margin of the forewing more convex.
“This species appears in the height of the rainy season (July and August) about the
hedges and banks in lower Kunawar at 6,000 to 7,000 feet altitude. Good fresh specimens are
of a velvety black-brown on the upperside, and on the underside have the hindwing very
whitely salted, so that as they fly they look distinctly parti-coloured.” (Colonel A. M.
Lang, R.Z., in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1865, p. 501). C.scanda is common throughout the
outer ranges of the Western Himalayas, as far east as Mussoorie, and is probably found
in Kumaon, but we have no record of its occurrence further east. Our collections contain
only specimens from Pangi taken by Mr. Robert Ellis, from Simla and from Mussoorie.
236. Callerebia oriza, Moore.
C. orixa, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, p. 555+
HasiTatT: Khasi Hills, Munipur.
EXPANSE : 2'2 to 2°4 inches.
DESCRIPTION: ** MALE: UPPERSIDE dark chocolate velvety-brown, with an indistinct
narrow submarginal black line. Forewing with a large subapical ocellus, composed of a
round black spot, encircled by a broad bright ferruginous ring, and centred with two white
dots. Aindwine with a small similar ocellus near the anal angle. UNDERSIDE brighter brown,
Forewing mottled at the apex, the ocellus as above, with a posterior dusky border. Aindwing
with numerous greyish-white transverse short strigze, which are most numerous from the
abdominal margin and less frequent before and below the apex ; two very small contiguous
anal black spots encircled by a ferruginous ring, each without a central white dot.”
‘‘This species may be known from C. axnada by the ocellus on the forewing being
twice as large, much more prominent, and brighter-coloured.” (A/oore, LG5)
C. orixa is alsoa very distinct species, isolated in its geographical range from the rest
of the genus. The FEMALE is unknown, but it probably differs very slightly, if at all, from
the male. We have specimens taken by Mr. A. O. Hume in the eastern hills of Munipur
in May, and others taken by Dr. E. R. Johnson at Shillong in May and June, and at ‘Terria
Ghat below Shillong in the autumn.
237. Callercbia annada, Moore.t
Evrebia annada, Moore, Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. C., vol i, p. 226, n. 475 (1857) ; C. scanda,
var. 4, Butler, Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., third series, vol. xx, p. 217, pl. iv, fig. 8.
Hapirat : The Himalayas, from Kashmir to Bhutan.
EXPANSE : 2°4 to 2’8 inches.
ETE Se ee ee ee ree ee es Ee
* Callerebia scanda. ‘‘The FEMALE is somewhat larger, the Aéndwing perceptibly lobed at the anal angle ;
the white pupils of the ocelli absent on both sides, or very indistinct. Unprrstpe. Hindwing with the
white irrorations less distinct, the four white dots above the ocelli wanting.” (od/ar, |. c )
+ The figure (plate xv, fig. 44) which is named C annada on the plate, really represents C, hyérida,
the next species, which had not been discriminated when the plate was printed,
246 NYMPHALID#. SATYRINZ. CALLEREBIA.
DescriPTION : ‘Differs from Hrebia [Callerebia] scanda in being larger, and in having
the anal angle more falcated. On the UNDERSIDE, the forewing is of a bright ferruginous ;
the Aindwing is mottled with white nearly throughout, and from near the anal angle, below
the ocelli, extends a curved white line.” (JZvore, 1.c.)
C. annada is the largest species of the genus, and has the forewing most elongate, the
outer margin being oblique and almost straight, sometimes slightly concave ; it most nearly
approaches C. orixa both in outline and markings, and also geographically in its range.
The ferruginous tint of the UNDERSIDE of the forewing is very bright in specimens
from the Eastern Himalayas ; in those from the Western Himalayas it is much less pronounced,
except on a discal patch which includes the ocellus, and is outwardly more or less distinctly
margined with fuscous. On the Azndwing the white mottlings are not uniformly spread as in
C. scanda, but are distinctly grouped into undulated striz, as in C. orixa; and there usually
is no trace of the four submarginal white spots; the ‘‘curved white line’? mentioned above
is nebulous and composed of these same whitish irrorations. In typical specimens there are no
distinctly formed transverse dark lines, but at the places they should occupy the whitish irro-
rations are less dense, showing more of the ground-colour; in other specimens the lines are
distinctly formed, the submarginal one lunulate and ending before the ocelli, the median one
highly and irregularly sinuated, the subbasal one scarcely traceable in any. ‘The ocelli at the
anal angle are somewhat misshapen and placed obliquely, that at the anal angle being
nearest to the margin ; and both are almost always blind, though occasionally with small pupils
even in typical specimens. The FEMALE is rather larger and paler coloured, but does not
otherwise differ from the male.
C. annada is probably not uncommon, but we have few specimens in our collections.
Colonel A. M. Lang, R.E., took it in Lower Kunawar, and Mr. Hocking in the Kangra
District ; Major C. H. T. Marshall took it in the Chumba State in May ; and Mr. de Nicéville
at Simla; the type was taken in Bhutan. The Indian Museum has a specimen from Nepal,
and it probably is to be found in all the intermediate region, occurring in the rainy season.
238. Callerebia hybrida, Butler. (PLare XV, Fic. 44 6.*)
C. hybrida, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1880, p.147, n. 4; C. xada, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,
1881, p. 306.
Hapsitat : North-Western Himalayas.
EXPANSE: 6, 2°0 to 2°43; 9, 2°5 inches,
DEscripTion : “Dr. Watt obtained a series of a Cal/erebia exhibiting intermediate
forms between C. annada and C. nirmala. In the colouration of the UNDERSIDE of the
Sorewing they agree almost entirely with C. xirmala, but show the submarginal stripe strongly
as in C. annada ; on the hindwing they are coloured like C. aznada, but have rounded ocelli
varying in number from two to five. In expanse they are intermediate, and therefore cor-
respond with C. scanda in this respect.” (Butler, 1. c.)
From the above description C. hydrida would seem to be nearest allied to CG. nirmala, but
it is really most closely allied to C. annada. The original description of C. xada, which is
appended below for reference,t gives a far more accurate idea of this species than Mr. Butler’s
description of C. hybrida does ; we have never seen any specimen with more than two ocelli on
the hindwing that could be separated from C. xirma/a, and had not Mr. Moore recently admitted
(Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond:, 1882, p. 237), that his C. mada is identical with C. hybrida, we
should have retained this species under the name of C. xada, Moore, and placed C. hybrida,
Butler, as a variety of C. xirmadla.
* Erroneously named ©. annada on the plate.
7B t Callerebia nada, Moore HABITAT: Kunawur. ExPANSE: male, 2°00; female, 250 inches. DRSCRIPTION :
Mack and Fumae. Nearest to C. annada. Exterior margins of 40/4 wings more convex. Upprkstpk similar
the ocellus of the /orewing comparatively more rounded. UNnpkRSIDB similar ; forewing with the reddish
patch somewhat broader, and extending to below the lower median nervule ; Aindwing with less prominent gre
Strigz ; the transverse zig-zag brown line distinctly formed and more erect, rae
: ‘ y e disti the two subanal ocelli lar
white-pupilled ; above these there is an indistinct row of white spots.” (AZoore, |. c.) . [amet fue
NYMPHALID&, SATYRINE, CALLEREBIA, 247
Typical C. hybrida is readily distinguished from C. annada by the shape of the forewing,
and generally also by the markings of the hindwing, though these latter are variable and
show gradations between the two species. There is no discernible difference in the
shape of the ocellus of the forewing on the upperside (but the iris is less prominent), nor in
the extent of the reddish patch on the underside ; but on the UNDERSIDE of the hindwing
the whitish irrorations are less distinct and much less prominently grouped into undulated
striz ; the transverse lines are almost always distinct, and the median line is more regularly
sinuate and subparallel with the outer margin ; the white submarginal spots are almost
always present; the subanal ocelli are shaped and placed as in C, annada, but are almost
always distinctly pupilled with whitish. Two very remarkable specimens taken in Kulu by
Mr. A. Graham Young have the ocelli quite blind, and the markings altogether almost
exactly as in C. azzada, but the shape of the wings shows conclusively that they belong to
this species, C. Aydrida.
C. hybrida is very common in the Western Himalayas throughout the outer ranges at
moderate elevations from May to September ; we have no specimens from further east than
Mussoorie, but it probably extends to Kumaon even if not still further eastwards.
239. Callerebia nirmala, Moore.
Erebia nirmala, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1865, p. 501, n 91; Cudlerebia intermedia and C. cashapa,
Moore, id., 1882, p. 236; C. scanda, var. c, Butler, Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., third series, vol. xx, p. 217;
pl. iv, fig. 9 (1867).
Hasitat: Western Himalayas.
EXPANSE : 2’0 to 2°4 inches.
DESCRIPTION: ‘* MALE: UPPERSIDE uniform dark brown, Forewing with a subapical
* black ocellus, having two white pupils and a dark ferruginous iris. Hindwing with a similar
but single-pupilled ocellus near the anal angle. UNDERSIDE greyish brown, discal portion
of forewing maroon-brown, ocelli of doth wings as above, but with the irides yellow ; a white
dot below the ocellus of the forewing, and a discal series of four white dots anterior to the
ocellus of the Aizdwing. Cilia brown.”
“© Remark.—Allied to EZ. scanda, Kollar, but differs in having a somewhat more elongated
forewing. On the underside it may be distinguished by the absence of the numerous white
strise on the hindwing, and by there being a sémgle ocellus only near the anal angle.”
(Moore, 1. c.) The FEMALE is similar to the male, but a little larger and paler.
Var. intermedia, Moore. HasiTaT: Kangra district. EXPANSE: 6, 2'1; ?, 2°4 inches.
DESCRIPTION : ‘‘ Intermediate between C. xzrmala and C. cashafa. UPPERSIDE similar to
C. nirmala, with one ocellus only on each wing. UNDERSIDE with two lower ocelli, a
third ocellus between the third median and discoidal nervules, and two small apical spots
above.” (Zoore, 1. ¢).
Var. cashapa, Moore. HABITAT: Dharmsala, Mussoorie, Simla. EXPANSE: 2°0 to 2'2
inches. DeEscRIPTION: ** Allied to C. 2irmala. MALE and FEMALE comparatively larger in
size. UPPERSIDE similar, but the Aindwing having three well-formed ocelli, the one between the
discoidal and third median nervules sometimes absent. UNDERSIDE: /orewing less brightly
chestnut-coloured. Aindwing with a complete series of ocelli, one between each pair of
nervules ; some specimens with three anterior and two posterior ocelli; the upper one and
sometimes the lowest being minute.” (AZoore, 1. c).
Typical C. zirmala most nearly resembles C. hybrida on the upperside, being almost
uniform dark brown throughout, but the ocelli are smaller and the irides fainter still; it
is also as a rule a smaller insect. On the underside its aspect is very different, the forewing
is much more uniform in colour, and usually strongly tinged with maroon brown, the outer
zone of the ocellus very indistinct ; on the hindwing the greyish irrorations are very fine and
indistinct ; the transverse lines are indistinct or totally wanting, and the ocellus is quite
round, with a very distinct iris and outer ring. The variation in the ocelli is inadequately
represented in the varieties above described, as there are numerous gradations between each
22
92
248 NYMPHALID&. SATYRINA, ZIPCETES,
of these forms. The typical arrangement on the underside of the hindwing is one perfect
subanal ocellus, and three white submarginal dots from the costa. Next we find a second
subanal ocellus developed, and then a fourth white spot completing the series: and of this
series, with the single exception of the upper subanal ocellus on the lower median interspace,
which is constant, the whole of the spots vary at random ; sometimes one, sometimes another,
is totally absent, or on the other hand developed into a perfect ocellus ; the number of perfect
ocelli varies from one to six; where there are two only it is sometimes the third and fifths
sometimes the fifth and sixth; where there are three, it may be the third, fifth and sixth,
or the second, third, and fifth, and so on. There are also sometimes one, sometimes two,
ocelli below the subapical ocellus on the underside of the forewing. On the upperside
of the hindwing there is typically only a single ocellus corresponding to the constant fifth
of the underside ; often a second is developed corresponding with the third in series, sometimes
a third corresponding with the sixth, and occasionally, though rarely, the whole series of six
is developed. If there is more than one ocellus on the upperside there are usually (but not
always) at least four on the underside ; and wherever the series is complete on the underside,
more than one is almost invariably developed on the upperside.
C. nirmala in all its forms is very common at moderate elevations throughout the Western
Himalayas from May till September. It affects the undergrowth in glades in forests, and may
be seen on the wing even on damp and cloudy days,
240. Callerebia daksha, Moore.
C. daksha, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 266, pl. xliii, fig. 1.
HABITAT: Kashmir.
EXPANSE: 6, 1°75 to 2°15; 9, 1°87 inches.
DESCRIPTION: ‘‘ MALE and FEMALE: UPPERSIDE dark brown. Forewing with a
small subapical black-bipupilled ocellus. Hindwing with a smaller subanal black spot,
having a single white pupil, a white dot beyond it on the middle of the disc, some specimens
showing also an intermediate dot. UNDERSIDE slightly paler, but uniform brown. ore-
wing with a pale ferruginous ring encircling the subapical ocellus, beneath which is a minute
white dot. indwing with a pale ferruginous ring encircling the subanal black spot ; a
minute anal and a transverse discal series of five prominent white dots, which in some speci-
mens appear on a black spot with a ferruginous ring.”
**This is the smallest species of the genus yet described, and may be distinguished on
the upperside by the absence of the ferruginous ring round the ocellus, on the underside
by being of an uniform colour and without mottlings on the hindwing.” (Joore, 1. c.)
C. daksha is a comparatively rare insect, and appears to be local. The type specimens
were taken at Goolmurg, 9,000 to 10,000 feet altitude. Mr. de Nicéville took a single speci-
men at Gond also in Kashmir ; and Mrs. Bazett took a large number at Katabal near Gool-
murg, at 8,000 to 9,000 feet altitude in June; but we have no other records of its capture.
The development of the ocelli on the underside of the hindwing varies as in C. nirmala, but
the white spots are generally much more prominent. It is also variable in size.
Genus 26.—ZIPGETES, Hewitson. (PLatz XVII.*)
Zipatis, Hewitson, Ex. Butt., vol. iii, p. 100 (1863) ; Ziboetes or Zipetes, Wood-Mason, Journ. A. S. B.,
vol. 1, pt. ii, p. 86 (1881), zoZe.
*‘Bopy small, hairy. yes small, smooth. Antenne slender, short, slightly thicker
from the middle to the tip; the articulations short, easily seen. a/fi long, compressed,
thickly clothed with long hair; the last joint scarcely seen. FOREWING with the costal
margin arched, the apex rounded, the inner margin nearly straight. Costal nervure alone
swollen at the base, reaching the middle of the wing. Swbcostal nervure with four branches,
equi-distant ; two before the end of the discoidal cell. The discoidal cell half the length of
the wing, closed ; wpper disco-cellular nervule very short, the middle one half as long as the
es Es
* Zipa@TES, erroneously spelt ZIPAETIS on the plate,
NYMPHALID. SATYRIN &. ZIPCETES. 249
lower, slightly curved inwards ; the /ower one curved outwards, united to the third branch
of the median nervure (which joins at an angle) at a distance from its base. HINDWING
with the cosfa/ nervure joining the margin at the middle of the wing ; szdcostal nervure with
its first branch arising at its middle ; the discoidal cell closed obliquely ; the upper disco-cellular
nervule arising at a short distance below the first branch of the subcostal nervure ; the /ower
one twice its length, joining the third median nervule at a short distance from its base.”
( Hewitson, 1. c.)
Zipetes is very closely allied to Cal/erebia ; structurally indeed they are almost identical,
but in style of markings they differ considerably. In Zifetes there are no ocelli on the
upperside, but on the underside on the hindwing the ocelli are very large, irregular, and
enclosed in brilliant silvery bands. The male has no sexual patches or tufts on the wings,
and the sexes are similar in colour and style of markings.
Only two species of Zifates are known, both of them Indian—one from North-Eastern
India, and the other from the hills of South India. Neither of them appear to be very com-
mon,
Key to the species of Zipetes.
A. Upperside dark brown, with no ocelli ; uNDERSIDB, hindwing with the ocelli large irregular, and enclosed
by brilliant silvery bands.
a. Both wings witha broad transverse white band; the ocelli of the hindwing enclosed by
silvery bands in two groups.
241. Z. saiTis, South India.
6. Dark brown, paler at the margins, but no white bands; the ocelli of the hindwing enclosed
by silvery bands in a single group.
242. Z. scyLax, North-East India.
241. Zipestes saitis, Hewitson. (PLATE XVII, Fic. 58 2.)
Zifpetis saitis, Hewitson, Ex. Butt., vol. iii, p. 100, pl Ayfocista and Zipetis, fig. 6 (1863), male.
HapsiTaT: Hills of South-India.
EXPANSE: 6, 2°3 to 2°5; 9, 2°5 to 2°7 inches.
DESCRIPTION : ‘*‘ MALE: UPPERSIDE dark brown. Goth wings crossed beyond the middle
by a band of white. UNDERSIDE as above, except that the Aindwing is crossed by a band
of five ocelli [within the white band], with white pupils and rufous iris, bordered with silver ;
the first, fourth, and fifth small, the second large and with two pupils, the third half its size.”
(Hewitson, 1. c). The silver border encloses the first and second ocelli in one group, and the
third, fourth, and fifth in another. The FEMALE is paler in colouration, larger, the white bands
wider, and with the wings somewhat broader.
We have as yet only received Z. saztis from Mr. Harold Fergusson, who took it in
May and June at Mynall in the Ashamboo hills in Travancore at an altitude of 2,600 feet.
It is also found in the Nilgiris and the Wynaad, and probably in the other hill ranges in the
south of the Peninsula, but appears to be nowhere common.
The figure shows the upper and undersides of a female specimen from the Ashamboo
range in Travancore in Major Marshall’s collection.
242. Zipetes scylaz, Hewitson. (PLATE XVII, Fic. 62 2.)
Zipetis scylax, Hewitson, Ex. Butt., vol. iii, p. roo, pl. Hyfocista and Zipetis, fig. 7 (1863).
HasitaT: Naga hills, Sylhet, Sikkim.
EXPANSE : 2°3 to 2°4 inches.
DESCRIPTION : ‘‘ UPPERSIDE dark brown, paler towards the margins ; the outer margins
rufous, traversed by a submarginal black line. UNDERSIDE as above, except that there are two
submarginal lines of black ; that the forewing has a band of five small ocelli, the pupils blue,
the iris rufous ; and that the Aimdwing has a band of five ocelli, the pupils blue, the iris rufous ;
the first, fourth, and fifth small, the fourth oval with two pupils, the third large, all surrounded
by a common band of silver,” (Aewitson, 1. c). There is also a less brilliant silver band
250 NYMPHALID#, SATYRINZ. MELANITIS.
on the forewing on the inner side only of the series of ocelli. The FEMALE is similarly
coloured and marked, but larger, paler, and with broader wings ; the submarginal dark lines
are also both visible on the upperside in both sexes.
Z. scylax is rather a rare insect ; it was originally recorded from Sylhet, but has not
since been obtained from that district. Mr. Otto Moller has taken it at moderate elevations
in Sikkim, and Mr. de Nicéville met with it in the Great RKunjit valley in October, it will
probably be found to occur here and there in the lower ranges on the north-eastern frontier of
Bengal and Assam.
The figure shows the upper and undersides of a female specimen from the Great Runjit
valley, Sikkim, in the Indian Museum, Calcutta.
The remaining genera of this subfamily show an approach to Zlymmzias in the clothing
of the palpi, which are provided with a distinct tuft of hairs at the back of the middle joint,
where it lies against the face; they are all aberrant, in that the palpi in front are not clothed
with long porrect hairs, and in that the nervures of the forewing are not perceptibly dilated
at the base. In Afelanitis and Hifio there are no sexual marks on the wings of the male
insect ; but in both Cyl/ogenes and Parantirrhea, there are very remarkable sexual characters.
All of them are tropical or sub-tropical insects.
Genus 27.—MELANITIS, Fabricius. (PLATEs I and XIf).
Melanitis, Fabricius, Illiger’s Mag., vol. vi, p. 282 (1807); Cyd/o, Boisduval, Voy. Astrol., Lep., p. 140
(1832) ; id., Westwood, Gen D. L,, vol. ii, p. 360 (2851).
‘*Bopy small, weak; wings large; forewing emarginate along the outer margin ; hind-
wing angulated or tailed in the middle of the outer margin. Heap moderate-sized, hairy,
with a broad short tuft in front. yes prominent, naked. /a//z rather short, compressed,
broad, obliquely porrected upwards, the tip not reaching to the level of the top of the eyes ;
thickly clothed with short scaly hairs lying close together ; the back of the middle joint with
a thick tuft of hairs extending from the middle to the tip. Amtenne of variable length,
slender, terminated by a gradually formed elongate club, scarcely thicker than the rest of
the antenna. Zhorax rather short, compressed, elevated in its hinder portion. Addomen
small, or but moderately robust. FOREWING, ‘subtriangular ; costal margin [more or less]
strongly arched, apex rounded; outer margin [generally, not always] angulated or
rather dilated a little below the apex, below which it is emarginate; inner margin nearly
straight. None of the nervures dilated at the base ; costal nervure extending a little beyond
the middle of the costa ; seédcostal nervure with its branches as in Lethe; upper disco-cellular
nervule very short, oblique, arising near the middle of the wing ; middle disco-cellular equally
short, more transverse ; over disco-cellular long, much cur ved, the curve being towards the
base of the wing, the extremity directed outwards, and uniting with the third branch of the
median nervure at about the same distance from its base as exists between the origin of its
first and second branches, the third branch angulated at the point of junction with the lower
disco-cellular, beyond which it is nearly straight. HINDWING broadly subovate ; apex round-
ed; outer margin scalloped, strongly angulated, or tailed in the middle at the extremity of
the third branch of the median nervure. Szdcostal nervure nearly straight ; costal nervure
extending nearly to the apex; swdcostal nervure branching at a moderate distance from
the base (which is rather nearer the body than the preecostal nervule) ; «pfer disco-cellular
nervule short, curved ; Jower disco-cellular considerably longer, nearly straight, oblique,
uniting with the third branch of the median nervure at a short distance beyond its origin,
closing the discoidal cell in an acute point. FORELEGs very minute, clothed with short
hairs, not forming a brush ; the //déa nearly equal in length to the femur ; ¢arsus about two-
thirds of the length of the tibia. Forelegs of the FEMALE rather longer, scaly ; the femur
clothed with short hairs beneath ; tibia and tarsus of nearly equal thickness throughout ; the
latter obliquely truncate at the tip, with a few minute spines visible at or near the tip beneath,
indicating the articulations, JZiddle and hindlegs of moderate length, slender, scaly ; tibiz
with a very few very slender spines beneath ; tibial spurs small ; tarsus with the, articulations
NYMPHALIDA, SATYRIN 4, MELANITIS. 251
very distinct, armed beneath, and at the tips, with rather long fine spines ; c/aws curved, acute ;
armed beneath near the tip with a distinct acute tooth, nearly equal in size to the apical tooth
of the claw.”
‘« Larva long, somewhat pisciform, being narrowed behind the head, gradually thickening
to the middle of the body, and then gradually acuminated to the tail, which is terminated by
two long setose pointed horns ; head somewhat heart-shaped, the upper edge armed with two
erect obtuse setose horns. Pupa thick, simple ; head-case terminated in an obtuse point.”
( Westwood, 1, c.)
Key to the Indian specios of Melanitis.
A. Underside finely striated throughout, and with distinct black ocelli with white pupils.
a. Pale brown; the striation of the underside uniform, bold and distinct; the ocelli perfect and
prominent; the costa of forewing usually moderately arched ; the inner margin rather short.
Falcation of the forewing usually prominent ; outer margin sometimes straight or slightly
concave.
243. M. Epa, India, Ceylon, Burma, Malayana, China.
4. Dark brown; the striation of the underside irregular, and less distinct on the outer half; the
ocelli less prominent ; the costa of forewing strongly arched, increasing greatly the breadth
of the wing, and the inner margin comparatively longer. Outer margin of forewing entire or
only slightly falcated.
244. M. aswa, India, Ceylon, Burma.
M. tristis, India.
M. suyudana, Ceylon, Java.
B. Underside very variable but without distinct striation ; the ocelli wanting altogether, or where present
blurred or irrorated, and indistinct. Falcation of the forewing prominent.
a. With dull indistinct ferruginous marks on the forewing often entirely wanting; the upperside
always dark brown.
a\. Upperside very dark brown, ashy at the margins; a dull ferruginous streak from the
costa, always indistinct, often obsolete.
245. M. BEL4, India, Burma.
51. Upperside dusky olive-brown ; the apex suffused with dull ferruginous.
246. M.Tampra, Ceylon.
cl. Upperside with no trace of ferruginous markings.
a%, Upperside with two white spots on the forewing ; underside ashy tinged
with olive on the basal half; hindwing with a submarginal series
of paler spots.
247. M. varAHa, S, India.
22, Upperside with no white spots on the forewing; underside glossy olive-
brown, tinged or irrorated with ashy white on the basal two-
thirds; hindwing with a white dot near the anal angle, and another at
the end of the cell.
248. M. GoxKata, S. India.
8. With bright ferruginous markings on the upperside of the forewing towards the apex.
a). Upperside brown, scarcely irrorated with ashy at the outer margin; the ferruginous
mark incompletely encircling a blackish patch with two white spots, and not
reaching the costa.
249. M. 1sMENR, India, Ceylon, Burma, Andaman Isles, Malayana
5'. Upperside brighter brown (much darker in the males), more broadly irrorated with ashy
on the margin than in JZ. zsmene ; the ferruginous mark consisting of a streak from
the costa, and in the females extending round the black patch, and by suffusion to
the outer margin.
250. M. DuRYODANA, N. India, Orissa, Burma.
cl’. Upperside brighter brown (darker in the males), the marginal irrorations less pro-
minent; the ferruginous mark a broad diffused subapical band interrupted on its
inner edge by a blackish patch usually without white spots,
251. M, ZITBNIUS, India, Burma, Andaman Isles.
d', Upperside brown ; the ferruginous mark a broad subapical band as in M, 2tteninus, but
without the black patch interrupting it.
252, M, GNOPHODEs, India.
252 NYMPHALID#. SATYRINA, MELANITIS.
The most striking feature of the genus Afée/anitis is the extent to which the outer mar-
gin of the forewing is falcated or produced into a point below the tip of the lower discoidal
nervule ; this falcation varies much, being scarcely traceable in some specimens of JZ. leda and
aswa, but in most of the species it is very prominent. The extreme shortness of the middle dis-
co-cellular nervule of the forewing is another well-marked character, the two discoidal nervules
originating close together just below the subcostal nervule ; the nearest approach to this cha-
racter being in Rhaphicera.
The Butterflies of this genus are of dull colouration, and moderately large size ; the usual
colour is some shade of brown on the upperside, variegated in many species with black and
ferruginous towards the apex of the forewing, with one or two white spots ; the underside is
in some species extremely variable, showing every variety of autumnal tint, and in all cases
beautifully harmonising with the dead leaves among which the insects generally settle. They
shun the sunshine, and are found in shady forests or secluded spots in gardens, but always
under the shade of trees or bushes ; they are almost crepuscular in their habits, being active
on the wing only towards sunset. They feed on juices, and numbers may be found crowding
round slits in the bark of fruit trees when the sap exudes, and where date palms are found
they may often be observed in large numbers imbibing the juice of the trees when cut for toddy.
The genus Melanitis is widely distributed in the Indian region, one or two species being
found commonly almost everywhere ; in the hills they do not ascend to any great elevation,
and north of the Himalayas they are unknown, but a few species are found in Africa, and
others extend through the Malay Archipelago to Australia and China. The great variation shown
by these insects renders it difficult to define the species ; great differences of opinion on this
point have naturally resulted. Mr. Kirby includes the whole of the Indian species as varieties
of MW. /eda; but so far as we can see at present there are several quite distinct forms.
243. Molanitis leda, Linnzeus. (PLATE I).
Papilio leda, Linnzus, Syst. Nat., vol. i, pt. ii, p. 773, n. 151 (1767); id., Drury, Ex. Ins., vol. i, pl. xv,
figs. 5, 6 (1773); id., Cramer, Pap. Exot., vol. iii, pl. cxcvi, figs. C, D (1779) ; Oveas marmorata leda, Hiibner,
Samml. exot. Schmett., vol. i, pl. xci, figs. 14 (1806-1816); Melanitis leda, Fabricius, Ill. Mag., vol. vi, p. 282
(1807) ; id., Moore, Lep. Cey., vol. i, p. 15, pl. x, figs. 1, 14, male; 1a, female (1880) ; id., Distant, Rhop. Malay.,
P. 41, pl. iv, fig. 10 (1882), male; Hifio leda, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett., p. 56, n. 538 (1816); Satyrus leda,
Godart, Enc, Méth., vol. ix, p. 478, n. 4 (1819) ; Hifparchia leda, Horsfield, Cat. Lep. E. I. C., pl. viii, figs. 9,
larva; 9 a, pupa ; 9 b—h, structure of imago (1829) ; Cyllo /eda, Butler, Ann.and Mag. of Nat. Hist., third
series, vol. xix, p. 51 (1867); id., Hewitson, Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond., Zoology, vol. viii, p. 144 (1864).
HasiTaT: Throughout India, Burma, the Malay Peninsula, Ceylon, Andaman Isles, and
the Malay Archipelago to China.
EXPANSE : 2°5 to 3‘1 inches.
DESCRIPTION : MALE and FEMALE: UPPERSIDE uniform, somewhat pale brown. Forewing
with two rounded black spots, the lower the larger, confluent and placed midway between the
end of the cell and the outer margin, one on either side of the third median nervule. The
lower spot is centred with pure white, the upper one has a somewhat larger white spot on its
outer margin. The black spots are very obscurely more or less surrounded with ferruginous,
and there is a very diffused black patch between the upper one and the costa, and another
similar patch internal to it, extending into the end of the cell, these two patches being divided
by a very obscure ferruginous bar. Hindwing with a series of submarginal ocelli, varying in
number and distinctness coincident with the ocelli on the underside, black with white pupils
and ochreous irides. UNDERSIDE much paler, uniformly striated throughout with darker
brown. Forewing with from three to five submarginal ocelli, the one between the upper
median nervules always the largest and further removed from the margin. Himdwing with six
more or less distinct ocelli, the upper one the largest, the remainder gradually increasing to the
fifth which is nearly as large as the first, the sixth at the anal angle smaller, often bipupilled,
sometimes geminate ; all the ocelli on both wings black with white (sometimes irrorated
with blue) pupils, yellow irides, and dark brown outer ring.
Typically there are no fascize on the UNDERSIDE, but in some cases the striz coalesce
into dark bands from the costa of the forewing, the first reaching the outer angle, the second
continued as a discal band across both wings, and with other abbreviated and less distinct
NYMPHALID, SATYRINZ. MELANITIS, 253
bands between ; there is every gradation between the two extremes to be found wherever the
species exist, but the fascize are more highly developed in some specimens from Mhow in Cen-
tral India, taken by Colonel C, Swinhoe, than in any others that we have seen. On the
UPPERSIDE some specimens have distinct traces of ferruginous marks on the forewing showing
in this feature an approximation to AV. ismene, but in all these cases the markings of the
underside are quite sufficient to establish their identity with AZ. /eda.
M. leda is extremely common in many parts of the country, and has a very wide range ;
it is found throughout the plains of India from Travancore to the Punjab, and also in Ceylon,
Burma, the Andamans, Malayana and China. It is on the wing more or less throughout the
year but is perhaps most common in the autumn, Details of the structure of AZ /eda are
given on Plate I, copied from Horsfield’s plate.
Var. (a). UNDERSIDE with the fasciz and a distinct suffused marginal band ochreous or
ferruginous, the entire basal area also tinged with ochreous or ferruginous, the striation finer
and closer but equally uniform, the ocelli much smaller, and many of them often obsolete.
This variety has been found in Kulu in the N.-W. Himalayas, in Burma, at Poona in the
Deccan, and at Trevandrum in Travancore. It is distinctly intermediate between J/. /eda and
some varieties of 7. aswa, not only in the style of the fascize and marginal band, and in the
less distinct and prominent ocellation, but also in outline, for it has the costa more strongly
arched, and the forewing consequently broader than in J/7. /eda, but never so much so as
in JZ. aswa, and this and its paler colouration will always serve to distinguish it from
MW. aswa in any of its forms. It appears to be a fairly constant form.
The LARva of J, /eda, figured in Horsfield’s Cat. Lep. E. I. C., pl. viii, fig. 9 (1829)
is green, covered with short hairs, and has several longitudinal streaks of a deeper green.
According to Colonel Lang it feeds on Saccharum ravenna, The PUPA is figured on the
same plate (fig. 92) and is green with yellow markings.
244. Molanitis aswa, Moore.
Cyllo aswa, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc Lond., 1865, p. 769; C. tristis, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep., vol. iii, p.
464, n. 785 (1867); Melanitis suyudana, Moore, Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Lep. E.I C., vol. i, Pp. 224, n. 466
(1857).
HABITAT : India, Burma, Ceylon.
EXPANSE: 2'2 to 3'0 inches.
DESCRIPTION : ‘MALE: UPPERSIDE uniform dark brown, without spots or other markings,
UNDERSIDE brown, uniformly covered with short grey striz. Forewing with four or five
more or less defined apical ocelli, each composed of a black spot, white pupil, pale ferruginous
iris and dark brown outer circle, a marginal band ferruginous brown. Aindwing with a
transverse discal line and broad marginal band ferruginous brown ; a submarginal series of six
well-defined ocelli, each composed of a black spot, white pupil, ferruginous iris, and dark
brown outer circle.” (AZoore, 1. c.) The FEMALE is apparently unknown.
M. aswa may always be distinguished from J. /eda by the very dark brown colour of
the UPPERSIDE, and by the peculiar shape of the forewing, the inner margin being long, and
the costa highly convex, giving great breadth to the wing ; the outer margin is typically even
and straight, or but slightly convex, but in some specimens the falcation is as distinct as in
some of 17. /eda, and in many a trace of it is perceptible. Typically also both wings are un-
spotted, but in some cases the forewing has one or two, or even three, white spots ona
blackish ground, and there is a single white spot indistinctly ringed with blackish on the lower
median interspace of the hindwing, and sometimes two others, one on either side of the first
spot. The UNDERSIDE also is much darker; the fasciz are placed as in AZ. /eda, var. (a), but
are less distinct and more ferruginous in tone, and the striation is less uniform, being far
less distinct on the outer area.
It inhabits much the same range as the variety of 47. /eda referred to; we have specimens
from Kulu, Sikkim, Sibsagar, Shillong, Burma, the Wynaad and Travancore,
Var. tristis, Felder, (PLATE XII, Fic. 27, male). HaBiraT: North India (Felder); South
India, EXPANSE; 2-6 to 3-0 inches. DESCRIPTION : ‘‘ MALE; Upperside obscure fuscous, paler
254 NYMPHALID. SATYRIN:. MELANITIS.
at the margins. UNDERSIDE: Both wings obscure ferruginous-swarthy, densely and finely varie-
gated with white. Forewing with five minute ocelli, arranged as in C. eda [=M. leda]. Hind-
wing with an obsolete ferruginous discal streak, subangulate externally, with six ocelli much
smaller than in C. /eda. The form of the wings differs proportionally from all the examples of
C. feda from many localities now before us. The /ovewng is longer in the inner margin ; the
hindwing likewise is broader, but shorter within than in C. /eda.” (Felder, Reise Novara, Lep.,
vol. iii, p. 464, n. 785 (1867).
MW. tristis is clearly distinct from JZ. eda, but we are unable to find any character which
satisfactorily separates it from AZ. aswa, of which it appears to be merely a variety. The paler
margins of the upperside, and the extent to which the ferruginous bands of the underside are
developed show much variation in different specimens. The figure shows the upper and
undersides of a male specimen from the Wynaad, in the Indian Museum, Calcutta.
Var. suyudana, Moore. HABITAT: Java (AZoore), Ceylon. EXPANSE: 2°6 to 2°8 inches.
DESCRIPTION : ‘‘ UPPERSIDE deep dark brown, paler on the margins; a single whitish spot
near the apex of the forewing, and a minute dot on the Aindwing. UNDERSIDE deep mottled
ferruginous-brown, with indistinct darker usually transverse streaks ; a triangular space of
mottled greyish-white from the costal margin nearthe apex. éndwing with six small pale spots
centred with a white dot.” (AZoore, Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. C., vol. i, p. 224,
n, 460, 1857.)
We have two specimens from Ceylon which answer very closely to this description. In one
of them the upperside is immaculate, but the underside of both agree almost exactly. The
outer margin of the forewing is very slightly angled. Asa species it appears inseparable from
M. aswa, but the subapical triangular pale patch on the underside of the forewing is more
prominent than in any specimens of JZ, aswa we have seen. It is not included in Moore’s
“* Lepidoptera of Ceylon.”
245. Melanitis bela, Moore.
M. bela, Moore, Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. C., vol. i, p. 223, n 465 (1857).
HasiTaT: Eastern Himalayas, Assam, Tenasserim, South India.
EXPANSE : 2’9 to 3'3 inches.
DESCRIPTION : ‘‘UPPERSIDE deep dusky-brown. Forewing with a small indistinct ferruginous
streak, below which the space is blackish ; the two usual white spots. izdwing with one
minute white dot. UNDERSIDE deep mottled ferruginous-brown: triangular patch near the
apex of the forewing paler. Hindwing with six spots.” (AZoore, 1. c.) The FEMALE is slightly
paler than the male, and the wings broader, but it is identical in markings.
M. bela, as found in North-Eastern India, appears to be less variable than the other species
of Melanitis; the UPPERSIDE is very dark brown, the margins irrorated with ashy, most
broadly about the apex of the forewing ; the ferruginous streak from the costa is never very
distinct, and often scarcely discernible, the black patch is indistinct; the white spots are
almost invariably both present and prominent, the upper one the larger ; and there is almost
always a single submarginal white dot on the hindwing on the lower median interspace, and
sometimes another on the upper median interspace. On the UNDERSIDE too it is compara-
tively constant, sometimes the ferruginous tint, sometimes an ashy grey tint prevails, but
usually the basal half is somewhat darker than the rest ; and the ground-colour is variegated
by dark brown mottlings tending to coalesce in irregular patches, and with greyish mottlings
indistinctly grouped into transverse bars on the forewing; the ocelli are blurred and often
indistinct, and the addition of a few ochreous dots completes the resemblance to a dark and
withered leaf, The forewing is moderately falcate in all the specimens we have seen.
From South india we have a fairly typical specimen taken by Mr. G. Vidal at Khandalla
on the 4th April; and a very curious variety taken by Mr. Rhodes Morgan in the Wynaad
in which the ocelli of the underside on the forewing are placed on a series of diffused white
patches largest on either side of the upper median nervule, It also seems not unlikely from
NYMPHALID2, SATYRIN 4&, MELANITIS., 255
the descriptions that 47. varaka and MM. gokala are merely South Indian varieties of AZ. dela,
and from the figures that JZ. /amdra isa variety from Ceylon, but on these points we are
as yet unable to speak definitely.
M. dela is not uncommon in Sikkim, and at Sibsagar in Upper Assam. Captain C. H. E,
Adamson took it at Akyab in October, Captain C. T. Bingham took it in Tenasserim in
the Meplay Valley in January and February, and in the upper and lower Thoungyeen
forests in March, April and May; and Mr. Harold Fergusson has sent a single specimen
from Travancore.
246. Molanitis tambra, Moore.
M, tambra, Moore, Lep. Cey., p. 15, pl. ix, figs. 2, 24, male; 2a, female ; 2c, larva and pupa (1880),
HABITAT : Ceylon.
EXPANSE: 6, 2°53 $,2'75 inches.
DESCRIPTION: ‘‘MALE: UPPERSIDE dark dusky olive-brown. Forewing ferruginous-
brown at the apex, with a subapical small white spot (in some specimens an indistinct lower
spot), and an indistinct black contiguous spot. Aixdwing without markings. UNDERSIDE
dusky-ferruginous or purple-ferruginous, nervures speckled with pale ochreous, basal area
densely covered with dark purple-ferruginous strigze, forming three confluent irregular fascice
on the forewing, but more uniformly disposed on the’ hindwing, which has a narrow
discal fascia only. Forewing with a pale triangular costal space before the apex, and four
small ochreous brown-ringed spots, the penultimate spot with a contiguous inner white spot,
posterior margin broadly dull sap-browr. Hindwing witha pale ochreous space and a con-
tiguous dusky spot within end of the cell; disc transversely washed with greyish-purple, a
submarginal row of small ochreous brown-ringed spots. FEMALE: UPPERSIDE ferruginous
olive-brown. Forewing with a subapical dusky-black patch extending paler across end of the cell
to costal nervure, and suffusedly bordered externally and across the apex with paler ferruginous,
and centred with two white spots, the lowest spot small or obsolete. Hindwing with three
or four lower submarginal small white spots. UNDERSIDE ferruginous ; strigz, transverse
fascice, and outer border dark ferruginous, subapical spots on forewing and submarginal spots
on hindwing with double rings and whitish centre, the penultimate subapical spot with a con-
tiguous inner larger whitish spot. Body brown, Zegs ferruginous.”
‘Larva elongated, thickened in the middle ; head with two long pubescent red processes ;
last segment also with two processes ; green with longitudinal and transverse darker lines ;
face striped with red. Pupa green ; head and thorax flattened.” (AZvore, 1. c.)
‘‘Found in the western and central provinces of Ceylon. Plains and up to 3,000 feet,
June to September. Habits same as AV, eda.” ( Hutchison).
The figures given by Moore do not at all answer to his description quoted above. The
MALE is shown as having the UPPERSIDE dark brown, the margins irrorated with pale ashy
brown ; the forewing with the usual two white spots and a well-defined oval ochreous patch
on the costa, the hindwing unmarked ; the FEMALE is dark brown, slightly paler and mottled
with blackish on the margin; the forewing with a single indistinct white spot, the middle
of the costa suffused with ferruginous and mottled with blackish; the hindwing unmarked.
The UNDERSIDE is shown as uniform dark chestnut brown, slightly paler at the margins,
and with very indistinct darker stric; a single ferruginous brown discal streak on each
wing; the forewing with a single pure white spot, the hindwing with four submarginal
ochreous spots and two similar spots at the end of the cell; a few whitish scales along
the nervules at apex of forewing and abdominal half of hindwing. In the figures of the
upperside the outer margin of the forewing is falcated, in that of the underside it is straight
- and nearly even.
We have seen no specimens and can make nothing satisfactory of this species ; from the
description it appears to be allied to JZ. aswa, var. suyudana, which also occurs in Ceylon;
but from the figures it would seem to be merely a variety of AZ, bela,
34
256 NYMPHALID., SATYRIN#. MELANITIS.
247. Melanitis varaha, Moore.
M. varaha, Moore, Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. C., vol. i, p. 224, n. 467 (1857).
HABITAT: Canara, South India.
EXPANSE : 2°37 inches.
DESCRIPTION: ‘‘UPPERSIDE dusky-brown, ashy-brown along exterior margins ; subapical
patch indistinctly black, with two white spots. UNDERSIDE ashy, tinged with olive from the
base to the middle of wing: near apex of jorewing two small brown dots. Mindwing with
a submarginal row of indistinct paler spots.” (JZoore, 1. c.)
We are unable to identify this species ; nothing that we have in our collections answers
exactly to the description ; the shape of the forewing is not indicated ; the very small size is
only approached by some specimens of J/. aswa; but it seems to us that it is nearest to
M., bela, of which it may probably prove to be merely a small variety.
248. Melanitis gokala, Moore.
M. gokala, Moore, Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. C., p. 224, n. 468 (1857).
HABITAT: Canara, S. India,
EXPANSE : 3 inches.
DESCRIPTION: ‘‘ UPPERSIDE brown, suffused with ashy about the apex and exterior
margins ; an indistinct blackish subapical patch (without spots.) UNDERSIDE glossy olive-
brown, washed on the basal two-thirds with pulverulescent ashy-white; a small white dot
on lower disco-cellular nervule, and another near anal angle of hindwing.’ (Moore, |. c.)
This species also we are unable to identify ; the outline of the forewing is not indicated ;
it seems to be closely allied to AZ. dela, but the complete absence of the white spots of the
upperside, and of the submarginal series of the underside of the hindwing would, if constant,
suffice to distinguish it. In all the specimens of JZ. de/a that we have seen the anterior spot on
the upperside of the forewing is invariably present, and in almost all cases both are visible.
249. Melanitisismene, Cramer. (PLATE XII, Fic. 283.)
Papilio ismene, Cramer, Pap. Ex., vol. i, pl. xxvi, figs A, B (1775); P. meycena, idem, id., vol. iv, pl.
cecxci, fig. F; P. arcensia, idem, id., pl. cexcii, fig. C (1780); Melanitis ismene, Moore, Lep. Cey , vol. i, p. 14,
pl. x, figs. 2, 2a, male ; 2b, larva and pupa (1880); idem, id., Distant, Rhop. Malay., p. 42, n. 2, pl. iv, figs. 9,
12, male; 11, female (1882).
HasiTaT: Throughout India, Ceylon, Burma, Andaman Isles, and the Malay Peninsula
and Archipelago.
EXPANSE : 2°8 to 3'2 inches.
DESCRIPTION: MALE and FEMALE: UPPERSIDE uniform rather dark brown. ore-
wing with a large black spot pupilled with white, placed between the second and third median
nervules, with another somewhat elongated black spot in the interspace above it also with
a white spot, but placed upon or near to its exterior margin ; sometimes with a third indistinct
suffused spot below the second median nervule. These spots are inwardly and beneath,
below the second median nervule, bordered with bright ferruginous ; there is also a somewhat
square patch of this colour above the uppermost black spot. In some specimens there is a
suffused black patch merging into the dark ground-colour on either side of the subapical
squarish ferruginous patch. Aindwing usually with one or two submarginal black spots
with white centres near the anal angle ; these vary much in size, as also in number, and in
some specimens are entirely wanting. The costa near the apex of the forewing, and the
outer margin of both wings is in some specimens paler, thickly sprinkled with darker atoms,
showing in this respect an approach to AZ, duryodana, UNDERSIDE extremely variable. The
ground-colour in some specimens is very pale buff-brown, in others ferruginous, in some gray,
and again in others almost black, with innumerable shades between all these colours. In most
specimens there is a dark discal band common to both wings, with another similar band, but
straighter, across the forewing about midway between the first band and the apex. Many
NYMPHALID. SATYRIN. MELANITIS. 257
specimens are covered with irregular black or dark brown spots and blotches resembling fungi
on dead leaves ; some specimens have one or two white spots on the forewing, and a submar-
ginal series of six more or less perfect ocelli on the hindwing, these latter being more usually
represented merely by whitish spots, and are always more or less blurred. In all the speci-
mens we have seen the forewing is more or less falcate (sometimes almost truncate) at apex,
and caudate in the hindwing. The FEMALE is somewhat paler, and the ferruginous markings
are rather more diffused.
**Larva elongated, thickened in the middle, pubescent ; head large, surmounted by two
short pubescent red processes ; last segment also with two processes ; pale green with longi-
tudinal rows of whitish dots ; dorsal and lateral line darker green ; head bluish, face striped
with green and black. Feeds on Graminee. Pupa green, cylindrical; head and thorax
obliquely flattened.” (AZoore, 1, c.)
M. ismene appears to be everywhere the commonest species of the genus. The upperside
is very fairly constant in colouration throughout its range, some specimens, however,
having the ground-colour darker than others; but the underside varies strangely even in the
same locality ; in fact no two specimens can be found exactly alike, and in their markings and
tints they harmonise so completely with the autumnal colouration of decaying vegetation that
when settled amongst dead leaves and dried up grass it is almost impossible to see them.
Its range scarcely extends into the North-West Himalayas. Mr. C. J. Rodgers took it below
Dalhousie. In four years collecting in the neighbourhood of Simla Mr. de Nicéville only
took two specimens ata low elevation in November. The Indian Museum has a single
specimen from Mussoorie, and to the eastward it becomes increasingly commoner. Similarly
in the plains it is comparatively rare in the Punjab ; in the North-Western Provinces it is
much commoner, but throughout Bengal and Central and Peninsular India it is very common,
and we have specimens from Assam, Sylhet, Cachar, Burma, Ceylon, and the Andaman Isles.
The figure on PLATE XII shows the upper and undersides of a male specimen from Calcutta
in Major Marshall’s collection. An outline figure of this species is given on PLATE I,
250. Melanitis duryodana, Felder.
Cyilo duryodana, Felder, Reise Nov., Lep., vol. iii, p. 464, n. 786 (1867).
HasBitar: Sikkim, Cachar, Upper Assam, Khasi hills, Orissa, Burma and Upper
Tenasserim.
EXPANSE : 2'9 to 3'1 inches.
DESCRIPTION : ‘MALE: UPPERSIDE swarthy, obscurely variegated with swarthy and hoary
near the external margin (especially on the hindwing). /orewing with the subcostal area increas-
ingly deep fuscous, with an oblique yellow bar-shaped fasciole scaicely reaching beyond the
lower discoidal nervule to the hindward, and spreading over the apical third at the costa near the
cell ; immediately below that two wide black spots, defined externally with fulvous powdering,
the upper rather large, the lower much larger, minutely pupilled with ochraceous. Hindwing
with three hinder ochraceous dots, obscurely circled with fuscous. UNDERSIDE densely
variegated with ferruginous-brown, with ochraceous external dots. Forewing with three costal
fascioles, and the terminal area of the costa variegated with ochraceous. Hindwing with a
subangulate ferruginous discal streak, the costal border and a streak before the margin
ochraceous, variegated. FEMALE: UPPERSIDE paler than inthe male. Forewing with the
yellow fasciole much broader, paler. UNDERSIDE much paler, obsoletely variegated. H/ind-
wing with a blackish discal spot near the streak. Larger than C. éanksia, (Fabricius, an
African form of J. ismene]; all the wings longer, and more strongly angulated.” (Ze/der, 1. c.)
The Indian Museum, Calcutta, contains three males from Sibsagar, two from Khurda in
Orissa, and one from Kulu. They are easily distinguished from the other species in the
genus by their rich deep ferruginous brown uppersides, and in having a distinctly lighter outer
border to both wings, thickly powdered (especially in the hindwing) with darker atoms. The
straight, sharply inwardly defined ferruginous bar extending from the upper black spot almost
258 NYMPHALID&. SATYRINE. MELANITIS.
to the costa of the forewing, is also a marked feature in this species. There is also a single
male from Shillong in Major Marshall’s collection. The females are less easy to distinguish ;
they are as pale as JZ. ismene, but of a brighter brown, the forewing much more falcate ;
the ferruginous mark extends round the black patch and beyond it to the outer margin, which
is broadly suffused with ferruginous, but the distinctive feature is that this ferruginous mark
extends to, and is continued along the costa, which it never does in AZ. ismene, The UNDER-
SIDE of the male greatly resembles that of JZ. dela, to which it is closely allied; that of the
female is chiefly remarkable for the bright ochreous tint which prevails, and in both sexes
the colouration is comparatively constant. We have specimens of the female from Sikkim,
from Shillong taken in November, from Pegu, and from Tenasserim taken in May and
October.
251. Molanitis zitenius, Herbst. (PLATE XII, Fic. 29 ¢).
Papilio zitenius, Herbst, Naturs. Schmett., vol. viii, p. 5, pl. clxxxii, figs. 1, 2 (1796); Melenitis vamana,
Moore, Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. C, vol. i, p. 223, n. 463 (1857)
HapiraT: Eastern Himalayas, Godavari District, Orissa, Burma, Andaman Isles.
EXPANSE : 3'I to 3'8 inches.
DESCRIPTION: *‘ Differs from MMeélanitis banksia [an African form of JZ. zsmene] in being
larger, the subapical ferruginous patch on the forewing occupying a larger space ; the ceep black
patch extends to the costal nervure ; the upper white spots smaller, the lower being very
indistinct ; two white dots on the Aimdwing. UNDERSIDE marked as in some specimens of
MM. banksia.” (Moore, 1, ¢-)
This is the largest species of the genus, excluding JZ constantia, which has been generi-
cally separated under the name of //7fva, and is conspicuous from its ochreous tone of
colouration, and the large extent of the ferruginous markings near the apex of the forewing.
The white spots on the upperside of the forewing are very variable in size, and are sometimes
entirely obsolete. The MALE is rather darker than JZ, ismene, specimens from South India and
the Andamans being especially dark, and in these latter the ferruginous band is smaller and
better defined than in North Indian specimens, and without the white spots. In one specimen
the outer margin of the forewing is almost entire; in another the falcaticn is no more
prominent than in typical specimens of JZ. /eda. The band usually is interrupted by two black
marks, partially or entirely coalesced into a quadrate patch, and above this the band is
broadly defined at both edges by diffused black patches, the inner of which coalesces with
the quadrate patch on the band; the margins are scarcely paler, and only slightly irrorated
with ashy, On the UNDERSIDE it is somewhat variable, but not nearly so much so as
MM, ismene. The prevailing colour is generally grey, more or less variegated with ochreous
or fulvous, and irregularly mottled throughout with dark brown dots, here and there clustered
into patches ; the submarginal spots and the fascize usually very indistinct, though sometimes
prominent. The FEMALE is larger and paler, with the forewing highly falcate ; the outer margins
more broadly irrorated with grey and mottled with dusky; the ferruginous band wider and
extended narrowly along the costa ; it approaches very closely to the female of J/. duryodana,
but it is larger ; the white spots of the forewing are indistinct or altogether wanting, and the
ferruginous bar above the black patch extends much more obliquely to the costa, The UNDER-
SIDE is as in the male, but paler and generally much more ochreous or fulvous in tone, and
the dark mottlings much less profuse.
MM. zitenius is found in the Eastern Himalayas, and the Khasi hills, and through Burma to
Tenasserim, We also have specimens from the Upper Godavery taken by Mr. C. B. Morris in
September, and from Khurda in Orissa, taken by Mr. W. C. Taylor. In Tenasserim it was
taken by Captain C. T. Bingham in the Thoungyeen forests in April ; in the South Andamans
taken by Mr. F. A. de Roepstorff in August; and there are specimens from the Daffla hills
and from Sikkim and Yunan in the Indian Museun, Calcutta.
The figure shows the upper and undersides of a female from Sikkim, in the Indian Museum,
Calcutta,
NYMPHALID. SATYRIN#. HIPIO. 259
252, Molanitis gnophodes, Butler.
M. enophodes, Butler, Cat. Lep. B. M., Satyrzda, p. 5, pl. ii, fig. 1 (1868),
Hasirat : India.
EXPANSE : 3'2 to 3°3 inches.
DESCRIPTION: ‘* MALE and FEMALE: UPPERSIDE coloured as in Gnophodes (parmeno).
UNDERSIDE variegated, the colours as in phedima or banksia, The male of this species
resembles Gnophodes parmeno* on the upperside; the female has a brighter orange band, and
resembles the Natal form of the same insect. ” (Bziler, 1. c.)
Judging from Butler’s figure of 17. gnophodes the distinctive feature appears to be a fulvous
almost straight band across the forewing beyond the cell from the costa to the hinder angle,
bordered internally throughout its length, and externally near the costa, with dusky ; the
hindwing has two or three submarginal white spots near the anal angle. The forewing is
considerably falcated, the outline of the wings being similar to that of JZ. zzfenius, but it
seems to differ from that species not only by the absence of the two large black patches on
the forewing, which is an inconstant character, but also by the shape of the fulvous band,
which is narrower, more regular, and more produced toward the hinder angle than in
M, zitenius ; in M. gnophodes the outer edge of the band is directed from the costa to the tip
of the third median nervule, while in J7. zttenzus it is directed towards the tip of the falcation
above the third median nervule. In Mr. de Nicéville’s collection are four females of A/e/anitis
zitenius from Sikkim which agree fairly well with Butler’s figure of 4/7. gnophodes, in that the
two black spots on the forewing are obsolete in two specimens, very obscure in the other two.
The ground-colour of the upperside is also paler than in most examples of AZ, 2étenius, but
these specimens are clearly only varieties of that species, and they suggest a doubt as to
whether JZ. gnophodes is really distinct. At all events we have no specimens precisely agreeing
with Butler’s figure, and in the absence of specimens it must for the present be retained as
distinct.
Genus 28.—HIPIO, Hiibner.
Hipio, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett., p. 56 (1816).
The next species has been retained by Butler under the subgeneric name Higio of Hiibner,
and on his authority we adhere to the name, but we are unable to indicate any structural
features to distinguish it from JZe/anitis, The subgenus contains several species from
the Malayan Archipelago, but only a single one is recorded from India, and that appears to
be excessively rare ; we have never seen a specimen, and have doubts as to whether it really
occurs in India at all. Its principal feature is the yellow transverse band of the forewing ;
the nearest approach to which is in MM. gnofhodes; and its large size which considerably
exceeds that of any of the Indian J/elanitis, It has large distinct ocelli on the underside
of the hindwing as in JZ, /eda.
253. Hipio constantia, Cramer.
Papilio constantia, Cramer, Pap, Ex., vol. ii, pl. cxxxiii, figs, A, B (1777) ; Satyrus constantia, Godart, Enc.
Méth., vol. ix, p. 477, n. 1 (1819) ; CyZ/o constantia, Hewitson, Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond., Zoology, vol. viii, p, 143
(1864).
HABITAT: Darjiling and N. India (JZoore) ; Malayana.
EXPANSE : 4'I inches.
DESCRIPTION : FEMALE: UPPERSIDE deep rich brown. Forewing crossed beyond the cell
from the costa tothe inner angle by a broad band of ochreous, darker at the edges, and
bearing in the interspace above the third median nervule a triangular white spot, bordered
with black ; below which is a black ocellus, pupilled with white and with a rufousiris. The
outer dark area bears a single small round black spot above the lower discoidal nervule.
Hindwing with a black submarginal line and three black spots near the anal angle, the two
* A south and west African species,
260 NYMPHALID, SATYRINA, CYLLOGENES.
outer ones pupilled with white. UNDERSIDE paler brown, thickly striated throughout with
deeper brown. oth wings witha common dark brown subbasal fascia commencing at the
subcostal nervure of the forewing, and ending at the median nervure of the hindwing: also
with another wider and more prominent deep brown fascia commencing at the costa of the
forewing, cutting the cell just beyond its middie, and crossing the hindwing beyond the
cell in an inwardly curved line, and ending at the abdominal margin. This fascia is faintly
bordered with pale brown outwardly on the forewing, more broadly and with a paler shade
of the same colour on the hindwing. The outer margin of both wings of a deeper brown
than the ground-colour, this border terminating on the hindwing at the tail, from thence to
the anal angle the margin is but little deeper than the ground. Forewing crossed by a straight,
transverse, outwardly sharply defined deep brown fascia, commencing at the costa, crossing
the wing just beyond the cell,and not reaching the inner angle. This fascia is outwardly
bordered with a band of pale brown. A submarginal series of three spots, the lowest in the.
interspace above the third median nervule somewhat large and white ; the one above it black,
pupilled with white and with a yellow iris; the third in the next interspace very small and
white. Hindzwing with a submarginal series of seven oval black ocelli, pupilled with white,
and with yellow irides ; the first the largest, the fourth and fifth also large and nearly equal in
size, the sixth and seventh geminated, (Described from Cramer’s plate).
** MALE: UPPERSIDE differs from the female only in having the transverse band more
rufous and nearer the apex, the UNDERSIDE darker, with the ocelli of the Aizdwing much larger
and more distinct.” (ewiétson, 1. c.)
The next species was originally described as a A%elanitis, but was subsequently separated
by Mr. Butler on the grounds stated below. The differences appear to be sufficiently marked
to warrant generic separation.
Genus 29.-CYLLOGENES, Butler. (PLATE XIII).
Cyllozenes, Butler, Cat. Lep. B. M., Satyride, p 6 (1868).
“Differs from AZfe/anitis in the violet colouring of the UPPERSIDE; the concave form of the
disco-cellulars of the forewing ; the more wedge-shaped cell of the Aédwing ; and in the presence
of a large silky dark patch in tke forewing of the male.” (Bzéler, 1. c.)
Only a single species is known, which inhabits Sikkim; it has a short, curved, yellow
band near the apex of the forewing in both sexes.
254. Cyllogenes suradeva, Moore. (PLATE XIII, Fic. 304 9).
Melanitis suradeva, Moore, Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. C., vol. i, p. 225, n. 469 (1857).
HABITAT: Sikkim.
EXPANSE : 3 inches.
Description: ‘* MALE: UPPERSIDE deep vinaceous-brown, darkest at the apex, and
having in some lights a purple gloss. Foréweng with a large black patch in the middle; a
short narrow obliquely-curved yellow subapical streak. UNDERSIDE dull ochreous, suffused
with brown, and covered with short, narrow, undulating striae, as in Aelanetis leda ; a transverse
darker streak across the middle of 40¢# wings ; four small whitish submarginal spots on the /ore-:
wing, and two near the anal angle.” (Afoore, 1. c.) In the specimen in the Indian Museum,
Calcutta, the male has also on the UNDERSIDE a purplish-white cloudy discal band on d0¢h
wines beyond the darker streak. The FEMALE differs from the male in having the wings much
broader, the yellow band broader, reaching the costa and extending partially along it, and
it lacks the dark silky patch on the forewing ; on the UNDERSIDE it is paler, and lacks the
transverse purplish-white band.
C. suradeva appears to be a very rare insect. Colonel A. M. Lang, R.E., has five males
in his collection, all from Sikkim, and Mr. Otto Moller has taken a female specimen also in
Sikkim. The figure is taken from a male and a female from Sikkim in the Indian Museum,
Calcut ta, and shows the uppersides only.
NYMPHALID£. SATYRINA, PARANTIRRHGA. 261
The last genus of the Sa/yrin@ included by us in the Indian fauna contains but one species,
and is perhaps one of the most remarkable in the subfamily. Mr. Wood-Mason notes:
**No Asiatic genus of Satyrine presents us with any approach to the remarkable arrangement
of the two hindermost veins of the forewing ; but, in the South American genus Antirrhea,
we meet with identically the same arrangement, the first median nervule in A. archea and its
congeners running back to the inner angle, and the submedian nervure ending a considerable
distance short of that angle, though not nearly so far short of it as in the Indian form. I
propose the name farantirrhea in allusion to these remarkable points of resemblance. The
species of the subfamily Z/ymniine alone present the same disposition of the three anterior
nervules of the hindwing.”
Genus 30.—PARANTIRREGA, W.-M.
Parantirrhoea, Wood-Mason, Journ. A. S. B., vol. xlix, pt. ii, p. 248 (1880); Parantirrhea, id., Aun,
and Mag. of Nat. Hist., fifth series, vol. vii, p. 333 (1881).
A. Right forewing from the underside, natural size, to show the whole venation, and the inflected lobe of the
inner margin. B, Anterior portion of the same, much enlarged, to show the relations of the nervules to one
another: a, costal nervure ; 1, 2, 3, 4, terminations of the four branches of the subcostal nervure. C. Right
hindwing, from the underside, natural size.
“*MALE: FOREWING triangular ; costal margin moderately and regularly arched ; apex
acute ; outer margin almost straight, being only just perceptibly convex ; inner angle rounded 3
inner margin sinuous, being lobed at the base much asin the males of Clerome and mona,
genera of Morphine ; subcostal nervure four-branched, the first branch given off before, and
the second beyond, the end of the discoidal cell, the first, second, and third coalescing
successively and respectively with the costal nervure ; the first, and the second, and all three in
turn becoming free and running off at a tangent, like the costal nervure, to the anterior
margin, the fourth being perfectly free from its origin and running to the apical angle; Jower
disco-cellular nervule long, very slightly concave outwards, almost straight ; middle one not
quite half the length of the lower one, «Jer one rudimentary ; swémedian nervure sinuous,
short, terminating near the inner margin at about the level of the junction of the basal and
second fourth of the length of that margin, being, in fact, hardly more developed than is the
internal nervure of the Papzlionine as compared with that of many Heterocerous Lepidoptera;
the first median nervule directed straight outwards and backwards, out of its normal course,
to the inner angle, and supplying the place of the rudimentary submedian nervure. On turning
to the underside, it is seen that a narrow rounded lobe of the functional sutural area [ inner
margin ] about six times as long as it is broad, is folded back upon the under surface, to
which it is firmly adherent. This lobe occupies the middle two-fourths of the length of the inner
margin, and is thickly clothed on its surface and fringed at its free edge with firmly attached,
long, and somewhat raised modified scales, rendered conspicuous by their rich dark brown
colour and satiny lustre. The outline of this turned-up lobe is marked out on the upperside by a
curvilinear groove. HINDWING tailed, subquadrate, with four distinct margins, viz., a strongly
and irregularly arched costal margin, nearly straight external and hind margins, and an inner
262 NYMPHALID#. SATYRINZ. PARANTIRRHEA.
or abdominal margin, marked out by the obtuse-angled apex, the tail, and the well-rounded
anal angle ; with a black, oval, sexual mark, divided by the submedian nervure, near the
anal angle; cos¢a/ nervure short and straight, terminating before, and the first branch of the
subcostal which originates close to the base of its nervure ending beyond, the middle of the
length of the costal margin, the second branch being given off before the middle of the
discoidal cell, and extending into the apical angle ; the discoidal nervule in the same straight
or slightly curved line with the subcostal; the disco-cellu/ar nervule sinuous ; the third median
nervule produced to a conspicuous tail. Anterne fine and distinctly clubbed. FEMALE
unknown.” (Wood-Mason, |. c., in Journ. A. S. B.)
255. Parantirrheoa marshalli, W.-M.
P. marshalli, Wood-Mason, Journ A.S. B., vol. xlix, pt ii, p. 250 (1880) ; idem, id., Ann. and Mag. of
Nat. Hist,, fifth series, vol. vii, p. 335 (1881).
HABITAT: Trevandrum, Travancore.
EXPANSE: 2°4 inches.
DeEscRIPTION: ‘‘MALE: UPPERSIDE, doth wings dark fuscous, suffused with rich deep
violet. Forewing with an outwardly and forwardly arched, subcrescentic, pale violet or
mauve band, commencing beyond the middle of the wing at the costal nervure, terminat-
ing at the inner angle, and crossed obliquely by a series of three small white spots
disposed in a straight line parallel to the outer margin, and placed upon folds of as
many consecutive interspaces, the last being between the second and third median nervules.
Hindwing relatively longer tailed than in Jelanitis ismene, Cramer, with the membranous
parts of the divergent tail almost wholly formed by the produced wing-membrane of
the interspace between the second and third median nervules, a very narrow anterior
membranous edging only being contributed by the interspace next in front; and with
rather more than the basal two-thirds of its length in front of the discoidal nervule and sub-
costal nervure ochreous. UNDERSIDE, both wings ochreous, obscurely striated with a deeper
shade of the same colour, and marked with a submarginal series of inconspicuous brown
specks, the probable rudiments of ocellii The FEMALE will, in all probability, prove to
differ from the male not only in the absence of the sexual spot in the hindwing, but also in
having the inner margin of the forewing straight, and neither lobed at the base nor turned
up in the middle, and the first median nervule and the submedian nervure normally arranged and
developed, and directed respectively to the outer margin and to the inner angle after the
manner usual among butterflies.” (Wood-Mason, 1. c., in Journ. A. S. B.)
P. marshallihas as yet only been found in Travancore, where it was discovered by
Mr. H. S. Fergusson on the Ashamboo Hills in May.
The figure shews the upper and undersides of a male specimen from Trevandrum, South
India, in the Indian Museum, Calcutta.
SUBFAMILY III.—ELYMNIINZ, Herrich-Schiffer, (PLATE XVII).
Elymniina, Herrich-Schiffer, Prodr. Syst. Lep., pt. i, p. 15 (1864); Lurytelide, in part, Westwood,
Gen D. L., vol. ii, p. 403 (1851).
Bopy moderately robust. HEAD moderate-sized. Zyes naked, prominent. Avfenne
slender, with a slender gradually-formed indistinct club. /a/si elongate, porrect, clothed
beneath with short appressed hairy scales and perceptibly tufted above, the tuft lying against
the face and following the contour of the eye. WIuNGs large, weak, generally dentate, and
very seldom ocellated. FOREWING with the costal nervure always greatly swollen at the base.
Discoidal cell short and very broad; upper disco-cellular nervule very short, just beyond the
second subcostal nervule; the upper discoidal nervule originating close to the subcostal
nervure ; the middle disco-cellular much longer, inwardly oblique, the Jower disco-cellular consi-
derably the longest, highly concave, and closing the cell by junction with the median nervure
at the origin of its second branch. Swdmedian nervure undulate, extending to the hinder angle.
HINDWING, made with a glandular patch in the upper half of the cell, overlaid by two tufts of
erectile hairs laid along the atrophied trunk of the discoidal nervure in the middle of the cell ;
discoidal cell short, broad ; upper disco-cellular originating generally at some distance beyond
the first subcostal nervule, moderately long ; Jower disco-cellular considerably longer and unit-
ing with the median nervure at the origin of the second median nervule ; cos¢a/ nervure divided
at the base, forming a false preediscoidal cell ; abdominal margin slightly channelled to receive
the abdomen. FORELEGS small, those of the MALE more or less hairy, cylindrical, blunt
at tip; those of the FEMALE also small, cylindrical, and blunt at the tip, but longer and not
perceptibly hairy.
**LaRVA cylindrical, rather attenuated beforeand behind. Head armed with two erect
spines; abdomen terminated by two more elongated divergent spines. PUPA suspended
by the tail, with small tubercles along the back and sides ; the middle of the dorsum of the
thorax-case elevated into an obtuse point ; head terminated by two conical points.” (WVes¢-
wood, |. c., p. 404.)
The Zlymniine constitute a small group of Old World butterflies ranging from West
Africa to New Guinea, the head quarters of which are in the Malayan Archipelago. Westwood,
in the Genera of Diurnal Lepidoptera, grouped them with Zurytela, Ergolis, Byblia (= Hypanis)
(Nymphaline), and a few American genera, in a separate family under the name of Zurytelide,
at the same time remarking that he should prefer to rank it as a subfamily only. Mr. Kirby, in
his Synonymic Catalogue of the Diurnal Lepidoptera (1871), places it alone as a separate sub-
family between the Satyrine and the Morphine. Mr. Distant, in his Rhopalocera Malayana
(1882), includes it in the Satyrine with the following remark: ‘‘I have included this
genus in the Satyrinz, in which subfamily it possesses a somewhat unique position,
not only in general colouration and markings, but also by its neuration, the second
and third median nervules of the forewing having a common origin ;” and he adds that
Mr. Kirby has also recently included it among the Sa/yrine. In habits and weakness
of flight the Llymniine closely resemble the Satyrine. In the sexual patch and tuft of
the Aindwing of the male they shew an affinity to some Morphine, and also to Mycalesis.
In the dilation of the base of the costal nervure they also show affinity with the Sa¢yrize,
with at least one genus of the Morphine (Clerome), and with the genera Lury/cla,
35
264 NYMPHALID#, ELYMNIINZ. ELYMNIAS.
Ergolis and Byblia of the Nymphaline. In the clothing of the palpi they resemble J/elanitis,
which in this respect isan aberrant genus of Satyrine, but the short wide cell in both wings
closed at the origin of the second median nervule, the brilliant colouring which among the
Satyrine is only approached in Cedites, the almost universal absence of ocellation, the fre-
quency of an irregular dentate outline of the wings, and above all the highly mimetic
character of the species, make ita group by itself, and justify its retention as a separate
_ subfamily ; it appears to have little in common with the Morphine except in its habits, and
perhaps in the brilliant colours of the upperside.
The subfamily consisted, till comparatively recently, of a single genus—Z/ymnias, In 1860
Mr. A. R. Wallace, in a paper on Eastern Butterflies (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1869, p. 321)
wrote: ‘It is interesting to observe that the species from the Austro-Malayan islands
form a compact group, distinguished by a regular and somewhat rounded outline of wings,
and resembling in colouration some of the broad winged Zufleas, or the genus Drusilla
[a peculiar genus of Morphine which now stands under the name Zexavis, confined to the
Malayan archipelago]; while the species of India and the Indo-Malayan islands are almost
always characterised by a more irregular outline, waved, dentate, or even caudate, and generally
coloured like species of Danais, or the more elongate forms of Zuf/ea.” Following on this in
1871, Mr. A. G. Butler (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, p. 518) in a monograph of the sub-
family divided it into two genera, Elymnias and Dyctis, basing the division mainly on the
character of the neuration of the hindwing, and omitting the features of outline indicated by
Mr. Wallace, for though the genus Dyctis as defined, embraces all the Austro-Malayan species,
it also includes several of the Indian and Indo-Malayan species ; some of the latter being in-
distinguishable, so far as outline is concerned, from species which are retained as true Zlymmnias.
In a highly mimetic subfamily such as this, outline is a feature on which little reliance can
be placed as a generic character, and style of colouration is of little use even for the
determination of minor groups within a genus; even the style of neuration is not
always a safe guide, but as there is a well-marked difference in the shape of the
disco-cellular nervules of the hindwing to separate Dyctis from Elymnias, we retain them as
distinct.
The Zlymniine are forest-loving insects, with a weak flight, frequenting dense undergrowth
or bush jungle, and usually avoiding the open sunshine ; they are all tropical or sub-tropical
insects, and within our limits are only found in the region of heavy rainfall, in Ceylon, the
hills of South India and along the East Coast to Bengal ; thence they stretch westwards along
the warm valleys of the outer Himalayas as far east as Mussoorie, and eastwards through
Assam, Sylhet and Burma into the Malay peninsula.
Genus $1.-ELYMNIAS, Hiibner. (PLate XVII.)
Elymnias, Hibner, Verz. bek. Schmett., p. 37 (1816); Medanitis (part), Fabricius, Ill. Mag., vol. vi, p. 282
(1807); id, Westwood, Gen. D.L., vol. ii. p. 403 (1851); Bzbdis (part), Latreille, Enc. Méth., vol. ix, p.10
(1819) ; Elymnias (restricted), Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, p. 510.
CHARACTERS of the subfamily, but with the lower disco-cellular nervule of the Aindwing
highly concave from the origin of the discoidal nervule.
The butterflies of this genus vary much in outline, but with the single exception of
E. penanga all the Indian species have the outer margin of the forewing perceptibly dentate, the
hindwing is dentate in all, and in many of them strongly caudate. Z. penanga has three black
ocellular dots on the underside of the hindwing ; Z. odnudila has a complete submarginal
series of small ocellular spots, and Z. mimus has them largely developed ; in Z. wndularis
and some of its allies the only trace of the series is a silvery subcostal spot ; the magnified
pupil of an obsolete ocellus, and sometimes as many as four smaller spots, one in each
interspace, from the anal angle, but in no other Indian species of the restricted genus is there
any trace of ocellation whatever. Of the species which have blue markings on the upperside,
£. undularis and its allies are distinguished by having the outer margin of the hindwing ferrugi-
nous or fulvous, the blue markings being confined to a submarginal series of spots on the
forewing ; Z. fenanga has a large blue patch on both wings, with paler blue streaks in it on
NYMPHALID/, ELYMNIINA, ELYMNIAS. 265
the forewing only ; Z. saiieri and Z. leucocyma both have the large blue patch, with paler
blue spots on it on the forewing only, but the outline of the wings differs, and the underside is
quite distinct, being in Z. sadieri beautifully marbled throughout with shades of brown and
yellow and a little grey, while in Z. /eucocyma it is an uniform shade of brown, with numer-
ous yellowish or ochreous transverse strize.
Key to the Indian species of Elymnias.
A, Hindwing with the lower disco-cellular nervule highly concave.
@, Males with a patch of loosely attached scales* at the base of the interspace between the median
and submedian nervures on the upperside of the forewing. Hindwing with the upper disco-
cellular nervule suberect, or inwardly oblique, the outer margin dentate or slightly caudate.
a’. Male blackish-brown, with a submarginal series of blue spots on the upperside
of the forewing ; outer margin of hindwing broadly ferruginous. Female marked
somewhat as in Danais chrysippus or D. alcippus.
256. E. unpuLaris, North and East India, Burma.
257. E. TINCToRIA, Tenasserim. :
é!. Male with the blue spots on the upperside of the forewing obsolete ; the outer
margin of hindwing fulvous. Female similar to Z. undudaris.
258. E. FRATERNA, Ceylon.
Male and female dark brown, with a submarginal band of dull ferruginous on the
upperside of both wings. No blue spots on the forewing.
259. E. cortonis, South Andamans.
5. Males with no patch of loosely attached scales* at the base of the interspace between the median
and submedian nervures on the upperside of the forewing.
@', Hindwing with the upper disco-cellular nervule suberect.
a?, Hindwing almost entire, not caudate. Male, upperside purplish-brown, with
a large blue patch on both wings. Female bluish-brown, with a large
whitish patch on the forewing.
260. E. PENANGA, Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula.
er.
62, Hindwing distinctly caudate.
a, Male, upperside blackish-brown ; forewing with a series of white spots.
Female marked like Daxazs genutia.
261. E.caupbatTa, South India.
6%, Male and female, upperside brown, with a pale brown submerginal
band to both wings. Underside, hindwing with prominent ocelli.
262, E. mimus, Nicobars.
c*, Male and female, upperside fuscous, with a pale ferruginous band to
both wings. Underside, hindwing with the ocelli small,
263, E. opnusBiLaA, Tenasserim.
é°, Hindwing with the upper disco-cellular nervule obliquely directed outward.
a”. Outer margin very slightly dentate, almost entire, hindwing not caudate.
Male and female, upperside coloured and marked almost as in Luplea
midamus. Underside marked with pale ochreous strie, more prominent
in the female.
264. E..Lrucocyma, North-East India, Burma.
67. Outer margin dentate, hindwing slightly caudate. Upperside dark chestnut-
brown, forewing shot with violet, with a violet patch on the disc, and
pale violet discal spots. Underside thickly marbled with dark chocolate-
brown strige. Female unknown,
265. E. sAuert, Tenasserim.
c?, Outer margin more dentate. Forewing somewhat falcate, hindwing dis-
tinctly caudate. Upperside marked with pale greenish or yellowish
or bluish streaks between the nervules.
266. E. TIMANDRA, North-East India, Burma.
eee
.* These scales are precisely similar in form and structure to those of the rest of the wing, but they are
slightly larger and less densely packed, allowing the wing-membrane to show in tiny points and giving a slight
sheen to the patch in certain lights. They come off easily with a slight rub leaving the patch bare,
266 NYMPHALID. ELYMNIIN~A, ELYMNIAS.
E. timandra is quite distinct from every other Indian Z/ymmias, so far as its markings
are concerned, but in outline of the wings it is identical with D. Zeal (see next genus Dyctis).
Of those species without blue markings on the upperside, £. cawdata may be distinguished by
its submarginal series of white spots on the forewing, and Z. co¢tonzs by its less dentate and
caudate outline, and the complete absence of markings on the upperside and of ocelli on the
underside. Males of 2. undularis, E. fraterna and £. cottonis have a patch of scales on the
upperside of the forewing at the base of the interspace between the median and submedian
nervures, which are loosely attached to the wing membrane, and easily removed by a camel’s
hair paint brush. Mr. Butler pointed out this feature (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, p. 519),
calling it a ‘‘ patch of thickened scales,” but did not state in what species it occurred : it is
not a very conspicuous feature, nor is its morphological value clear, but so far as we know it is
confined to Z£. undularis and its allies, being much more marked in the typical species than
in the others.
The habits of the species of Zlymmnzas are as in the subfamily.
256. Elymnias undularis, Drury. (PLATE XVII, Fic. 59 ¢ 2).
Papilio undularis, Drury, Ill. Ex. Ent., vol. ii, pl. x, figs. 1, 2 (1773), male; id., Cramer, Pap. Ex.,
vol. iii, pl. eclvi, figs. A, B (1779), male ; Biblis undularis, Godart, Enc. Méth., vol. ix, p. 326, n. 2 (1819) ;
Melanitis undularis, Horsfield, Cat. Lep. E. I. C., pl. viii, figs. 8, Zarva ; 8a, pupa; 86—Sh, structure of imago
(1829) ; Elymnias undularis, Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1869, p. 322, n. 1; E. jyuzx, Hiibner, Ex-
Schmett., figs. 37, 38 (1818), male; Papilio protogenia, Cramer, Pap. Ex., vol. ii, pl. clxxxix, figs. F, G
(1777), female ; Biblis protogenia, Godart, Enc. Méth., vol. ix, p. 327, n. 5 (1819).
HasiTaT : North-Eastern and Central India, Burma, Java.
EXPANSE : 2°3 to 3°4 inches.
DescrIpTION: MALE: UPppeErRsIDE dark velvety blackish brown. forewing with
bluish irrorated striz along the costal margin, and a curved submarginal series of bluish
irrorated spots one on each interspace, elongate near the apex, rounded below the lower dis-
coidal nervule. /indwing with the outer margin broadly suffused with dark ferruginous. Cilia
short, whitish. UNDERSIDE brown, slightly paler on the outer half, especially on the hindwing,
and covered with coarse confluent chestnut-brown undulations ; some greyish-white irrorations
on the outer half of the costa of the forewing ; and others forming an indistinct and incomplete
submarginal nebulous band on the hindwing. A prominent whitish subcostal spot on the
hindwing.
This species is subject to considerable variation ; the typical form described above occurs
most frequently in North-East Bengal and Burma, but neither this nor any of the variations from
it in the male insect which occur in India, appear to be peculiar to any locality or range. On
the upperside the violet blue spots of the forewing vary in intensity, in some specimens those
near the apex are coalesced into a subapical band, while in others the spots are all separate and
distinct ; on the hindwing the outer border varies from dull dark furruginous to bright pale
ferruginous, sometimes quite unmarked, rarely divided by dark nervules, sometimes with a paler
spot on each interspace ; these spots are in some specimens very pale ferruginous, in others they
are irrorated with pure white, and in some the spot nearest the costa is blue, like those on
the forewing. On the UNDERSIDE the most frequent variation is in the whitish irrorations of
the costa of the forewing being coalesced into a prominent sharply-defined triangular patch with
its apex near the lower discoidal nervule; and the outer half of the wings is often also
distinctly paler, tinged with grey and sparingly marked with fine chestnut undulations ; rarely
there is a submarginal series of whitish spots on the hindwing.
The FEMALE is coloured something after the style of Danais chrysippus ; on the UPPERSIDE
the “rewing is blackish-brown, with a large tawny patch on the lower half, occupying the lower
half of the cell, the interno-median interspace almost to the margin, the lower median interspace
to not quite so far, and the basal area of the two next interspaces above it ; some white
transverse strize on the costa, a broad subapical white transverse band, followed by three decreasing
white spots one below each median nervule. The Aindwing is tawny, broadly bordered with
blackish-brown, on which are three or four large round white submarginal spots. UNDERSIDE
NYMPHALID, ELYMNIINA. ELYMNIAS. 267
coloured as on the upperside, but paler and more suffused, the white markings represented by a
nebulous band on both wings expanding at the apex of the forewing more or less distinctly into a
triangular patch as in the male; the whole area of both wings being coarsely undulated with
chestnut-brown most densely on the darker portions. The FEMALE too is subject to variation 3
in Burman specimens the Aindwing is often suffused more or less, (sometimes entirely, the tawny
colour being wholly displaced), as in Danais alcifpus with white on both sides over the whole
tawny area ; on the underside the subcostal whitish spot is sometimes prominent, often totally
absent ; in some specimens from Calcutta the underside is more like that of the male ; the basal
area is darker ; beyond this there is a distinct paler band, and then the dark border on the
margin; the whitish triangular patch near apex of forewing is distinct, and the spots near the
outer margin of both wings are distinct and well separated.
£. undularis is the common Elymnias of Northern India ; and is the most wide-spread of
all the species ; itis common in the warm valleys of the outer Himalayas, as far east as Mussoorie
at all events, In Bengal, where the rainfall is heavy, it extends into the plains, and is found
in Assam, Sylhet, Eastern Bengal and along the East Coast as far south as Rajahmundry on
the Godavari at all events ; and it also occurs in the Deccan ; to the south and south-west it is re-
placed by another species, Z. caudata ; on the east it extends through Arakan and Tenessarim.
In the Malay Peninsula it appears to be replaced by Z. discrefans and E. nigrescens, as it is
not included in Distant’s Rhopalocera Malayana, but it re-appears in Java with but little modifi-
cation from the original type, Like all other species of the genus it affects bush jungle
and shady undergrowth.
The figure shows the upperside of both sexes from specimens taken at Calcutta. A struc-
tural figure of the imago of this species is also given on PLATE I, copied from Horsfield’s plate.
257. Elymuias tinctoria, Moore.
£. tinctoria, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 826.
Habitat: Meetan, 3,000 feet, April ; Moolai, 3,000 to 6,000 feet ; Upper Tenasserim.
EXPANSE : 3 inches.
DESCRIPTION: ‘Allied to Z. undularis of India. MALE: UPpprERSIDE dark blue-
black, the marginal blue spots on the forewing larger ; the border of the Aindwing dusky
purple, with a series of small white spots. FEMALE with prominent blue-black borders and
white markings.” (JZvore, 1. c.)
We have never seen this species ; of all the numerous specimens of Z. undularis we have
received from Tenasserim none have the border of the hindwing ‘dusky purple ;” in all it is
some shade of ferruginous, and none of them are separable from Z. undularis.
Two more varieties of this species have been separated under the names of E. diéscrepans,
Distant*; and Z. nigrescens, Butler}, both of them occur in the Malay Peninsula; the males
* Elymnias discrepans, Distant, Ann. and Mag. of Nat Hist., fifth series, vol. ix, p. 397 (1882). Hapirart:
Penang, Province Wellesley. EXxPaNse: 270 to 2’95 inches. DerscripTION: ‘‘ MALE: UPPERSIDE, forewing
blackish, with the following bright bluish markings :—a short portion of the costal area about apex of the cell con-
tinued in a subapical oblique fascia to the lower discoidal nervule, and followed by four submarginal spots,
placed between the nervules ; the outer margin shaded with castaneous-brown. Azndwing blackish, but some-
what paler than the forewing, and with a broad castaneous-brown marginal band. UNDERSIDE, both wings
castaneous-brown, thickly mottled with pale strige. orewzng with a more or less distinct pale apical area,
which is continued along the outer margin, AHindwing with a more or less distinct, pale, broad, and
irregular submarginal fascia, and with a very pale bright bluish spot near the costa, situated between the subcostal
nervules (this spot is sometimes absent). ody and legs more or less concolorous with the wings. Axtenne
variable in hue, sometimes stramineous, mottled with brown above and pale stramineous beneath ; or fuscous above
and stramineous mottled with brown beneath, with the apex pale stramineous. FRMALE : UPPERSIDE, forewing
as in the male. but with a large ochraceous basal area, which occupies the lower portion of the cell, the greater part
of the space between the second median nervule and the submedian nervure, and terminates near the end of the
cell and the bases of the third and second median nervules ; the subapical fascia and submarginal spots larger and
paler blue in colour, Hindwing pale fuscous, becoming paler and shaded with dull ochraceous towards the outer
margin, and with a more or less distinct pale submarginal spot, situated between the discoidal and third median
nervules. UNbeExsipe much paler thaa in the male. /orewzzg ochraceous near the inner margin. _ Hindwing
with a very broad and well-defined pale marginal fascia, and with a very pale bluish spot, situated as in the male.
Body and legs more or less concolorous with the wings.” (Dzstant, Rhop. Malay., p. 60, pl. vi, figs. 2, male;
ematle (1882), lic =
Bet Elymnias eehieran Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, p. 520, n. 2, pl. xlii, fig. 1. Hapirat:
Malay Peninsula, Billiton, Borneo. Expanse: Male, 2:9; Female, 2°9 to 31 inches DESCRIPTION : “ MALE:
Upper and uNpeERsIpE, doth wings resembling those of the male of £. discrepars, but with the bluish sub-
apical fascia and submarginal spots considerably larger. (In some specimens, and notably a Bornean one in the
collection of the British Museum, the hindwing has the pale submarginal spots, as found in most females ; these
268 NYMPHALID., ELYMNIIN~. ELYMNIAS.~
are scarcely distinguishable from some Indian examples of Z. wndularis, but the females are in
both cases widely different from that sex of Z. wndularis ; whereas in the variety from Ceylon,
£. fraterna, itis the male sex that is differentiated, the female being scarcely distinguish-
able from that sex of &. uzdularis. In Z. discrepans the female is only partially differentiated
from the male insect, while in Z. nigrescens the female closely resembles the male in general
Style of colour.
258. Elymnias fraterna, Butler.
E. fraterna, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, p. 520, pl. xlii, fig. 3, wale; id., Moore, Lep. Ceylon,
vol. i, p. 25, pl. xiii, figs. 1, male; 1a, female ; 14, larva and pupa (1880).
HABITAT: Ceylon.
EXPANSE: 6, 2°65 to 3°13 2, 3°0 to 3'4 inches.
DESCRIPTION: ‘*MALE: UPPERSIDE dark purple-brown. Forewing with the exterior
margin slightly fulvous ; an oblique subapical indistinct blue maculated fascia. Hindwing with
a broad fulvous marginal band having paler centres between the nervules. UNDERSIDE dark
purplish-ferruginous, a triangular apical space and outer borders broadly covered with numer-
ous grey-brown strigze, the basal areas also with more regularly disposed strige, a distinct
bluish-white spot on the anterior border of the Aézdwing, FEMALE: UPPERSIDE blackish
purple-brown. /vrewing with the basal and discal areas fulvous, a subapical oblique purple-white
fascia and three lower marginal spots. Aézdwing with the basal and discal area fulvous, the
median nervules and abdominal area grey-speckled, a marginal row of four bluish-white spots.
UNDERSIDE as inthe male, but paler, the basal area slightly fulvous, and the strigee on the
borders more prominent.” (AZoore, 1. c.)
** Larva elongated, slightly thickened in the middle, pubescent ; head small, yellow,
surmounted by two pink pubescent processes, last segment also with two processes ; green, with
three lateral yellow lines, the upper line ornamented with chrome-yellow spots, and the fifth to
eighth segments with a red or blue spot. Feeds on Palmacee. Pupa green, with longitudinal
yellow streaks bordered by red streaks or spots ; head and thorax flattened, with three short
tubercles.” (AZoore, 1. c.)
£, fraterna is nothing more than a local variety of Z. wndularis ; the females are indis-
tinguishable, but the males have the ferruginous border of the hindwing narrower and brighter,
and scarcely any trace of the bluish marks on the forewing ; the underside is also paler. A
specimen of Z, wzdularis from Akyab in British Burma, taken by Captain C. H. E. Adamson,
approaches more nearly to £. fraterna than any continental specimen we have seen.
259. Elymnias cottonis, Hewitson.
Melanitis cottonis, Hewitson, Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., fourth series, vol. xiv, p. 358 (1874): Elymnias
cottonis, Wood-Mason and de Nicéville, Journ. A. S. B., vol. 1, pt. ii, p. 245 (1881).
HasitaT: South Andamans.
EXPANSE: 6, 2°53 2, 3'1 inches ( Hewitson) ; 3°00 to 3°35 inches.
DESCRIPTION : ‘‘ MALE. UPPERSIDE dark red-brown. oth wings with the outer margins
rufous. Sorewing with the costal margin lilac-blue. UNDERSIDE as above, undulate with
are very faintly visible in Malaccan male specimens in the same collection). FEMALE: UPPERSIDR, forewing
dark glossy fuscous, with the basal area more or less suffused with castaneous-red, with the bluish subapical
fascia and submarginal spots as in the male, but which are much larger and paler in colour. Aindwing fuscous,
becoming paler towards the outer margin (the outer margin is sometimes dull ochraceous), and with a submargi-
nal row of four white spots placed between the nervules, of which the first and smallest is placed above the
discoidal nervule, and the fourth is situate between the second and third median nervules (a fifth small and faintly
marked spot is found in some specimens between the third median nervule and submedian nervure). These spots
are very inconstant, being practically obsolete in some specimens. UNDp&RsIDE similar in pattern and colouration
to that of the same sex of 2. discrepans.”
‘This species or race is one which affords much difficulty and doubt as to its distinctive position. I have
neither seen nor received any male specimens from Province Wellesley, though females are not uncommon from
that district. The British Museum, however, posseses several male specimens which were collected by Captain
Pinwill in Malacca, but these do not altogether agree with the Bornean typical specimen described by Butler.
The difference is principally that of faintness or partial obliteration of the submarginal white spots to the hindwing,
but as this is a variable character in female specimens, collected in such a limited area as Province Wellesley,
I naturally predicate the same amount of variability in the other sex. Another peculiarity of 2. nigrescens is the
considerable similarity of the sexes. Are EZ. discrepans and E. nigrescens but seasonable varieties of one
species? ‘Thisis neither impossible nor improbable.’’ (Distant, Rhop. Malay., p. 61, pl. vi, fig. 1, male ;
pl. ix, fig. 1, female (1882). Thereisa single specimen of a female of this species in the Indian Museum,
Calcutta, from Sinkip Island, which agrees very closely with Distant's description and figure,
NYMPHALID#. ELYMNIINE, ELYMNIAS. 269
grey, the outer margins broadly undulate with grey and brown. Forewing with a large tri-
angular grey spot, undulate with brown near the apex. indwing with a white spot near the
middle of the costal margin. FEMALE like the male, except that it is much larger and paler,
and that the forewing has, on the UPPERSIDE, some grey spots onthe costal margin. I
prefer to consider this a distinct species rather than to place it as a variety of JZ [Z.]
undularis. Both sexes are alike, are without spots, and have a broad rufous margin.
( Hewitson, 1. c.) This species evidently belongs to the wzdu/aris group, as it has, like that
species and &. fraterna, a patch of loosely attached scales at the base of the interspace between
the median and submedian nervures on the upperside of the forewing of the male.
**Hewitson states that the sexes are alike in this species, but the three FEMALES before
us have the outer margins on the UPPERSIDE of do¢h wings lighter, with a more or less distinct
submarginal rounded-angulate macular band in the forewing, corresponding to the band of blue
spots in the male of Z. wdu/aris, and in two specimens two, and in the other four, distinct
whitey-brown spots, the blurred pupils of the obsolete ocelli of the underside showing through,
on the Aizdwing. UNDERSIDE much lighter than in the male, the subapical triangular patch of
lilacine ground-colour in the forewing, and the submarginal lilacine ground of Goth wings, but
especially in the Aizdwing, being whiter, and consequently more distinct than in the male ;
there are also six pupils of ocelli instead of one distinctly traceable, and the anastamosing
chestnut striation besides being lighter is less confluent. The female, in fact, much resembles
the male of Z. wndularis. Hewitson makes no mention of the beautiful rich deep plum-
colour which suffuses the dark parts of the upperside in do¢h sexes almost equally, nor of the
faint red-violet reflections emitted by the light borders. Davais chrysippus, the model of the
females of the allied continental form, has not yet been detected at Port Blair.” ( Wood-
Mason and de Nicéville, 1. c.)
This species is apparently common at Port Blair, but it does not occur at the Nicobar
Islands. Mr. de Roepstorff has sent us numerous specimens taken in all the months between
April and August.
260. Elymnias penanga, Westwood.
Melanitis penanga, Westwood, Gen. D. L., p 405, n. 9, ote (1851); Melanitis mehida, Hewitson, Ex.
Butt, vol. iii, pl. Welanztis, figs. 2 and 3 (1863), sale; Elymnias mehida, Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,
1869, p. 323, n. 5; id., Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, p. 523, n. 16; Elymnias penanga, Wallace, |. c.,
p. 325, n. 9; id., Butler, l.c., p. 521, n. 8; id., Distant, Rhop. Malay., p. 63, pl. vii, fig, 6, wade; pl. vi, fig. 11,
Semale (1882).
HABITAT: Upper Tenasserim ; Frovince Wellesley ; Malacca ; Singapore.
EXPANSE: 6, 2°73; §, 2°8 inches.
DESCRIPTION : ‘‘ MALE. UPPERSIDE, forewing purplish brown, with very strong bright
blue reflections, which become more fixed and distinct on the apical half, and with five pale
blue elongate spots, of which the upper two are longest, and are situated on each side of the
lower discoidal nervule ; the remaining three being much smaller, and divided by the median
nervules. The bluish reflection does not extend to the outer margin, which is distinctly pur-
plish brown. Anudwing purplish brown, with bright bluish reflections, but less intense than
on the forewing. UNDERSIDE castaneous-brown, much mottled with paler strige, which on
the forewing forms a more or less distinct subapical space, widest at the costa, and narrowing
downwards beneath the cell ; the space beneath the third median nervule much paler. ind:
wing with the basal portion to a little beyond the apex of the cell dark castaneous, the re-
mainder much paler and thickly irrorated with the pale strige, and with two or three small
but distinct dark submarginal spots situated between the median nervules ; a somewhat large
pale stramineous* spot, near the costa, placed between the subcostal nervules. ody and legs
more or less concolourous with the wings. FEMALE. UPPERSIDE, éo/i wings obscure bluish
brown in some specimens, or with brighter indigo shadings in other specimens. Forewing crossed
by a broad subapical white fascia, commencing at the costa, and terminating about the second
* STRAMINEOUS, straw coloured (s¢va@sminéus, made of straw).
270 NYMPHALID#. ELYMNIIN#. ELYMNIAS.
median nervule. Hindwing slightly darker on the disc. UNDERSIDE marked generally as.
in the male, but with the ground-colour much darker (this is somewhat variable, being little
paler than above in some specimens, or more shaded with castaneous, in other specimens),
and with the subapical whitish fascia of the forewing above, more diffused towards the apex
beneath. The pale subcostal spot on the underside of the hindwing of the male is generally
absent in the female, though present in the typical form of the species contained in the British
Museum.”
‘*The male form here described and figured was described by Mr. Hewitson under the
name of JZ. mehida, whilst the female form is the typical J/. penanga of Professor
Westwood. Mr. Hewitson appended to his description of AZ. mehida the remark :—‘* This
and M. fenanga are very probably the sexes of one species.” The form, however, which
he figured as M/. fenanga was a closely allied but distinct Sumatran race, which Mr. Wallace
has very properly separated under a distinctive name [Z. swmatrana*]. The two forms,
however, are sufficiently similar to show that Hewitson exhibited acumen in making that
remark. Having found all the specimens I have examined to exhibit sexual constancy with
the different colouration, and as the undersides of the two forms are so very similar, I have
felt constrained to consider the descriptions of both Westwood and Hewitson as referring to
the sexes of one species, and Westwood’s name has therefore priority. This race or species
appears to be confined to the Malay peninsula.” (Distant, 1. c.).
A single male specimen of Z. senanga was taken by Capt. C. H. E. Adamson in Upper
Tenasserim in April, 1880; this is the only record of its occurrence beyond the limits of the
Malay peninsula. Capt. Adamson remarks that the comparatively great length of the fore-
wing is not noticed by Mr. Distant, though his figure does show a slightly pointed apex. We
have never seen a specimen of this butterfly, the even outer margin of the forewing without
dentations is a very marked feature.
261. Elymnias caudata, Butler.
E. caudata, Butler, Proc. Zool, Soc. Lond., 1871, p. 520, n. 5, pl. xlii, fig. 4, male.
HAsiratT : South India.
EXPANSE : 3°15 to 3°60 inches.
DESCRIPTION : MALE: UPPERSIDE, forewing velvety purplish black, the basal area and
outer margin tinged with ferruginous brown ; an oblique subapical band divided by the dark
nervules, and three submarginal spots, one below each median nervule, white, irrorated at the
edges with lilac. Aimdwing ferruginous-brown, darkest at the base, a broad fulvous band on
the outer half, and the margin beyond broadly brown ; this colour extending up the nervules,
widest towards the margin. UNDERSIDE chestnut-brown, covered with darker chestnut coarse
confluent strie. orewing with pure white and greyish partly confluent strize disposed in
a triangular apical patch, and an irregular submarginal band. /¢zdwing with a broad band on
the outer half of similar partly confluent white and greyish striz, corresponding with the fulvous
band on the upperside, but reaching both costal and inner margins ; occasionally a few greyish
strize on the basal half ; but the silvery whitish subcostal spot so prominent in £. wndularis
and other species is wanting. FEMALE as in £, wndularis, female, but the forewing with
the subapical white band broader. Azdwing with the nervules broadly defined with brown,
the fulvous patch extending in streaks between them much nearer to the margin, and coalescing
with the whitish submarginal spots, which are obsolete, tinted with fulvous and merged
* Elymnias sumatrana, Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1869, p. 325, n. 10; Melanitis penanga,
Hewitson, Ex. Butt., vol. iii, pl. Me/amitis, figs. 1, 4 (1863), female) Hapirat: Sumatra. Expans® :
3:1 inches. DescripTion: ‘‘ FEMALE, uppERsIDK, doth wings dark brown, blue-green from the base to the
middle. ovewing crossed near the apex by a broad band of white. Andwing with a large white spot
beyond the middle. Unpbrrsipg with the basal half red-brown; the outer half grey, undulated throughout
with brown. Forewing with a large white triangular spot on the costal margin from its middle to the apex.
Hindwing with an indistinct pale spot near the base.” (Hew/tson, |. c.)
“This species is remarkably like M4. fenanga, but as the conspicuous golden-yellow spot on the costal
margin of the underside of the hindwing is entirely absent, and as it also differs in the white patch on the
fa i of the hindwing, and in its somewhat more angular outline, I feel compelled to separate it.”
(Wallace, \. ¢.)
NYMPHALID. ELYMNIIN As, ELYMNIAS. 271
into the streaks. UNDERSIDE much as in the male, but paler and very similar in both sexes
to the underside of Z. wududaris, female, but the white striation, especially on the hindwing,
is far bolder, Mimics Danats (Salatura) genutia. The tail isalso longer than in Z. undularis,
and the outer margin of the forewing more scalloped. It appears to belong to a different
group, as there is no patch of loosely attached scales on the upperside of the forewing
in the male.
E. caudata is a very handsome and distinct species ; it has only been found in the south
of peninsular India ; the male was originally recorded from Canara; the female has never
been previously described. Mr. H. S. Fergusson has taken both sexes in Travancore on the
Ashamboo hills, where it is fairly common in April and May. The Indian Museum has
specimens from Calicut, the Wynaad, and the Kadur district in Mysore,
The next two species belong to the group of which £. fanthera is the type, and are
distinguished by having a more or less distinct submarginal series of ocelli on the underside of
the hindwing. This feature is found to a certain extent in Dyctis singhala, and to a very much
lesser degree in Z. penanga; while Dyctis patna has a submarginal series of white spots
representing the ocelli, but in all other Indian species of the subfamily, the series is entirely
wanting or only represented by a silvery subcostal spot.
262. Elymnias mimus, W.-M. and de N.
E. mimus, Wood-Mason and de Nicéville, Journ. A. S. B., vol. 1, pt. ii, p. 230 (1881).
HasiTaT : Nicobar Islands.
EXPANSE: 6, 2°73; §, 29 inches.
DESCRIPTION: ‘*MaLE: UPPERSIDE, black fuscous of a fuliginous tint, somewhat paler
on the costal margin of the forewing, still paler at the apex of thesame wing, and on the
outer margins of both wings, the extreme edges and the points of the lobes of which margins
are again darker ; with the c/a whitish on the interspaces. UNDERSIDE, doth wings brownish,
coarsely and confluently striated with rich dark chestnut for their basal two-thirds, whence
they become suddenly lighter, owing to the striation being more rare as well as lighter coloured.
forewing with the outer margin of the closely striated portion sharply defined, and angulated
outwards between the first and second discoidal nervules ; and with the ground-colour imme-
diately beyond the anterior and shorter of the two lines forming the angulated outline of the
basal portion whitish. Hidwing with the ground beyond the chestnut base pale sepia, pass-
ing to whitish around the outer-marginal ocelli, obscurely and rarely striated before, but
more richly and closely at the outer margin beyond the ocelli with vandyke-brown ; and with
seven suboval submarginal black ocelli, of which the second is the largest of all but only slight-
ly larger than the fifth, the first is subequal to the sixth, and the third, fourth, and seventh
(which touches the sixth in the same interspace) are subequal and much smaller than the rest,
the first and second have a white pupil (which in the latter is eccentric) irrorated at the edges
with light metallic greenish-blue scales, and the rest have the pupil almond-shaped, with some
mauve-coloured irrorations on and around its inner end. FEMALE: UPPERSIDE much
lighter, witha submarginal whitey-brown common band which passes straight across both
wings from near the anal angle of the Azzdwing to the third branch of the median nervure
of the forewing, at which point it turns sharply off ata right angle to the costal margin;
with the light intervals between tke striations of the underside visible as light bars on the
anterior margin, and the apical dark portion lighter than the basal, of the forewing ; and
with two infuscations (less perceptible in the darker male) on the Aixdwing corresponding to
the fifth and sixth ocelli of the underside. UNDERSIDE lighter, with the chestnut strize
less confluent permitting more of the ground-colour to be seen ; and with the anterior ocellus
larger and much diffused circumferentially, the second with the pupil rudimentary, and the
third larger than the fourth.”
**One male from Kar Nicobar and one female from Pulo Kondul.”
“Closely allied to 2. dusara ( panthera, Fabricius), Horsfield, Cat. Lep. E. I. C., pl vy,
figs. 7, 7@ (1829), female (no description), from which it would appear to differ in having the
36
272 NYMPHALID. ELYMNIIN#. ELYMNIAS.
light band of the /orewing distinctly angulated, and the costal margin of the same barred with
lighter, in its more highly developed and unequal ocelli, in the more abrupt definition of the
basal chestnut from the rest of the underside, and apparently also in its more strongly lobed
wing-margins and finer tails. It inall probability mimics ZAzzflea camorta, a species which
abounds on all the islands of the Nicobar group.” (Wood-Mason and de Nicéville, 1. ¢.)
Since the above was written, one male from Great Nicobar, two males and a female from
Kamorta, two males from Trinkutt, and two females from Teressa, have been received by the
Indian Museum, Calcutta, from Mr. de Roepstorff. The males are all very constant, but the
Kamorta female differs from the Pulo Kondul female in having the apex of the forewing more
produced, and the submarginal band on the upperside of both wings hardly lighter than in the
males, On the underside the ocelli are also much smaller than in the type specimen.
263. Elymuias obnubila, Marshall, n. sp.
Habitat; Upper Tenasserim ; Mergui.
EXPANSE: 6, 2°43; 2, 3’0 inches.
DESCRIPTION: MALE: UPPERSIDE dark velvety chestnut-brown glossed with violet in
certain lights, with a much paler outer band from beyond the middle of the costa of the forewing
to the inner margin of the hindwing, inwardly diffused, outwardly extending to the margin,
except at the apex of the forewing, which is suffused with dusky. UNDERSIDE dark grey, close-
ly undulated with broad chestnut-brown striz except upon the area corresponding with the
pale band of the upperside, on which the undulations are much finer and wider apart. Fore-
wing with a conspicuous whitish triangular costal patch near the apex; the hinder angle
tinged with yellow. Aindwing with a submarginal series of six black spots with silvery
pupils ; the first near the costa having the silvery pupil very large, scarcely ringed with black.
FEMALE larger, paler. UppERSIDE with the pale band much wider, occupying on the hind-
wing the whole of the outer half. A submarginal series of four dark brown obsolete dots,
corresponding to the ocelli on the underside. UNDERSIDE also paler. Aindwing with the
silvery subcostal spot larger, the rest of the ocelli smaller and imperfect, being reduced to
blackish dots with faint white irrorations on the inner edge. Shape, as in Z. wndularis, but the
inner margin of the forewing longer, the outer margin more erect, straight, more prominently
dentate, and the hindwing more prominently tailed. This is the continental representative of
£. panthera, Fabricius, from Java; it differs from. &. panthera in shape, in having the
outer margin straight, not convex, and the inner margin longer ; and in markings, in that on
the upperside the pale band is broader and continued to the margin, and of a rich bright
chestnut colour, and bears no spots on the hindwing in the male, though the female has
aseries of four very obscure spots; whereas in £. fanthera the outer margin is broadly
clouded with dusky brown, and the hindwing has three small submarginal ocellular spots ;
and on the underside similarly the pale band formed by the partial absence of stric is
narrow and submarginal in Z. fanthera, broad and marginal in £, obnudila; in ZL. panthera
also the white triangular patch of the forewing is obsolete, and the ocelli of the hindwing are
larger, the first near the costa being like the others instead of having the silvery pupil
greatly predominating,
Only two specimens of this rare species have as yet been taken so far as we know; a
single male now in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, was taken by Dr. J. Anderson in the Mergui
Archipelago in January; anda single female, now in Major Marshall’s collection, was taken
by Captain C. T, Bingham in the Thoungyeen forests in Upper Tenasserim in December.
L. panthera, Fabricius, is figured by Horsfield in his Cat. Lep. E. I. C., pl. v, figs.
7, 7a (1828), female, under the name of Aelanitis dusara. Mr. Wallace remarks of it that ‘the
femate is like the male, but the pale bands are broader and somewhat yellower, and contain
three or four pale spots on the hindwing ; the species varies but little, and seems to be very
constant in both sexes, with but little difference between them,” (Trans, Ent, Soc, Lond., 1869,
Pp. 322, 323).
NYMPHALID. ELYMNIIN. ELYMNIAS. 273
E. lutescens * also belongs to this group. It is very closely allied to Z. mimus, and differs
from that species on the upperside in the forewing being but slightly paler on the margins,
and having no submarginal paler band; the band on the hindwing is, however, much
more prominent, and bears a submarginal row of spots. Underside very similar, the ocelli
rather smaller.
264. Elymnias leucocyma, Godart. (PLATE XVII, Fic. 60 g #).
Biblis leucocyma, Godart, Enc. Méth., vol. ix, p- 326, n. 3 (1819) ; Dyctis leucocyma, Moore, Proc. Zool,
Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 826 ; Melanitis malelas, Hewitson, Ex. Butt., vol, iii, pl. Welanztis, figs. 6, 7 (1863), male.
HApiTat : North-Eastern India, Arakan, Tenasserim.
EXPANSE : 3'2 to 4'2 inches.
DESCRIPTION : MALE: UprersIDE velvety blackish brown, the outer two-thirds beautiful-
ly shot with violet in certain lights ; a submarginal series of paler violet irrorated spots, and
four similar spots on the disc, two beyond the cell below the lower discoidal nervule, and
one between each pair of median nervules. AHindwing brighter brown, paler externally, and
with or without a submarginal series of small ashy dots. UNDERSIDE pale brown, closely
undulated with greyish yellow striz, most densely on the outer two-thirds. FEMALE as in
the male, but with the violet shot confined to the outer half of the forewing, the spots white,
partially irrorated with violet towards the apex ; the whole of the interspaces on the hindwing
and below the median nervule in the forewing marked with numerous transverse yellowish-
grey striz more or less confluent into longitudinal streaks. UNDERSIDE as in the male, but with
the pale strie much wider and whiter. Mr. Wallace (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1869, p. 327)
considered Z. wzaledas distinct from EZ. /eucocyma, and remarked, ‘‘allied to Z. deucocyma, but
differing in the smooth outline of the wings, and the produced outer angle of the hindwing.”
There can be but little doubt, however, that they are one and the same species.
E, leucocyma in both sexes is an excellent mimic of Zuplaa midamus ; its highly elongate
forewing distinguishes it from all other species of the subfamily. It is common in the sub-
montane districts of Northern and Eastern Bengal, extending through Burma as far south
as Tavoy, but not apparently into the Malay peninsula proper. Mr. T. C. Hill took it in
Tavoy in March; Captain C. T. Bingham found it commonly in the Thoungyeen forests
in the autumn and againin April ; Captain C. H. E. Adamson found it commonly in Moulmein
in September, and again at Akyab. Mr. Wood-Mason took it in Cachar in June and July.
The Indian Museum, Calcutta, contains specimens from Sylhet and Upper Assam; Mr. de
Nicéville has taken it round villages in Sikkim at about 2,000 feet elevation in October; and
Mr, E. T. Atkinson records it from Kali Kumaon on the western border of Nepal.
The figure shows the upperside of a male specimen from Sylhet, and of a female from
Sibsagar, Upper Assam, both in the Indian Museum, Calcutta.
The next species, Z. sadier?, differs from all the foregoing in the pattern of the underside,
which is marbled throughout, with no definite pattern and no defined spots on either wing,
and no paler nebulous outer band.
* Elymnias lutescens, Butler, Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., third series, vol. xx, p. 404, pl. ix, fig. 10
(1867), /emale; id., Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc, Lond., 1869, p. 323, n- 4; id., Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1871, p. 521, n. 6; id., Distant, Rhop. Malay., p. 62, pl. vi, figs. 4, male; 5. female (1882). HapitaT:
Penang; Province Wellesley; Malacca; Ayerpanas; Singapore; Sumatra; Borneo. EXpaNsE: 30 to 3'2
inches. Dxscriprion: “‘ Mave: UppersibE, doth wings dark glossy fuscous. Forewzxg with the outer margin
somewhat broadly and slightly paler. AWzudwing witha broad, pale greyish submarginal fascia, the inner mar-
gin of which is somewhat scalloped between the nervules ; this is troadest near the anal angle and narrowest
at the apex, and contains a series of prominent fuscous spots placed between the nervules, two between first
median nervule and submedian nervure, the others placed singly (these spots are variable in number, not being
found above the third median nervule in some specimens, but in other specimens continued towards the apex).
UNDERSIDE, both wings pale castaneous, mottled with numerous greyish striz, and with a more or less well-
defined broad submarginal fascia, which is broadest and most clearly defined on the Aznzdwing, and there pos-
sesses six dark blue rounded spots, with pale blue centres, which are continued in streaks beyond their inner
margins ; these spots are placed between the nervules, the first above the discoidal nervule, and the fifth and
sixth together between the first median nervule and the submedian nervure; a pale and bright bluish spot
between the subcostal nervules. Body and /egs more or less concolvurous with the wings. FEMALE larger than
the male. Upprersip® paler and more ferruginous. Fovewzug with a broad and well-defined outer ferruginous
fascia. Hindwing with the pale submarginal fascia broader and less scalloped inwardly than in the male, and
with five or six fuscous spots with paler centres placed between the nervules. UNprrsipe paler than in the
male, but with the Azvdzing spotted as in that sex. The tail-like prolongation of the Aémvdwing at the apex of
the third median nervule is longest in the female.” (Déstant, |,¢.)
274 NYMPHALID#. ELYMNIINZ. ELYMNIAS.
265. Elymnias saueri, Distant.
E. saiieri, Distant, Rhop. Malay., p. 65, pl. ix, fig. 3 (1882), made.
Hapirat : Tenasserim ; Malay Peninsula.
EXPANSE: 6, 3°55 inches.
DESCRIPTION: ‘* MALE: UPPERSIDE, forewing dark violaceous, with paler suffusions on
the apical area, and with the following very pale violaceous spots :—Three discal ; one
large, placed between the third and second median nervules, the others exceedingly small and
indistinct, and situated between the discoidal nervules, and between the second and first
median nervules ; five large submarginal spots divided by the nervules, of which the two
upper, inner, and largest are contiguous and separated by the lower discoidal nervule, the fifth
being situated between the first median nervule and the submedian nervure ; there is also a
very faint indication of a spot at the end of the cell. Costal area with the basal third
minutely spotted with greyish, the remaining portion with three or four pale bluish spots.
Hindwing castaneous, with the basal area fuscous. The extreme margins of doch wings are
alternately fuscous and white. UNDERSIDE pale ferruginous, thickly mottled with dark
chocolate-brown strigze, irregular in shape and size. Forewing with a number of pale greyish
spots on the costal area; the upper portion of the cell and the apical area somewhat paler
in hue, and with indications of a dark waved fascia near the end of the cell. Mindwing
somewhat darker, the strige being more numerous and contiguous, with indications of a
much-waved and irregular dark fascia crossing the wing about the end of the cell, and a
more or less distinct, broad, submarginal fascia, followed by several waved, broken, and in-
distinct lines. Body and /egs more or less concolourous with the wings.”
“ This fine species is somewhat intermediate between £. casifhone* and LZ. deucocyma,
agreeing best with the latter above, and with the first beneath. It appears to be a mimic of
a species of Zug/ea belonging to the midamus group, though the female still remains to be
discovered. Since this description was written, a specimen collected by Captain Bingham
in Tenasserim has been presented to the British Museum.” (D/sfant, 1. c.)
We have never seen this species, and the above record is the only one of its occurrence
within our limits,
The next species, Z. ¢imandra, is of very different style of colouration and outline.
The type of the group is Z. /ais, Cramer, from Java, Sumatra and Borneo, and also from the
Malay Peninsula. The upperside has on both wings the nervures and the outer margin
broadly defined with blackish brown, and the interspaces white tinged with creamy or yellowish
or grey or verditer blue. They mimic species of Danais of the Limniace group, £. timandra
chiefly differs from Z. /ais in the more dentate outline of the outer margin of the forewing,
and the basal area of both wings on the underside is much darker.
* Elymnias casifhone, Hibner, Samml. Ex. Schmett., vol. iii,pl. xviii ? (1816-1824) ; id., Butler, Trans. Ent.
Soc. Lond , 1870, p. 488; idem, id , Proc. Zool Soc Lond _,, 1871, p. 522, n. 14; idem, id . Distant, Rhop. Malay
p. 64, pl. vi, fig. 10 (1882), made. Hapnirar: Singapore ; Java. ExeansE: male, 3°00; female, 3°25 inches.
DescripTion : ‘‘ MaLe: Upprersipe, Got wings pale chocolate-brown. /orewing with the apical area much
suffused with violaceous, and with the following pale greyish macular markings ; a number of irregularly-sized
and shaped spots on the costal area, gradually increasing in size from the base ; a rounded spot just beyond the
end of the cell ; two discal spots divided by the second median nervule, and a submarginal series of six spots
divided by the nervules, the first and innermost of which is placed above the upper discoidal nervule, and the
sixth between the first median nervule and the submedian nervure. AHznxdwing with a submarginal series of
obscure greyish spots, preceded by a few discal spots of the same colour. UNDbrErRSIDE pale ferruginous, mottled
with numerous and irregularly-sized chocolate strige. /orewing with a costal series of pale greyish spots ; four
larger pale discal spots situate one beyond the end of the cell, two divided by the second median nervule, and
the fourth placed between the discoidal nervules ; there are also faint indications of a submarginal series of spots
placed between the nervules, of which the two most prominent are placed above and beneath the first median
nervule. /7indwing with some dark and confluent strigz principally distributed on the basal half, and with a
prominent dark submarginal fascia, which is preceded by pale greyish, and followed by several narrower, waved,
and somewhat fused dark marginal fascia. Body and degs more or less concolorous with the wings.” (Distant,
J.c.) ‘EP emMatt: Urprrsipe, same pattern as &. téandra, female, Wallace, but the whole apical area pale
violet, and the rest of the ground-colour of a browner tint than in that species. UNnprrsip#, markings the same
as in the male, but ill-defined, the A7adwing whitish,” (A8xufler, |. c., in Trans, Ent, Soc, Lond.)
NYMPHALIDE. ELYMNIIN Zz. DYCTIS. 275
266. Elymnias timandra, Wallace.
E. timandra, Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1869, p. 326, n. 13.
HapitaT: Sylhet ; Tenasserim.
EXPANSE : 3'0 to 3'7 inches.
DESCRIPTION : ‘‘ Like Z. /ats* ; outline of the wings more dentate, especially on the
hindwing. Mae. UPppersIDE like #. dais, but the markings broader,
and ofa rich
verditer blue on the forewing.
UNDERSIDE, the base of the wings is much darker. FEMALE.
Wings more elongate ; markings pale ochre, tinged with bluish on the forewing, the tooth
the outer angle of the 4zd@wing forming a short tail.”
‘* Very closely allied to Z. Zazs, but the different outline of the wings,
colouring, render it neccessary to separate it.” (Wad/ace, |. c.)
The Indian Museum, Calcutta, contains specimens from Sylhet,
at
and distinct
and Captain Bingham
took a single male in the Donat range in Tennasserim in April, and one female was taken
at Kanhlete by Captain Adamson in September. Wallace also records it from Moulmein,
but it is apparently a rare species. On the upperside the Sylhet males are decidedly marked
with green, while the Tenasserim males are equally decidedly blue, and the forewing is
somewhat longer proportionally than the Sylhet males.
E. casiphone has been recorded from Singapore. On the underside it is marked very
similarly to Z. /ats, but the general tone of the ground-colour is more rufous ; on the upperside,
however, it is very different. It is intermediate between Z. saziert and Z. dais.
Genus $2.—DYCTIS, Boisduval. (PLATE XVII.)
Dyctis, Boisduval, Voy. de l’Astrolabe, p. 138 (1832) ; id., Westwood, Gen. D. L., p. 353 (1851) ; id.,
Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, p. 523.
Differs from Zlymnias (restricted) in having the /ower disco-cellular nervule of the Aind-
wing straight or feebly concave in continuation of the upper disco-cellular nervule.
The full diagnosis of Dyctis as given by Mr. Butler is appended below ;* but the sole
reliable feature on which the distinction can be maintained is the shape of the discoidal cell
in the hindwing as indicated above. The hindwing in Z/ymnias restricted also has a
false praediscoidal cell ; the position of the origin of the first subcostal nervule is inconstant,
in most species of LZlymnias it is nearer to the base of the wing than to the apex of the
cell, and in most species of Dycézs it is nearer to the apex of the cell than to the base of
the wing, but no tangible line of separation can be drawn; the distance between the origin
* Elymnias lais, Cramer, Pap. Ex, vol. ii, pl cx, figs A, B (1777), male; Biblis lais, Godart, Enc.
Méth., vol. ix, p. 326, n. 4 (1819); Elymnias lais, Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1869, p. 325,n. 113; id., Dis-
tant, Rhop. Malay., p. 62, pl. ix, fig. 2 (1882), #a/e. Hapirar: Province Wellesley ; Siam ; Malay Archipelago,
ExpaNsE: 3 inches. Descriprion: “Mare: Upprrsipe, doth wings dark chocolate-brown, variegated with
greenish markings. /ovezwdzg with the costal area (particularly the basal portion) irrorated with numerous greyish
spots and strigze ; a large greenish fascia in the cell, narrowest at the base, and widened and somewhat truncate
near the apex, and with the following longitudinal fasciz of the same colour placed between the nervules :—
The upper two are placed above and below the first discoidal nervule, and are very faint and slender, with their
apices broad and macular; the third above the third median nervule is slender, but macular at both ends, and
inwardly approaches the disco-cellular fascia ; the following three separated by the median nervules are
broadest at base, narrowing at apical portion, but macular at apex, and the last runs along the inner margin.
Hindwing with similar longitudinal fascize as on the forewing, and which are also placed between the nervules,
but are broken near their apices, which thus appear as a submarginal series of spots ; of these fasciz the inner
two (placed on each side of the submedian nervure) are longest, and the upper two (placed on each side of the
discoidal nervule) are the faintest ; there is also a very faint disco-cellular streak. UNDERSIDE dull greyish,
suffused with fuscous, and mottled with dark strigze ; on the /orewzvg these become more or less confluent and
dark chocolate in colour, forming an irregular spot in the cell, a larger irregular spot or fascia at the end of
the cell, and appearing very prominently towards the outer margin; on the Azzdwing these darker shadings
do not extend beyond the basal half of the wing, but again appear as a more or less well-defined outer sub-
marginal fascia. Body and /egs more or less concolourous with the wings. FRMALE, somewhat larger than the
male, the fascia and spots of the uppkRsIDE being creamy in hue, and with the outer margins of doth wings
distinctly and somewhat brightly castaneous. Unpersipe, Joti wings much paler, and the numerous shadings
are of like pattern but fainter impression.” (Dz7stant, |. c )
+ Dyctis, Butler. “‘ Forewing as in Elymnias ; hindwing with a false prediscoidal cell; the first subcostal
nervule emitted towards the end of the cell, nearer to the end in the females than in the males ; second and
discoidal nervules emitted somewhat near together ; upper disco-cellular nervule more or less oblique, slanting
outwards ; lower disco-cellular feebly concave or angulated, and about twice the length of the upper one ;
second and third median nervules emitted near together.” (Bzéler, 1. c.)
276 NYMPHALID&. ELYMNIIN. DYCTIS.
of the second branch and that of the discoidal nervule scarcely differs at all throughout the
subfamily ; and throughout the subfamily also the second and third median nervules are emit-
ted close together at the apex of the cell.
Of the five Indian species placed in this genus, three(D. esaka, D. patna and D, vasudeva)
were included in it by Mr. Butler; one, D. singhala, subsequently described, was classed by
Mr. Moore as an E/ymnias, and one, D. feali, has only just been discovered. The two latter
would seem from their outline and markings to belong to EZlymnias ; D. singhala is identical
in outline with Z. /uéescens, and only differs from it in having the pale band on the upperside
composed of partially confluent striz and without black submarginal spots, and the underside
with the ocelli minute and obsolescent ; and D. Zea/é is identical in outline with Z. démandra ;
but both D. singhala and D. peali have the cell of the hindwing formed as in Dyctis, The
remaining three species have the outline much more even, as in the typical species from the
Austro-Malayan region. WJ. esaka is the most typical; D. vasudeva somewhat less so, but
remarkable from its colouration which mimics some species of De/éas or other Gark Pieris with
a large patch of white on the hindwing ; D. patna has the outer margin distinctly, though
feebly, dentate, and mimics an Zzf/ea of the superba type in colouration.
As far as the females are known they are but little differentiated, whereas in many
of the species of Zlymnias the females differ very considerably in colour and markings
from the males.
Eey to the Indian species of Dyctis.
B. Hindwing with the lower disco-cellular nervule straight or feebly concave.
@. The upper disco-cellular suberect or outwardly oblique, almost in the same line as the lower.
a‘. Forewing elongate ; outer margin irregularly dentate and distinctly falcate; hindwing
distinctly caudate ; (outline exactly as in &. ¢imzandra).
a*, Male, upperside dark violet-black, with a diffused submarginal lavender band
on both wings ; female unknown,
267. D. PEALI, Assam.
é', Forewing short broad, outer margin dentate, but not falcate ; hindwing dentate and
distinctly caudate ; (outline much as in 2. caudata).
6°, Male and female, upperside blackish-brown, with a submarginal band of
partially coalescent creamy-white or buff striz on both wings.
268. D.sInGHALa, Ceylon.
c!, Forewing elongate, but broad ; outer margin of both wings even, regularly but not
very prominently dentate ; (outline asin 2. eucocyma, but the wings much broader
and inner margin longer).
c*, Male and female chestnut brown, dark and shot with violet on the forewing.
Forewing with longitudinal violet streaks on the disc; hindwing with
white submarginal spots.
269. D. patna, Sikkim, Cachar, Sylhet.
d', Forewing short broad ; outer margin of both wings very slightly dentate ; (outline as in
LE. cottonis, but the apex of forewing rounded, not acute).
@*. Male and female dark brown, forewing with grey streaks, hindwing with a
large white patch on inner half.
270. D. vasupEva, Sikkim, Tenasserim.
e', Forewing short, very broad; outer margin of both wings even ; outline an arc of a
circle with the base of the wings as a centre ; the inner margin of forewing and costa
of hindwing being both equal to the costa of forewing.
271. D. ESAKA, Mergui.
267. Dyctis peali, W.-M.
Elymnias peali, Wood-Mason, Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., fifth series, vol. xi, p. 62, pl. ii, figs. A, B
(1883), male.
HMasirar: Aideo, Sibsagar district, Assam,
EXPANSE: g, 3°15 inches.
DESCRIPTION: ‘‘ MALE: UPPERSIDE, Joth wings violescent black-blue, gradually darken-
ing from the outer margin to the bases, with the markings deep lavender-blue, and the ci/ia
NYMPHALID, ELYMNIIN, DYCTIS, 277
between the nervules greyish white. Forewing with an oblique subapical band placed nearly at
right angles to the complete submarginal series of rather faint and diffused blotches, and the
apical subcostal interspace, all lavender-blue, and with the costal and subcostal areas transversely
striated with the same colour. Hindwing with a corresponding submarginal band, which is very
prominent and broken up into coarse striae between the third median nervule and the abdo-
minal margin, towards which it passes from blue into red-violet. UNDERSIDE much as in
£. undularis and its allies, but more richly coloured than in any species of that group.”
The type specimen, the only one known, is in the Indian Museum, Calcutta.
268. Dyctis singhala, Moore.
Elymnias singhala, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 568; idem, id., Lep. Cey., p. 26, pl.
xiii, figs. 2, wale; 2a, female (1880).
HapsiratT : Ceylon.
EXPANSE: 3'0 to 3'5 inches.
DESCRIPTION : ‘* MALE: UPPERSIDE dark purple-brown. Forewing with a marginal
macular band formed of pale greenish-grey quadrate patches, a few ochreous strige on the
costal margin. ixdwing with a broad marginal band of pale greenish-ochreous longi-
tudinally-confluent strigze. UNDERSIDE, basal areas purple-brown, outer areas pinkish-grey,
covered with numerous black strigze, most dense on basal areas and along extreme outer
margins ; an indistinct purple-white apical spot, and a submarginal row of black dots on the
hindwing. FEMALE brighter coloured, the marginal bands more prominent.” (Moore, 1.c.,
in Lep. Cey.). ‘Occurs at Kandy.” (Wade). The type specimen was described from
Colombo. The Indian Museum, Calcutta, contains a single pair,
269. Dyctis patna, Westwood.
Melanitis patna, Westwood, Gen. D. L., p. 405, note, pl. Ixviii, fig. 2 (1851), Elymnias patna,
Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 327, n. 173 Dyctis patna, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871,
BD. 525, Ny 13+
HABITAT: Cachar; Sylhet ; Sikkim.
EXPANSE: 3°35 to 3°95 inches.
DESCRIPTION : ‘‘ UPPERSIDE fuscous. “Forewing and the outer angle of the hindwing
with a slight violaceous sheen, with elongate purple streaks beyond the middle and another
in the middle. Aindwing with four whitish submarginal dots. UNDERSIDE pale fuscous,
Forewing with three, Aimdwing with seven white dots; the outer margin of the hindwing
irrorated with white.” (Westqwood, l.c.) There are two FEMALE specimens of this species
from Sikkim in the Indian Museum, Calcutta. They differ from the male in being paler on
both upper and undersides, the elongate purple streaks on the upperside of the forewing larger
and more diffused, and in one specimen there is a submarginal series of five white spots, one
in each interspace, except the lower discoidal. They of course lack the sexual glandular patch
of scales and tufts of hair on the upperside of the hindwing near the costal margin which is
present in all the males of this subfamily.
‘** A fine species, somewhat resembling Zlymmnias leucocyma, but with the spots be-
neath as in £. Aewitsont from Macassar and Celebes.”? (Wallace, 1.c.)
“*Mimics Zuplea callithoé, a species allied to LZ. splendens and LZ. superba ; it bears a
superficial resemblance to EZlymnias leucocyma.” (Butler, 1.c.)
D, patna bears a general resemblance to Lufleas of the superba type both in form and
colour ; the /orewéng is tinged with violet, and the Aizdzwing with chestnut-brown ; the purple
streaks on the forewing are longest at the costa and extend in a curved regularly decreasing
series to the submedian nervure, one in each interspace, except that the streak above the third
median nervule is abbreviated or altogether wanting ; the patch in the middle is situated at
the endof the cell, and is often indistinct ; the whitish irrorations of the underside of the
hindwing are grouped into irregular undulated strize on the outer and abdominal margins of
278 NYMPHALID. ELYMNIIN. DYCTIS.
the Zindwing, and continued less prominently on to the disc of the forewing ; in some specimens
they are obsolete. It most nearly resembles 4. /eucocyma, but differs in having the wings
shorter and broader ; on the upperside the discal series of purple spots on the forewing far
more elongate, the inner series absent; and on the Ainduing in the presence of the white
submarginal spots: and on the underside it has white submarginal spots and the outer mar-
gin only variegated, whereas Z. Zeucocyma has no white spots, and almost the entire under-
surface variegated with pale striz.
It is not a common species, and we have as yet only seen it from Sikkim, Cachar and Syl-
het. Mr. de Nicéville took it in the valley of the Great Runjit, Sikkim, in October; and
Mr. Wood-Mason took a single specimen on Nemotha, Cachar, in September. It most pro-
bably mimics Zuplea (Stictoplea) hopet, which Mr. de Nicéville has taken in Sikkim at the
same time and in the same locality.
270. Dyctis vasudeva, Moore. (PLATE XVII, Fic. 61 ¢).
Elymnias vasudeva, Moore, Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. C., vol. i, p. 238, n. 513; Dyctis vasu-
deva, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, p. 525, n. 16; Elymnias thycana, Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,
1869, Pp. 323, D- 7-
Hasitat : Sikkim, Upper Tenasserim.
EXPANSE : 2°75 to 3°20 inches.
DESCRIPTION : ‘‘ MALE: UPPERSIDE, forewing black, glossed with slaty-blue ; costal
margin with small bluish-white dots ; longitudinal spots in the middle of the wing, and spots
from near the apex to the posterior angle bluish-white. Aidwing, from the abdominal margin
to the middle of the wing, white; anterior and posterior border black, the latter with some
marginal white spots. UNDERSIDE white, nervures black. /orewing covered throughout with
deep black strize [or as Wallace describes it, black, irregularly blotched and irrorated with
white]. Aindwing with the exterior margin covered with deep black striz ; the base of the
wing black, with numerous small white spots, and a large red spot below the cell ; abdominal
margin broadly suffused with yellow.” (Afoore, 1. ¢c.) ‘* FEMALE: UPPERSIDE paler, with the
bluish and white portions more diffused. UNDERSIDE very much whiter, with finer irrorations,
and the yellow patch more diffused.” (Wadvace, l. c.) The secondary sexual characters of the
male differ from those of all other Indian species of the subfamily, as not only are the usual
tufts of hair on the upperside of the hindwing present, but the inner margin of the forewing is
folded upwards, and encloses a tuft of long ochreous-brown probably erectile hairs.
‘Mimics either Delias descombesit or D. indica.” (Butler, \.c.) ‘* Pieride of the genus
Thyca.” (Wallace, 1, c*)
D. vasudeva is not very common, but will probably be found in all the hill ranges between
Sikkim and Tenasserim.
The figure shows the upper and undersides of a male specimen from Sikkim, in the
Indian Museum, Calcutta.
271. Dyctis esaca, Westwood.
Melanitis *esaca, Westwood, Gen. D. L,, vol. ii, p. 405, n. 10 (1851), zo¢e ; id., Hewitson, Ex. Butt., vol. iii,
pl. Melanitis, fig. 5 (1863) : Elymnias esaca, Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc, Lond., 1869, p. 322, n. 2; Dyctis esaca,
Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, p. 523, Ne 4+
HaBiTaT: Assam, Mergui, Borneo.
EXPANSE : 2°3 to 25 inches.
DESCRIPTION : ‘* Wings entire. UPPERSIDE blackish, with a slight olivaceous gloss. Fore-
wing very broad, almost perpendicularly truncated, with an oblique pale lilascine subapical fascia
continued by three spots of the same colour along the outer margin. Hindwing with a slight
purple gloss, the ouler margin grey, UNDERSIDE fuscous, much irrorated with grey. Forewing
paler about the apex, with two black dots. Aindwing with a series of minute black dots.”
(Westwood, 1. c.)
NYMPHALID. ELYMNIIN, DYCTIS. 279
The only other recorded notice of this species is by Hewitson who figures the underside
in his ‘‘ Exotic Butterflies,” and adds the following short description, which somewhat differs
from Westwood’s quoted above. ‘ UppersiDE: dark brown; crossed near the outer margin
by a curved band of six large ill-defined lilac spots. ndwing with a marginal band of five ins
distinct grey spots. UNDERSIDE red-brown, closely undulated throughout with grey. Fore-
wing with the apex nearly white, marked with two black spots. Aindwing with a black spot
dotted with white near the costal margin before the middle, and a submarginal band of five
black spots indistinctly dotted with white.” (Hewitson, 1. c.)
The Indian Museum, Calcutta, contains a single male specimen of this rare species, which
was taken by Dr. J. Anderson in the Mergui Archipelago on the 20th December, 1881. It is
smaller than the types, being 2°3 inches in expanse ; the forewing is, as in Hewitson’s descrip-
tion, ‘‘ crossed near the outer margin by a curved band of six large ill-defined lilac spots,” the
spots near the apex being elongate, almost coalescent, and separated only by the dark nervules ;
all the spots more or less irrorated with white in the centre; but the hindwing is as in West-
wood’s description, the outer margin broadly grey, outwardly almost pure white, inwardly dif-
fused and irrorated with lilac ; the extreme outer margin is narrowly blackish.
The shape of the wings of D.esaca is very peculiar, and sufficient to distinguish it at a
glance from all other Indian Z/ymmiinag, indeed from almost every other Indian Butterfly ; the
costal and inner margins of both wings are all of nearly equal length, so that the outline be-
tween the apex of the forewing and the anal angle of the hindwing is an arc of a circle with its
centre at the base ofthe wings.
37
SUBFAMILY IV.—MORPHIN.ZAG, Butler.
Morphine, Butler, Cist. Ent., vol.i, p. 3 (1869); id., Kirby, Syn. Cat. D. L., p. 115 (1871) ;, Morphide and
ik ae (fart), Westwood, Gen. D. L., vol. ii, p. 332 (1851) ; Morphina, Distant, Rhop. Malay , p. 67
Bopy robust, seldom elongate. HEAD usually small, tufted ; eves large, prominent,
naked ; aztenne long, slender, witha slender very gradually formed club ; fa//i slender, some-=
what elongate, erect (or sometimes porrect), the front edge not dilated, clothed in front with dense
appressed scaly hairs, at the back with longer hairs grouped in a tuft against the face. WINGS
broad, ample, but varying in outline ; generally ocellated on the underside. Forewtne with
the nervures usually simple, the costal nervure sometimes slightly and gradually dilated at
the base : discoidal cell short, very bread, completely closed by perfect nervules; the apex
always beyond the origin of the second median nervule ; the first branch of the subcostal
nervure long, originating near the end of the cell and often anastomosing with the costal nervures
the remaining branches originating far beyond the cell close together near the apex (except
in Xanthotenia in which they are widely separated) ; the upper and middle disco-cellular
nervules short, the Jower very long, outwardly oblique and generally concave. HINDWING
with the diéscoidal cell partially or entirely open, except in Xanthotenia, where it is
completely closed by a very slender lower disco-cellular nervule: no preediscoidal cell ;
the discoidal nervule appearing as a third subcostal branch ; the anal margin broadly channelled
and enclosing the entire abdomen. In the male furnished with glands or patches of raised
scales or tufts of hair in various positions. FORELEGS of the MALE small, brush-like ; those
’ of the FEMALE larger, longer, and less hairy.
‘*LaRva: with a more or less developed bifid tail.” (Distant, 1.c.) ‘* PuPA: short,
thick, cylindrical, or slightly carinated down the back.” (Westwood, Gen. D, L., vol. ii,
P- 332 (1851).
The Morphine are confined to South America and the Malayan region, extending in India
as far as the Indo-Malayan fauna penetrates, The typical genus A/orfho is entirely South
American, and contains some of the largest and most brilliantly coloured butterflies in the
world ; all the other genera are Asiatic.
Great differences of opinion have prevailed as to the propriety of separating this group
into a subfamily ; the original separation was suggested by Doubleday and adopted by West-
wood in the Genera of Diurnal Lepidoptera, but with much hesitation ; the group as there
defined excludes Amathusia, Zenxidia, and Discophora, which were left with Kaliima among
the Vymphaline, and includes many American genera now classed as Brassoline in a distinct
subfamily. In 1864, Mr. H. W. Bates, in a review (Journal of Entomology, vol. ii, p. 177)
of the primary and secondary divisions of the suborder, united the MMZorphine with the true
Nymphaline, with the remark that ‘‘ they exhibit no good character whereby they may be distin-
guished from the Vymphaline,” and the combined group he defined as having the “‘ lower disco-
cellular nervule, at least of the hindwing, more or less atrophied.” In 1869, Mr. A. G. Butler
established the group as it now stands, merely remarking that it ‘includes the genera Aorpha,
Clerome, Drusilla, Discophora, Amathusia, Bia, and comes between the Brassoline and WVym-
phaline” (Cistula Entomologica, vol. i, p. 3), but giving no distinctive features. In this he was
followed by Mr. Kirby in 1871 in his Synonymic Catalogue of Diurnal Lepidoptera, And in
1882, Mr. W. L. Distant, in his Rhopolocera Malayana, reverts to Mr. Bates’ arrangement
and unites them with the Vymphaline, but makes them a separate group, basing the groups on
the dilation of the anterior edge of the palpi.
282 NYMPHALID#. MORPHINE.
It is true that a strict definition of the subfamily is very difficult, if not impossible, to lay
down, but since they do possess features to a large extent distinctive, and as their affinities with
the Satyring are apparently as great as their affinities with the Mymphaline, Mr. Butler’s
arrangement appears to us the most convenient to adopt until their life history becomes more
fully known.
The Morphine resemble the Satyrine in having large wings and weak flight; they
also love the shade, are chiefly found in undergrowth in forests, and some at least are crepus-
cular in their habits ; the underside of the wings is almost always ocellated ; the hindwing
of the male always bears more or less pronounced secondary sexual characters; the
antennee are long and very slender, never abruptly clubbed, and the discoidal cell of the fore-
wing is always closed. They resemble the Z/ymuxiing in habits and in the brilliant colouring
of the upperside ; they resemble the Vymphaline in having the cell of the hindwing open,
except in Xanthotenia, but the palpi are not dilated at the base ; and lastly the larvee, so far as
they are known, approximate to a type which is dominant among the Satyrine, but aberrant
among the Vymphaline. Their distinctive structural features are chiefly in the neuration of
the forewing in which the cell is short (it is long in AZorpho, but short in all the Asiatic
genera) and very broad ; the second branch of the subcostal nervure is either wanting altogether
or originates far beyond the apex of the cell, and the first and second branches often anasto-
mose with each other, and the costal nervure for a short distance, and then run free to the costa.
These with the structure of the palpi separate them from the MVymphaline ; the open cell in
the hindwing separates them from Satyring and Zlymniine ; and the want of a prediscoidal
cell in the hindwing separates them from Zlymniine and Brassoline (an American subfamily).
The Morphine are connected on the one hand with the Vymphaline through the genera in
which the cell of the hindwing is completely open ; and on the other hand with the Satyrine
through Xazthotenia, in which the special characters are least developed, it having the cell of
the hindwing completely closed. Amathusia and Zeuxidia, especially the latter, greatly
resemble Ka/lima (a genus of Nymphalinz) in outline; but the arrangement of the subcostal
nervules in the forewing, the presence of ocelli, and of the secondary sexual characters on the
hindwing of the males at once distinguish them from it.
Key to the Indian Gonora of MORPHINE.
A. Antennz long, slender, with long gradually-formed slender club: palpi slender, the anterior edge not
widely dilated. Forewing with the costal nervure slightly and gradually dilated at base; the first
subcostal branch emitted near the end of the cell, the second (if present) beyond it; the apex of the
cell far beyond the origin of the second median nervule. AHixdwing with no prediscoidal cell.
a. Hindwing with the discoidal cell closed by a very slender lower disco-cellular nervule
near the origin of the second median nervule.
a‘, Forewing, subcostal nervure with its four branches all free.
a?, Forewing with the apex round, outer margin convex. Hindwing
with the anal angle rounded, outer margin convex.
XXXIII.—XANTHOT ANIA.
4. Hindwing with the discoidal cell partially closed by an atrophied lower disco-cellular
nervule.
a, Forewing, subcostal nervure with four branches, the first anastomosing with
the costal nervure.
a@?, Forewing withthe apex acute; the inner margin convex throughout ;
the median nervure with the commencement of a fourth branch
beyond the apex Of the cell. Hindwing with a narrow somewhat
acute tail at anal angle.
XXXIV.—ZEvuxip14.
¢. Hindwing with the discoidal cell completely open, but apparently partially closed by *
transverse fold in the wing membrane some distance beyond the origin of the second
median nervule.
a. Forewing with the apex slightly rounded, outer margin concave, inner
margin slightly convex at base, then straight. Hindwing with either
a short broad, or somewhat long narrow tail at anal angle.
XXXV,—AMATHUSIA,
NYMPHALID, MORPHINE, XANTHOTAENIA, 283
d@, Hindwing with the discoidal cell completely open.
a‘, Forewing with the apex acute, the outer margin straight or slightly concave.
Hindwing with the anal angle square or acute.
2", Hindwing with the outer margin angled at tip of third median ner-
vule ; forewing, subcostal nervure with four branches of which
the first two anastomose. Male with an oval patch of plush-
like scales on hindwing upperside.
XXXVI.—DiscorHorRa.
4*. Hindwing with the outer margin more regularly convex ; forewing,
subcostal nervure with three branches only, the first anastomos-
ing, second obliterated, Male without the oval patch of plush-
like scales.
XXXVII.—EnIspE.
5', Forewing with the apex acute; the outer margin straight, or slightly sinu-
ous. Hindwing with the anal angle evenly rounded.
@*, Hindwing with the outer margin somewhat angled at tip of third
median nervule; forewing, subcostal nervure with four
branches, as in Disccphora. Male with no patch of plush-like
scales, but with a slender pouch and tuft near end of
submedian nervure.
XXXVIII.—/Emona.
ce’. Forewing with the apex rounded, the outer margin convex ; hindwing with
the anal angle rounded, the outer margin regularly convex.
a*, Forewing, subcostal nervure with four branches, the first two anas-
tomosed as in Discofhora. Male with a tuft of erectile
hairs at base of szdcostaZ nervure on upperside of hindwing.
XXXIX.—TuHAuMANTIS.
6?, Forewing, subcostal nervure with three branches only, all free. the
second being obliterated. Male with a tuft asin Thaumantis.
XL.—STICHOPHTHALMA,
¢*. Forewing, subcostal nervure with four branches, all free. Male
with a tuft of hairs near base of median nervure folded
upwards over the nervure.
XLI.—CLEROME.
Genus 93.—RANTHOTZENIA, Westwood.
Clevome subgenus Xanthotenia, Westwood, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., new series, vol. iv, p. 187 (1856).
Separated from C/erome with the following remarks: ‘‘ In the shortness and roundness of
the forewing, and in the upperside being destitute of ocelli, this insect agrees with the genus
Clerome ; but differs in the broad oblique yellow fascia and subapical white spot of the forewing,
as wellas the more elongated form [in breadth] of the hindwing ; and the insertion of the
second branch of the subcostal nervure [of the forewing] at a [comparatively] short distance
beyond the extremity of the discoidal cell, (opposite to the extremity of the costal nervure, which
only reaches to the middle of the costa,) the third and fourth branches of the subcostal nervure
of the forewing rise a moderate distance apart ; the lower disco-cellular nervule of the forewing
(closing the discoidal cell), although oblique, is nearly straight, The palpi are much com-
pressed, of moderate size, thickly clothed with close appressed hairs, the terminal joint dis-
tinct, slender, acute at the tip, and raised to the level of the top of the crown of the head.
The antennz are long, gradually but slightly clavate, the tip a little curved and acute ; they
are brown, the outer half ferruginous. From all these characters I have no hesitation in
regarding this insect asa distinct subgenus, to which I have applied the name Xantholenia,
in allusion to the yellow fascia of the forewing.” (Westwood, 1. c.)
284 NYMPHALID.. MORPHIN.-E. XANTHOTENIA.
Xanthotenia in reality bears only a superficial resemblance to Clerome ; the following are
its chief distinctive characters : FOREWING, szdcostal nervure with all its branches free, the
second originating not far beyond the end of the cell; mzddle disco-cellular nervule compara-
tively long and oblique ; /ower disco-cellular about twice as long as the middle one, and nearly
straight, oblique. H1INDWING with the cell closed by a very slender concave nervule joining
the median nervure near the origin of its second branch ; the origin of the subcostal branches
and of the discoidal nervule well separated, and some distance from the base of the wing ;
the latter arising at the junction of the disco-cellulars. The secondary sexual characters of the
MALE consist of a raised fold along the inner edge of the submedian nervure, scantily fringed
with long hairs, and terminating rather beyond the middle in a denser tuft of erect hairs. No
tufts near the base of the median or subcostal nervures, nor on the abdomen of the insect.
Mr. W. L. Distant (Rhop. Malay., p. 82), states that the cell of the hindwing has the
apex entirely open, but according to Westwood’s, original diagnosis it is closed, and this is
also the case in all the specimens from Tenasserim which we have examined. Only a single
species is known.
272. Kanthotenia busiris, Westwood.
Clerome (Xanthotenia) busiris, Westwood, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., new series, vol. iv, p. 187, n. 6 (1856) ;
Xaxnthotenia busiris, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc, Lond., 1878, p. 827; id., Distant, Rhop. Malay., p. 82, pl. v, fig. 7
(18 &2).
HABITAT: Upper Tenasserim, Malacca, Sumatra, Java, Borneo.
EXPANSE ; 6, 2°6 to 2'85 inches.
DESCRIPTION : ‘‘ UPPERSIDE chestnut-fuscous. Forewing with the apical half fuscous, a
straight oblique yellow fascia, and a white subapical dot. UNDERSIDE paler. indwing with
four very wavy fuscous streaks, and eight ocelli irregular in size. The general colour of the
UPPERSIDE is rich but dull chestnut-brown ; the Azzdwing immaculate ; the forewing with the
outer half dark brown, with a moderately broad, nearly straight yellow fascia, extending from
the middle of the costa nearly to the cuter margin (below the middle), and with a subapical
white Got, UNDERSIDE pale brown (without any chestnut tinge), the Aixdwing with four
deeply scalloped, slender brown strige; the space between the second and third being the
widest, enclosing eight ocelli of unequal size, the second and sixth from the costa being the
largest ; they are thickly powdered with grey scales, and are surrounded by a very narrow
yellow ring ; the space between the third and fourth strigee is paler than the rest of the wing,
and between the first and second strige is a short transverse dark line, being the nervule
closing the discoidal cell. In the forewing the discoidal cell is marked in the middle with a
NYMPHALID. MORPHIN . ZEUXIDIA. 285
very strong angulated brown slender line, and between the white subapical dot and the extrem-
ity of the yellow oblique fascia are two small nearly rudimentary ocelli similar to those of the
hindwing.” (Westwood, |.c.) ‘* The FEMALE resembles the male.” (Distant, 1. c.)
X. dbusiris is found in the Malay Peninsula, extending northwards as far as Upper
Tenasserim, where Limborg took it near Moolai at 3,000 to 6,000 feet altitude ; and Captain C.
T. Bingham also took it in the Donat range and the lower Thoungyeen forests in April. All
the specimens we have seen are males.
The figure shows the upper and undersides of a male specimen in Major Marshall’s
collection taken in Upper Tenasserim.
Conus 34.—ZEUXIDIA, Hiibner.
Zeuxidia, Hiibner, Samml. Ex. Schmett. (1816-1824) ; id., Westwood, Gen. D. L., p. 327 (1851).
Bopy very hairy. Hap moderately large, hairy ; eyes large, prominent, naked ; palpi
elongate, compressed, erect, the third joint rising above the level of the top of the head, thickly
clothed with appressed scales in front, slightly hairy at the back of the middle joint ; terminal
joint slender, well-defined, and rather long ; axtenne@ rather less than half the length of the
forewing, slender, the articulations rather long, distinct ; the club very slender, elongate, gradu-
ally formed and slender at the tip. FOREWING large, triangular, the cosfa convex ; the apex
acute ; the oufer margin oblique, slightly concave ; the Aizder angle rounded, the inner margin
convex inthe male. The “rst sudcostal nervule given off before the end of the cell, about
three-fourths its distance from the base, and anastomosed with the costal nervure ; the second
emitted before the end of the costal nervure ; the third and fourth close together towards the
apex ; the #pper disco-cellular obliquely directed outwards, the second twice as long and ina
straight line with the upper portion of the /ower, which is very long and slightly concave,
joining the median nervure midway between the points where the second and third median
nervules are given off ; the median nervure continued beyond the point where the third median
nervule is given off in a short outwardly curved spur not reaching the lower discoidal nervule,
which spur is merged in the fold of the wing, giving the appearance of a fourth median
nervule ; the swdmedian nervure straight for a short distance from its base, then angled, and
following the contour of the convex inner margin, HINDWING large, the cos/a convex, the apex
rounded, the over margin convex, and produced at the anal angle into a distinct narrow but not
acute tail; the zzner margin highly convex and channelled to receive the abdomen ; the
discoidal nervule almost straight in continuation of the subcostal ; an incomplete lower disco-
cellular nervule originating at the point on the median nervure where the third median nervule
is given off, and not reaching the discoidal nervule, but becoming merged in the wing mem-
brane which is discoloured with yellow at its termination, thus only partially closing the
discoidal cell. FORELEGS of the male very slender, scarcely hairy ; ¢arsus about half the length
of the tibia, and equally slender ; femzr about as long as the tibia but not so slender. Of the
female rather longer and more robust, ¢édza rather shorter then the femur, ¢w7szs two-thirds of the
length of and rather thicker than the tibia, spiny along the whole length beneath.
_About eight species of the genus Zeuwxidia are known, all from the Indo-Malayan region.
The outline of the wings is very similar indeed to that of Awl/ima (Vymphaline, a genus com-
prising the great ‘‘ Oak-leaf” Butterflies of India), but the outer margin of the forewing is less
convex and angled near the hinder angle, and the pattern of the underside is different ; in
Kallima the discal line extends from the apex of the forewing to the anal angle of the hindwing
like the midrib of a leaf ; and there are no ocelli ; in Zes#xidia the discal line commences from the
middle of the costa of the forewing, and the hindwing has two ocelli. The upperside of the
males is somewhat similar in colouring to the amythaon group of Amathusia, but the hindwing
has usually also a patch of bright blue. But in addition to the structural characters noted above
perhaps the most remarkable features of the genus are the secondary sexual characters of the male
insect. There are no lateral tufts on the abdomen as in Amathusia phidippus, but the hindwing
bears no less than three. The submedian nervure is sunk in a fold and angled at a short distance
from its base where it bears a thick tuft of long bright brown coarse hairs, and the edge of the
fold above is thickly covered with finer wooly hairs; in the discoidal cell there is an oval
286 NYMPHALID&. MORPHINE. ZEUXIDIA.
shining bare patch denuded of scales in the centre, on which lies a thick tuft of long brown hairs ;
and above the subcostal nervure before the base of its first branch is a similar but smaller tuft
on a black patch in the centre of a similar patch denuded of scales.
Only a single species is certainly known to occur within our limits, where it is found in
Upper Tenasserim. Another species is recorded from India, but the authority is somewhat
doubtful. All the species are rare, and a single male of Z. masoniin Major Marshall’s collection
is the only specimen of the genus in the ccllections in this country so far as we know.
Key to the Indian Species of Zouzidia.
A. Males. Upperside dark brown, forewing crossed by a broad band of purplish-blue or blue ; hindwing,
with a similar band on the outer margin.
a. The patch on the hindwing from the anal angle almost tu the discoidal nervule.
273. Z. MASONI, Upper Tenasserim.
&. The patch extending from the outer to the anal angle,
274. Z. DOUBLUDAILI, India (?)
273. Zeuxidia masoni, Moore.
Z. masoni, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 826; id., Marshall, Journ, A. S. B., vol. li, pt. ii,
Pp. 39, 0. 4 (1882).
HawitaT ; Upper Tenasserim.
EXPANSE: 6, 4'1; ?, 4°5 inches,
DescRIPTION : MALE: UPPERSIDE velvety blackish-brown, palerat the margins. Forewing
crossed by a purplish-blue subapical decreasing band extending from the costa just beyond the cell
to the hinder angle. idwing with a broad purplish-blue patch from the anal margin extend-
ing on the outer border to the fold below the discoidal nervule. UNDERSIDE brown, with
violet-whitish markings ; the basal half of d0¢h wings darker, and defined by a dark brown
median line from the middle of the costa of the forewing to the anal angle of the hindwing.
Forewing with three whitish bands in the cell, and one just beyond it, the costal half beyond the
median line being clouded with whitish to the apex. Aindwing with three nebulous whitish
bands on the basal half, that nearest the base ‘the broadest and most distinct ; the median line
edged exteriorly with whitish irrorations ; two moderate-sized ocelli, one between the subcostal
nervules, brown, with diffused yellowish pupil, narrow yellowish iris, and outer dark brown
line ; the other on the lowest median interspace yellowish with eccentric brown pupil and
dark outer line. Described from the male in Major Marshall’s collection. ‘‘ FEMALE
differs from Z. amethystus, female, in the paler colour of the wings, and in the greater
breadth of the yellow oblique band, the band entire, and terminating at the middle median
nervule, below which are two similarly-coloured spots ; a small pale patch before the apex
of the wing. Mindwing pale cinnamon-brown broadly along outer border.” (JAfoore, 1. c.)
Closely allied to Z. amethystus* from the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra and Borneo. The
female of Z. masoni was taken by Limborg in Upper Tenasserim at Meetan 3,000 feet altitude
in April ; the male was taken by Captain C. T. Bingham in the Lower Thoungyeen forests in
the same district at the same season. It is a very rare insect.
* Zeuxidia amethystus, Butler, Proc, Zool. Soc. Lond., 1865, p. 485,n.5; idem, id., Trans. Linn. Soc.,
Zoology, second series, vol. 1, p. 538, n. x (1876); id., Distant, Rhop. Malay., p. 72, pl. vii, figs. 1, stale ; 2, female
(1882); Z. wadlacet, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep., vol. iii, p. 461, n. 777, pl Ixii, fig. 3 (1866), wae. HaxsiTraT:
Province Wellesley; Malacca; Sumatra; Borneo. Expanss : Male, 3°6 to 3°8; Female, 4°35 to 4°75 inches.
Description : MALH: “ Uppsrsibe. forewing deep brown, glossed with purple ; a broad lilac band glossed with
purple near the apex, extending from the anterior margin, just beyond the cell, to the third median nervule, wider
above than below ; outer margin pale. Azudwing, anal angle caudate ; rich brown, lower portion glossed with
purple ; a broad lilac patch, glossed with purple, bisinuate on its inner edge, at the anal angle, extending from just
below the body to the fold between the second and third median nervules; cell hirsute, hair ochreous ; outer
margin pale, UNpersipB, forewing, golden-brown, dusky towards the inner margin; a narrow, irregular,
oblique, deeper brown band crossing the middle of the wing; three irregular paler brown bands crossing the
cell at equal distances; a pale brown spot on the anterior margin, just beyond the central band ; two similar
spots nearthe apex. Hindwing, golden brown; a deeper, oblique, narrow, irregular, brown band crossing the
wing at the end of the cell, from near the end of the costal nervure to beyond the middle of the third median
nervule ; two indistinct, pale brown, irregular bands near the base, the inner one extending to the median
nervure, the outer one to the middle of the cell ; a large, oval, ochreous ocellus, pupilled with white, between
the first and second subcostal nervules, and a circular ochreous ocellus pupilled with white, between the
NYMPHALIDE, MORPHIN. ZEUXIDIA. 287
274. Zouxidia doubledaii, Westwood.
2. doubledait, Westwood, Gen, D. L., p. 329, n. 2, rote, pl. ii, fig. i (1851), fermale.
HABITAT : India (?)
EXPANSE : 4°25 to 4°75 inches.
DESCRIPTION : ‘* The British Museum also contains both sexes of an allied species [to
Z, luxerii*| from India, the MALE of which is distinguished by its more acuminated /ore-
zing, destitute of the pale spot near the tip ; the broad lilac bar of Z. J/uxerdi is replaced by
a much narrower and more curved blue bar ; the 2/dwing has the tail much less acuminated ;
the lilac patch of this wing is replaced by a very broad blue fascia, which extends to the
anal angle ; the middle of the discoidal cell has an elongate-ovate smooth spot desti-
tute of hairs (which may, however, have been abraded). [UNDERSIDE] the dark brown
streak across both wings is curved towards the tip at its junction with the costa, and the
second and third median nervules” (Bztler, 1.c. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.) ‘* FEMALE: Upprrstve, doth
wings pale brownish. Forewing becoming chocolate-brown beyond the apex ef the cell, and there possessing the
following pale stramineous markings:—A waved fascia commencing on the costal margin a fittle beyond the cell,
and terminating above the'first median nervule, where it is outwardly followed by a small spot ; beneath are six
spots placed three above and three beneath the second median nervule ; and near the apex there is also an indi-
cation of apale spot. Aéxadwing with the outer marginal area more or less ochraceous, on which is a sub-
marginal waved and broken dark chocolate fascia, becoming in some specimens obsolete towards the anal
angle ; on the inner side of this ochraceous area is an ill-defined darker apical patch or suffusion, on which are
three pale ochraceous spots, two above and one beneath the discoidal nervule ; there is also a similar but much
fainter spot beneath the first median nervule (in one Malaccan specimen these spots are nearly obsolete) ;
anal caudate prolongation marked with white on each side. UNpErsipE generally as in the male, but the
smaller ocellated spot on the hindwing in the male is absent, and the whitish suffusion more distinct. Con-
siderable variation in depth of colouration is observable both above and beneath amongst male specimens,”
(Distant, 1. c.)
* Zeuxidia luxerii, Hiibner, Samml. Ex. Schmett. (1826-1824) ; id., Westwood, Cab. Or. Ent., p. 40,
pl. xix, fig. 5 (1848), neuration of forewing. HapitaT: Java. Expansu: 371 inches. Dsscriprion: In
the Genera of Diurnal Lepidoptera (p. 329) Professor Westwood records the following note ; ‘‘A MALE specimen
of the type of this genus, Z. dwxevii from Java, in the British Museum has the forewing marked with a very
broad lilac bar, extending in a somewhat curved direction from the middle of the costa to the anal angle ; the
outer angle of the Aindwing marked with a broad patch of lilac, and the middle of the discoidal cell with an
elongate-oval patch of brown hairs ; the tail of the hindwing is also considerably acuminate. The UNDERSIDE
is purplish-brown, with dark clouds, and with the dark streak across both wings slightly bent towards the base
of the forewing, at its junction with the costa, and the ocellus on the disc of the hindwing next the costa is
very much smaller than the one towards the anal angle ; the extremity of the forewing is also marked with a
small pale oval patch Dr. Boisduval possesses the FEMALE of this species, the wings of which on the uPPEBR-
SIDB are brown, darker in the middle of the forewing, beyond which is an oblique bluish-white fascia, obli-
terated towards the anal angle, where are three obscure fulvous spots, the hind one occupying the anal angle
the Aindwing is brown, with an internally subdentate dull fulvous margin, On the UNDERSIDE it agrees with
the male, but is more uniform in its colours.” (Westwood, 1. c.)
38
288 NYMPHALID. MORPHIN. AMATHUSIA.
ocellus next the costa is very much larger and more distinct than that near the anal angle.
The FEMALE of this species (represented in the Gen. D. L., plate lii, fig. I, as the female
of Z. luxerii) has the outer half of both wings tinged with a blue gloss, with an oblique
bluish-white broad bar extending from the middle of the costa to the third branch of the
median nervure, where it is broken up into three rows of spots ; the interior conical,
the middle row nearly rounded, and the outer ones semicircular. There is a slight trace of
these spots continued along the outer half of the hindwing.” (Westwood, 1. G)
The woodcut which accompanies represents the female of Z. doudledaii, and is copied
from the figure in the Gen. D, L, It is doubtful whether this species does really occur in
India, in any case it is extremely rare ; we have never seen a specimen,
The four species of this genus referred to above are all very closely allied, and appear
to differ mainly in the tone and character of the blue markings on the upperside in the males.
Z. masoni has the blue patch on the hindwing extending from the anal margin nearly up
to the discoidal nervule.
Z. amethystus has the patch extending from the anal margin to the fold in the second
median interspace only.
Z. luxerii has the patch lilac, and at the outer angle only.
Z. doubledaii has the patch blue, and extending from the outer angle to the anal angle.
Genus 05._AMATHUSIA, Fabricius.
Amathusia, Fabricius, Iliger’s Mag., vol. vi, p. 279 (1807); id., Westwood, Gen. D. L., vol. ii, p. 326 (1851);
Mitocerus, Billb., Enum. Ins., p. 79 (1820).
‘‘ Bopy rather small, very hairy. HEAD rather small [in 4. phidippus, large in A. portheus],
hairy, with a small, frontal, conical tuft of hairs ;, zeck short. a/pi rather slender and com-
pressed, porrected obliquely to about the length of the head, and raised at the tip nearly
to the level of the top of the eyes, not united into a conical beak, scaly beneath ; the back
of the second and third joints hairy, the hairs of the middle joint being erect, and resting
on the front of the face and side of the frontal tuft ; terminal joint ovate-conic. [In A. Aortheus,
the palpi are erect, and rise in front considerably above the level of the top of the eyes.]
Antenne about three-sevenths of the length of the forewing, slender, not straight ; the
joints very distinct ; club long, very gradually formed, and very slender, finely carinated
beneath, articulations distinct, the terminal ones gradually acuminate. THORAX ovate, very
hairy, neither large norrobust. WHNGs large, hindwing with two ocelli wide apart on the
underside. FOREWING large, elongate-triangular, costa very much arched, afex rather rounded,
outer margin about two-thirds of the length of the costa, entire, slightly concave ; Zinder
angle rounded, inner margin nearly straight, rather narrowed towards the base. Swdcostal
nervure slender, the first branch nearly at the distance of one-third of the wing from the
base, extending to the costa at about three-fourths of its length; second, third and
fourth branches arising close together at about three-fourths of the length of the wing; the
second and third very short, joining the costa; the fourth longer, extending to the tip;
the remainder of the nervure extending to the apex below the tip. Upper disco-cellular
nervule arising from the subcostal at about two-fifths of the length of the wing, extremely
short and oblique ; #ddle disco-cellular twice its length, and transverse ; /ower disco-cellular
very long, strongly angulated in the middle, the anterior part continuing in the same line as
the middle disco-cellular, the posterior part very oblique, uniting with the median nervure
at a distance from its base equal to half the distance between the bases of the first
and second branches of the median nervure, thus closing the discoidal cell in an acute
point at nearly half the length of the wing; the third median nervule beyond the
junction much arched, or rather angulated, at about the same distance beyond the junction
as exists between the first and second median nervules. HINDWING subtriangular, cos¢a arched,
apex rounded, outer margin with wide but not deep scallops, aza/ angle produced into a
broad short tail [in 4. phidippus, but into a much longer and narrower one in A. fortheus],
extending between the extremity of the first branch of the median nervure and the
submedian nervure. The frecostal nervure is curved at its tip towards the body.
NYMPHALIDE, MORPHINE. AMATHUSIA. 289
Costal nervure curved, but extending only to two-thirds of the length of the costa. Swdbcostal
nervure branching very near its base, its first branch extending to the outer angle of the wing.
Discoidal cell very narrow, open. Aedian nervure branching far from the base, with a con-
siderable distance between its first and second branches ; at about the same distance from the
base of its third branch as exists between the first and second branches isa thickening or
swelling of the disc of the wing between this branch and the discoidal nervule, forming, as it
were, an incomplete termination of the discoidal cell. FORELEGS of the MALE small, slender ;
tarsus hairy, forming a slender brush of nearly equal thickness throughout. Of the FEMALE
considerably longer than those of the male, scaly ; femur much longer than the tibia ; t/a
and asus gradually but slenderly dilated to the tip, where it is obliquely truncate.”
‘Larva long, hairy, especially about the head ; 4ead with two short broad dentated horns,
with two dark transverse bars between the first and second, and second and third thoracic
segments ; extremity of the body forked. Pupa long, boat-shaped, entire, ead acuminated
and bifid.” (Axtracted from Westwvod’s Gen. D. L.)
The genus Amathusia comprises afew very handsome tropical Asiatic species of large size,
chiefly inhabiting the Malay Archipelago; like the rest of the subfamily they affect shady places,
and the typical species is crepuscular ; they have somewhat the appearance of the genus Aad/ima
on the upperside and in outline, but the tail of the hindwing is shorter, and the underside
has not the appearance of a leaf, it has numerous transverse stripes, with ocelli on the hindwing.
Within our limits the genus is only found in Burma, and through the north-east corner of
Bengal to Sikkim, and again in the South Andamans.
There are two distinct types of colouration, and the secondary sexual characters of the
male insect appear to differ.
Key to the Indian species of Amathusia.
A. Upperside brown, the apex and outer margin tinged with yellowish, with no broad transverse fascia on
the forewing in either sex. Hindwing with a broad short tail at the anal angle.
a. Male with lateral sexual tufts of hair along the abdomen, and with a tuft of hair below
the submedian nervure of the hindwing, and another placed in a pouch above it.
275. A, PHIDIPPUS, Burma ; Tenasserim ; Andaman Isles ; Malayana.
B. Upperside blackish, forewing with a broad transverse fascia, blue in the male, yellow in the female.
Hindwing with a narrower tail at the anal angle.
a. Males generally, perhaps always, with a large dense tuft of hairs below the submedian
nervure opposite the middleof the abdomen on the upperside of the hindwing*,
a, Male with the transverse fascia very broad, extending near the outer margin from
the second discoidal nervure to the submedian nervure.
276. A, AMYTHAON, Sylhet.
4), Male with the transverse fascia almost straight, regularly decreasing in width
towards the hinder angle, and extending near the outer margin from the
second median nervule to the hinder angle.
277. A. wEsTWooptI!, Sylhet.
e?, Male with the transverse fascia curved, scarcely decreasing in width tillit terminates
near the outer margin, where it extends from the fold above the second median
nervule to just below the submedian nervure.
278. A. porTHEuS, N.-E. India ; Tenasserin.
275. Amathusia phidippus, Linnzeus.
Papilio phidippus, Linnzus, Syst. Nat., vol. i, pt. ii, p.- 752, 1. 37 (1767) ; id., Cramer, Pap. Ex., vol.
i, pl. lxix, figs. A, B (1775), female; Mortho phidifpus, Godart, Enc, Méth., vol. ix, 439, n, 2
(1819) ; Amathusia phidippus, Horsfield, Cat. Lep. E. 1. C., pl. vii, figs. 10, larva ; 10a, pupa ; 106—h,
structure of imago (1829) ; id., Doubleday, Hewitson, Gen. D. L, vol. ii, p. 327, pl., liv*, fig. 2 (1850) male ;
id., Horsfield andjMoore, Cat, Lep. E. I. C., vol.i, p. 209, n. 428, pl. vi, figs. 4, darva ; 4a, pupa (1857) 3 id.,
Distant, Rhop. Malay., p. 70, pl, vi, figs. 6, wade ; 7, female (1882).
HasirTat : Burma; Upper Tenasserim ; Andaman Isles ; Malay Peninsula and Archipelago,
EXPANSE : 4'0 to 4'4 inches.
DESCRIPTION : ‘* MALE: UPPERSIDE: oth wings dark fuliginous-brown. Forewing with
the costal and outer margins somewhat paler, and with a distinctly paler submarginal fascia.
* See remarks un this group, p. 299.
290 NYMPHALID&. MORPHINE AMATHUSIA.
Hindwing with the outer margin paler, and with a distinctly paler submarginal fascia, the
marginal fringe ochraceous, the broad tail at the anal angle somewhat paler, and bearing two
sublunulate black spots, outwardly margined with white ; these spots are placed near the apices
of the first median nervule and submedian nervure. UNDERSIDE greyish, crossed by
numerous fuscous fascize of varying width and hue ; the first commences near the costal base of
the forewing, and is continued on the hindwing, narrowing and becoming somewhat evanescent a
little beyond the middle of the submedian nervure ; the second crosses the cells of both wings
about their centres, and terminates on the innerside of the first median nervule at about
half its length ; the third is short, crossing the cell, but not passing the median nervure
of the forewing ; the fourth is pale, with its margins darker, waved, and deflected beneath the
third fascia on the forewing, passing a little beyond the second on the hindwing, and be-
coming confluent and terminating with that fascia beneath the median nervure; the fifth is
wide and darkest, crossing both wings at the apices of the discoidal cells and terminating a
little beneath the second median nervule ; the sixth is widest, somewhat paler, with darker
margins, outwardly sinuate and placed a little beyond the fifth ; this sixth fascia is followed by
three narrow fascize, which terminate on the abdominal margin of the hindwing, one being
marginal and two submarginal, the middle one darkest and the inner one palest. The Aind-
wing bears two large submarginal ocellated spots, which are ochraceous, speckled with fuscous,
with white centres and black outer margins, the inner borders of which are narrowly ochra-
ceous ; the lower and larger spot has the white centre somewhat lunulate, and is followed
posteriorly by a broad blackish suffusion ; the upper of these spots is situated between the
subcostal nervules, and the lower one between the first and second median nervules. The
anal tail of the hindwing is spotted as on the upperside, and has a large central castaneous
suffusion. ody and /egs more or less concolorous with the wings. The male has four long,
curved tufts of hair on each side of the terminal segments of the abdomen. A somewhat
similar tuft is situated about the middle of the abdominal margin of the hindwing, on the
inner side of the submedian nervure; and between the submedian nervure ana first median
nervule within a fold of the wing are also a few long hairs. Both of these, judging by
analogous reasoning, are probably the coverings of scent-glands or pouches. FEMALE, larger
than the male, UPPERSIDE, doth wings paler, with an ochraceous discal fascia crossing both
wings, widest near the costa of the forewing, and very narrow on the hindwing ; the sub-
marginal fascize as in the male, but concolourous with the ochraceous margins. UNDERSIDE
as in the male, but much paler. This species varies in the depth and intensity of hue of the
fuscous fascize on the underside.” (Distant, 1. c.)
LarVA cylindrical, of nearly equal thickness throughout, covered with long hairs placed
in tufts on tubercles placed in rows along the body: colour pale brown, marked with a dorsal
and two subdorsal longitudinal paler lines, with darker marks on each side of the dorsal line
two on each segment: head dark brown, anal segment furnished with a somewhat short bifid
tubercular tail. Pupa boat-shaped, acuminated to a long and somewhat sharp point at the head,
and marked with streaks of a deeper green than the ground-colour. (Described from Horsfield
and Moore’s figures). Dr. Horsfield states that in Java it ‘‘ feeds on the young leaves of Coccos
nucifera, from December to April.”
Several writers have noted the crepuscular habits of A. phidippus, and it is often found in
cocoanut palm groves. We have specimens from Upper Tennasserim, and the Andaman Islands,
and Dr. Anderson took a single male in the Mergui Archipelago in January, and Captain
Adamson took it at Akyab in November.
Of the next group, in which the forewing bears a broad transverse fascia, blue in the males
and yellow in the females, three species have been described from India. The first was des-
cribed, but not figured, by Doubleday in 1847 as A. amythaon ; in 1848 Westwood figured
and described a species under the name of A. amythaon, Doubleday, but which does not at all
correspond to Doubleday’s original description ; and in 185t Westwood in the Gen. D. L.
recorded some notes on 4, amythaon which seem to refer to the species figured by him and
NYMPHALID, MORPHINE, AMATHUSIA. 291
not to that described by Doubleday. In 1865 Dr. Felder described another species, 4. for-
theus; and in 1869 Mr. A. G. Butler pointed out the differences between the A. amythaon
as described by Doubleday, and as figured by Westwood, and gave to Westwood’s figure the
name of 4. westwoodii, remarking at the same time that 4. fortheus, Felder, was probably the
true A. amythaon, male, of Doubleday.
So far as recent experience goes, but a single species of this group is positively known to
occur in Indian limits, and this species, of which we possess several specimens of both sexes,
corresponds exactly with the description of 4. portheus, Felder. We have seen no specimens
of either of the other species, and we have no certain knowledge as to where specimens
exist. Judging from the descriptions and figures only, the distinctions between the three
species are of two kinds : (1) the sexual tufts and patches in the male ; (2) the shape and extent
of the transverse blue fascia of the forewing. As regards the first point, the evidence is
chiefly negative and cannot be relied on; all that we can say is that for 4. amythaon, Double-
day makes no mention whatever of any tufts or patches. Westwood says: ‘‘ The internal basal
portion of the hindwing is clothed with long jet black velvety scales, and there is a tuft of
elongate brown hairs opposite the middle of the abdomen” ; (Gen. D. L., vol. ii, p. 327), but
his remarks probably apply to A. westwoodit and not to the true A. amythaon. For
A. westwoodii, Westwood makes no special mention of the tufts in the description, while in the
figure he shows the tuft below the submedian nervure greatly developed, but no discal patch of
velvety scales. For A. fortheus, Felder correctly describes the tuft and velvety patch of the
known Indian species. As regards the second point, the shape and extent of the blue fascia,
there appear to be sufficient differences to separate all three species, and on this we have based
our key.
276. Amathusia amythaon, Doubleday.
A. amythaon, Doubleday, Ann and Mag. of Nat. Hist., vol. xix, p. 175 (1847).
HABITAT ; Sylhet.
EXPANSE : 5 inches.
DESCRIPTION : “ UPPERSIDE, 40th wings fuscous-black, darker, especially the hindwing,
near the base. Forewing traversed by a broad oblique band of a beautiful light blue, with pur-
plish reflections, commencing on the costa above opposite to the middle of the cell, and occupying
in width about one-third of the costa, extending obliquely across to the submedian nervure,
and terminating near the outer margin, where its upper boundary is the second discoidal nervule.
UNDERSIDE, Goth wings pale chocolate, with lavender reflections, traversed by seven transverse
lines ; the first commencing on the costa of the forewing near the base, continued along the
preecostal and first median nervules of the hindwing ; the second continued across both wings
to the origin of the second median nervule of the hindwing ; the third short, just crossing the
cell [of the forewing] a little beyond the middle ; the fourth beyond the cell, continued nearly
to the anal angle [of the hindwing]; the fifth more oblique, only reaching the first median
nervule of the hindwing ; the sixth arising near the apex, meeting the fourth at its termination ;
the seventh submarginal, common. AHindwing, slightly produced into a short round tail or
palette at the anal angle, having, besides the markings already described, two ocelli composed
of an oval black ring with a white pupil, the larger one near the costa between the first and
second subcostal nervules ; the second between the first and second median nervules at the
point of junction of the fourth and sixth strige ; the anal palette with two black dots edged
with white. The cz/éa all white. HEAD, thorax, and abdomen brown, FEMALE paler, with
the band of the forewing much narrower, not occupying any part of the cell, fulvous, marked
near the outer margin with a brown waved striga. Much resembling 4. phidippus in form, but
known at once by the blue band above, and different markings of the under surface.”
(Doubleday, 1.c.)
We have never seen this insect ;no mention is made in the description of the very
remarkable tufts borne by the male insect in the two following species ; and it is strange that
if present they should have escaped the attention of so profound an entomologist as Mr
Doubleday,
92 NYMPHALID, MORPHIN#. AMATHUSIA.
277. Amathusia westwoodii, Butler.
A. amythaon, Westwood, Cab. Or. Ent., p. 39, pl. xix, figs. 1, 2, male;3, female (1848); A. westwoodii,
Butler, Ent. Month. Mag., vol. vi, p. 55 (1869).
HasiTaT: Sylhet.
EXPANSE: 6, 5'2; 2, 5'5 inches.
DEsCRIPTION: ‘‘ UPPERSIDE fuscous. Forewing, with an oblique broad fascia, light blue
in the male, fulvous in the female. UNDERSIDE, pale chocolate, with seven transverse, unequal,
darker streaks. Hindwing with two oval ocelli, having white pupils, and the short tails with
two black dots. MALE. UPPERSIDE, doth wings blackish brown, the basal portions being the
darkest ; the forewing traversed by a broad oblique band of a beautiful light blue, with purplish
reflections, commencing close to the costa, a little beyond the middle of the cell, and occupying
in width about one-third of the costa, extending obliquely across to the inner [hinder] angle of
the wing, terminating near the outer margin, where its upper boundary is the second branch of
the median nervure. A/indwing with the anal margin of a delicate pale lavender grey, fringed
with a very thick row of long pale brown hairs ; the anal angle is produced into a rather broad.
short tail, in which are two small black dots. UNDERSIDE, 40th wings pale chocolate
coloured, with lavender reflections, the forewing traversed by seven, and the hindwing
by four richer brown transverse lines, the first crossing both wings near the base; the
second extending from the costa across the discoidal cell of the forewing, and terminating
near the middle of the discoidal cell of the hindwing ; the third very slender, crossing the
discoidal cell of the forewing beyond the middle ; the fourth extending from the costa of
the forewing, and terminating just above the inner [lower] of the ocelli of the hindwing ;
the fifth paler and more oblique, extending only across the forewing, crossing the third branch
of the median nervure where it is angulated ; the sixth extending from near the apex of the
forewing to the outside of the inner [lower] ocellus of the hindwing, beyond which it again
reappears for a short distance ; and the seventh very slight and submarginal, extending. into the
anal tail, and again ascending along the anal margin of the hindwing. The Aéndwing is, more-
over, marked with two oval ocelli, consisting of a very slender dark brown ring with a white
pupil, the remaining space filled with minute irrorations, one near the costal margin, beyond
the middle, the other towards the tail, which is marked as above. The Jody and antenne
are brown. The FEMALE differs in having the wings paler brown, with the oblique fascia of
the forewing much narrower, commencing outside of the discoidal cell, and of a fulvous colour,
marked across within the outer margin by a brown waved siriga. This species nearly resembles
A. phidippus from Java, but differs in the blue band and the markings of the underside of the
wings. It also resembles [superficially] the Javanese Zeuxidia luxerii, but this latter species has
the outer portion of the hindwing glossed with blue, a patch of hairs in the middle of the
discoidal cell of the same wing; the underside is also quite different, and the arrangement of
the nervures of the forewing places it in a different genus.” (Westzood, 1. c.)
This is Westwood’s description of the insect, which he also figures under the name o
A, amythaon, Doubleday. In 1869 Mr. A. G. Butler pointed out that it was distinct from A.
amythaon, and proposed the name A. westwoodit for it with the following remarks: ‘The
figure in the ‘ Oriental Entomology’ represents a species with a much narrower and duller violet
band on the forewing, leaving a large brown space at the apex ; the brushes on either side of
the body seem also to be unusually developed. There can be little doubt that this is a distinct
species.” (Budler, 1c.) We have never seen a specimen ; the shape of the blue fascia is quite
different from that of A. fortheus; it is much widest at the costa, its outer margin is nearly
straight, and it narrows backward to the hinder angle. Westwood in the Gen. D. L. in writing
about A. amythaon, though more probably he referred to the species afterwards separated
as A, westwoodii, says :—‘‘ The internal basal portion of the hindwing [in the male] is clothed
with long, jet black, velvety hairs, and there is a tuft of elongate brown hairs opposite the
middle of the abdomen.” It is possible that the secondary sexual characters are the same
in the males of all the species of this group, though Mr. Doubleday omitted to mention them as
regards A, amythaon,
NYMPHALID. MORPHINZ., AMATHUSIA. 293
278. Amathusia portheus, Felder.
A. portheus, Felders Reise Novara, Lep., vol. iii, p. 461) n. 780 (1865) ; id., Butler, Ent. Month. Mag., vol.
vi, p- 55 (1869).
HABITAT : North India.
EXPANSE: 6, 4°8to 5°03 9, 5°3 inches.
DESCRIPTION : ‘* MALE: UPPERSIDE as in A. amythaon, but the forewing with the fascia
narrower towards the costa, and much wider hindward than in that species [evidently A.
westwoodit is here referred to]. Hindwing with a patch of raised blackish scales filling almost
the entire cell as in Déscofhora, and with similar scales below the median nervure and a tuft
of brown hairs. UNDERSIDE as in 4. forthaon* [from Java], but with the streaks of the
hindwing including the ocelli more divergent. FEMALE: UPPERSIDE as in 4. amythaon, but
the yellow fascia of the forewing less excised, not at all interrupted, the hinder end divided by
a streak of the ground-colour; a yellowish spot below it between the first and second median
nervules. UNDERSIDE as in the male, but with the streaks a little wider.” (Felder, 1. c.)
Butler remarks (1. c.) :—‘‘ Felder’s Indian species is probably thetrue male A. amythaon
of Doubleday.” It is impossible for us to settle the point without seeing the type of the
latter species, but the descriptions apparently apply to different insects.
The underside is almost exactly similar in all these species ; we have one male specimen of
A. portheus however from Sikkim which entirely lacks the upper ocellus on the underside of
the hindwing. A. fortheus is a rare insect : Captain C. T. Bingham took a few specimens of
both sexes in the autumn and winter months in the Thoungyeen forests in Upper Tenasserim,
and the Indian Museum, Calcutta, has specimens from Sibsagar in Assam, from Sikkim, and
from Cachar taken.by Mr, Wood-Mason in August.
The figure shows the upper and undersides of a male specimen in the Indian Museum,
Calcutta, from Sibsagar in Upper Assam.
* A. porthaon, Felder. Hasitat: Java. ExpaNsE: not given. DescripTion: “* MALE: UppErRsIDE as
in A. amythaon, but the forewing with the fascia pale plumbeous-blue, a little wider, but much less dilated
at the costa. zmdwing with the internal gutter whitish, the interno-anal margin beyond the first median nervule
irrorated with violet. UNDERSIDE as in A. amtythaon, but the forewing with the two discal strigze more
divergent. /4zudwing with the outer one directed to higher up the inner margin, the ocelli larger.” (Felder,
Reise Novara, Lep., vol, ili, p, 461, n. 779, 1867).
294 NYMPHALID. MORPHIN . DISCOPHORA. -
Genus 36.—DISCOPHORA, Boisduval.
Discophora, Boisduval, Spec. Gén., vol. i, pl. xii, fig. 3 (1836) ; id., Westwood, Gen. D. L., vol. ii, p. 329
(1851).
Bopy robust, very woolly. Hap rather small, woolly, with a small woolly frontal tuft
[between the tips of the falgi] ; eves large, prominent, broadly oval ; fa/fi compressed,
directed obliquely upwards and reaching as high as the level of the top of the eyes, almost
erect ; basal joint hairy beneath, middle joint scaly in front, but very hairy behind, the hairs
resting on the sides of the frontal tuft, terminal joint very short; avtenne not quite half
the length of the forewing, slender, terminated by a long and gradually formed but slender
club, finely carinated beneath, the seven terminal joints gradually acuminated. THORAX very
robust and woolly ; addomen of moderate size. FOREWING large, triangular ; costa much
arched ; apex acute ; owter margin straight, oblique or slightly concave ; hinder angle scarcely
rounded ; zzxer margin straight, nearly equal in length to the outer margin; costa/ nervure
and first and second szécostal nervules anastomosing for part of their length; wffer and
middle disco-cellulars both very short, the discoidal nervules originating close together near the
subcostal ; Jower disco-cellular long, but much shorter than is usual in this subfamily,
concave and closing the cell considerably beyond the origin of the second median nervule ;
submedian nervure nearly straight. HrNDWING with the cos¢a slightly arched ; the outer margin
convex, sometimes angled at the extremity of the third median nervule, and slightly sinuate
throughout ; déscoidal cell entirely open; azaZ angle acuminate; the ava? margin convex
and highly channelled to receive the abdomen, and straight beyond the body, FORELEGS
of the MALE small, very hairy ; those of the FEMALE rather longer, scaly, almost destitute of
hairs.
** Larva long, cylindrical, with hairy tubercles ; extremity of the body armed with two
small conical spines. Pupa broadly boat-shaped, simple, widest across the wing-cases ; head-
piece acuminated into two long points.” (Westwood, 1.c.)
The species of Discophora are very closely allied, and the markings of the underside are
of the same general pattern throughout the genus ; they are entirely Indo-Malayan, but extend
to North-East India, South India and Ceylon in the region of heavy rainfall. Nine species are
recognised, of which five are included in the Indian list, the other four inhabit the islands of
the Malay Archipelago. The upperside is typically brown of various shades, marked on the
forewing with three series of spots on the outer half, sometimes continued on the hindwing ;
and the variations consist in the more or less complete obsolescence of the spots on the one
hand, and in the development of a subapical fascia on the forewing on the other band ; the
colour of the spots also differs in the different species. In all the species the male insect has
a prominent oval patch of raised plush-like scales on the upperside of the hindwing at the
lower end of the cell.
Key to the Indian species of Discophora.
A. Males, upperside brown, with deep indigo-blue reflections, the spots ochreous. Females brown, with
a broad subapical fulvous fascia on the forewing.
a. Males, forewing with the submarginal series of spots usually complete, sometimes obso-
lescent, the discal and median series obsolete, except near the costa.
a1, All the spots small and well separated.
279. D. cgiinp8, N.-E. India, Burma, Andaman Isles, Malay Penin-
sula, Java, Borneo.
51, The spots of the discal and median series near the costa large and tending to
coalesce into a subapical bar.
280. D.NECHo, Tenasserim, Java.
B. Male, upperside purplish brown, forewing with the spots large bluish-white, three (sometimes four) in
number, the uppermost in the median, the rest in the discal series, but all arranged in a curved series
beyond the cell. Female, forewing with the three series of spots large bluish-white, the uppermost
of the median and discal series merged in a broad whitish fascia,
281. D, Leripa, §, India, Ceylon,
NYMPHALID#. MORPHINE, “‘DISCOPHORA. 295
C. Male, with the upperside pure velvety brown, with three series of small spots, usually all bluish-white,
sometimes irregularly tinged with fulvous ; female with three series of large spots, white, the inner
tinged with blue.
282. D. ruuita, N.-E. Iadia, Burma, Upper Tenasserim.
D. Male, with the upperside pure velvety brown unspotted. Female with three series of large spots, the
median bluish-white, the discal fulyous below, bluish above, the outer pure fulvous.
283. D. zat, Burma, Malay Peninsula.
In all the males the hindwing is unmarked or with barely a trace of obselete spots. In the
females of D. celinde and D. necko there are more or less obsolete traces of fulvous lunular
spots ; in those of D. /efida there are three series ef prominent fulvous lunules or marks, and
in those of D. ¢ul/éa and D. zad there are three complete series of fulyous spots in continua-
tion of those of the forewing.
The habits of D. tu//ia and D. celisde very much resemble those of the species of the
genus Afelanitis. In Calcutta Mr. de Nicéville has found the former not uncommonly
throughout the year under bamboo clumps and bushes amongst dry leaves, starting up when dis-
turbed, flying a short distance, and then settling again amongst the leaves ; they not unfrequently
enter houses. In Sikkim, at low elevations, he found males of D. celinde commonly sucking
ap moisture from damp spots with their wings folded: when disturbed they fly off into the
jungle. The rich indigo blue of the upperside of the male of this species when fresh makes
it a very handsome insect on the wing.
279. Discophora celinde, Stoll.
Papilio celinde, Stoll, Suppl. Cramer, Pap. Ex., pl. xxxvii, figs. i, iA (1790), male ; P. menetho, Fabricius,
Ent. Syst., vol. iii, pt. i, p. 83, n. 260 (1793) ; id., Donovan, Ins. India, pl. xxx, fig. 1 (1800) ; P. aristides,
Fabricius, Ent. Syst., vol. iii, pt. i, p. 86, n. 268 (1793) ; Morpho celinde, Godart, Enc. Méth., vol. ix, p. 446,
n. 18 (1819) ; M. menetho, idem, id., n. 20 (1819) ; Discophora celixde, Herrich-Schaffer, Ex. Schmett., figs. 5,6
(1850), wale ; id., Distant, Rhop. Malay., p. 75, pl. v, figs. 10, male ; 11, female (1882).
HApirat : North-East India, Burma, Andaman Isles, Malayana.
EXPANSE: 6, 3'4to 3°83 2, 4'0 to 4'5 inches.
DESCRIPTION: MALE: UPPERSIDE dark olivaceous, with deep indigo-blue reflections.
Forewing with a linear discal spot below the first discoidal nervule (in the median series),
another beyond it below the second discoidal nervule (in the discal series), and a submarginal
series of five spots, all ochraceous. Hindwing, with the usual patch of raised plush-like
scales. UNDERSIDE reddish ochraceous, with dark brown transverse striz, most numerous
on the outer half, a dark brown median fascia across the middle of doth wings, and two sub-
marginal lunulate lines, the outer indistinct ; the ground-colour between the two irrorated with
39
296 NYMPHALID, MORPHINE. DISCOPHORA.
whitish on the forewing and near the anal angle of the hindwing ; the colour between these
and the median fascia suffused with brown in the middle, forming a broad indistinct transverse
band : a subbasal highly irregular dark zigzag line crossing the middle of the cell on both
wings, within which are on the forewing three dark spots in a row across the cell, and on the
hindwing two dark dots below the cell; between it and the median fascia the dark brown
strice are longer and more pronounced. /indwing, with two ocelli just beyond the median
fascia, one between the subcostal nervules, the other smaller between the lower median nervules,
reddish brown, with diffused white pupil, narrow yellowish and black rings, and a yellowish
outer lunule along the inner edge. FEMALE : UPPERSIDE vinaceous brown, lacking the bluish
reflections and darkest on the outer half, where it is suffused with fuscous, especially about the
apex of the forewing. orewing with a broad fulvous fascia from the middle of the costa
beyond the cell to near the outer margin between the third median nervule and sub-
median nervure, divided at its outer end by a submarginal, highly lunulate dark line
into three submarginal lunulate patches. //indwing, with a more or less prominent conti-
nuation of the dark lunulate submarginal line inwardly defined with fulvous lunules, sometimes
reduced to a row of small fulvous submarginal spots, the outer margin of both wings tinged
with fulvous. No discal patch of raised scales on the hindwing. UNDERSIDE, as in the male
but much paler, and the dark markings ill-defined ; the brown striz pale, but almost uni-
formly distributed, especially on the basal half.
The ochreous spots on the forewing of the MALE are not constant; in a specimen from
the South Andamans all of them are obsolete, except the linear one between the discoidal
nervules ; in many specimens from Sikkim and some from Malacca there are two spots in
the discal series, and in most specimens from Malacca there are three ; the constant spot
being in all cases the lowest of the series. The markings of the FEMALE also vary toa
certain degree; the form above described, in which the outer end of the fulvous fascia is
divided by a lunulate dark line into three submarginal spots is the common form in Sikkim ;
in a specimen from the Andaman Islands the dark line is obsolete at its upper end, and in
the form figured by Mr. Distant from Malacca the line is altogether absent, the fulvous fascia
extending uninterruptedly to near the outer margin. There are also traces of the median
series of spots below the fascia; generally a single spot on the forewing, sometimes two or
more on the hindwing.
D. celinde has rather a wide range; it is recorded from Nepal in the British Museum,
In Sikkim it is not uncommon ; the Indian Museum, Calcutta, has specimens from Sibsagar
in Upper Assam, but we have as yet no record of its occurrence between Assam and Tenas-
serim ; in Upper Tenasserim it appears to be more closely allied to D. mecho, Felder, from
Java, and was identified as such by Mr. Moore from Limborg’s specimens ; the only specimen,
a male, sent by Captain C. T. Bingham is apparently intermediate between the forms celinde
and zecho, and is referred to below under the latter name ; in the Malay peninsula it is common,
but the Malayan race appears to be nearly as distinct from the typical Sikkim race as D. necho
is; and those from the Andamans are again separable as an insular race from the obsolete
character of the fulvous markings in the male. Dr. Anderson took a single male in the
Mergui Archipelago in March. It is of the xecho type, but the spots are smaller than in our
specimen of this species from Upper Tenasserim, and it is an even more decided connecting
link between D. celinde and D. necho.
The figure shows the uppersides of a male and a female both from Sikkim in the
Indian Museum, Calcutta.
280. Discophora necho, Felder.
Discophora necho, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep., vol. iii, p. 462, n. 782 (1867) ; id., Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1878, p. 827 ; Morpho ? celinde, Horsfield, Cat. Lep, E. I. C., pl. vi, fig. 6, female ; pl. vii, fig. 11,
larva; 11a, pupa ; 11b—h, structure of imago (1829).
HapitaT : Upper Tenasserim, Java.
EXPANSE: 6, 4'0; 9, 4'2 inches.
DescrIPTION : ‘* MALE : UppersIvE paler than in D, celinde. Forewing with an oblique
abbreviated fascia immediately beyond the middle, deeply and angulately cut through between
NYMPHALID. MORPHIN A, -DISCOPHORA. 297
the median nervules, and outwardly above below the lower discoidal neryule, and three outer
lunular spots closely approximating to it, whitish. indwing with the velvety patch broader
than in D. celinde, UNDERSIDE as in D. celinde, but the forewimg with the discal striga arch-
ed and slightly drawn back, and the powdery whitish border streak very macular and slightly
arched, indwing with the discal striga more directed inwardly at the hinder end, the upper
ocellus much smaller, the lower minute, the whitish border spots evanescent. FEMALE:
UPPERSIDE as in D, celinde, but the forewing with the fascia rather broad, extending a little
beyond the first median nervule immediately beyond the cell, and three outer spots, large, ad-
herent, pale ochraceous. //indwing with spots almost all as in D. celinde, but more obscure,
much smaller, and more obsolete. UNDERSIDE as in the male, but very pale, the strigze scarcely
visible. Larger than D. celinde.” (Felder, 1. c.)
LarVA cylindrical, slightly tapering at each end, pale purplish brown ; with a dorsal whitish
line marked on each side on each segment with a black dash, a lateral darker line defined
on both sides with still darker brown. On either side of this line is a series of tubercles
one on each segment furnished with long pale brown hairs, The lower portion of the insect
bearing the legs paler brown than the rest of the body, this pale portion sharply defined ;
the anal segment furnished with a bifid tubercular process, PUPA boat-shaped, reddish-brown,
streaked with darker brown, tapering to a point at either end. (Described from Horsfield’s
figures).
The single male specimen we have received from Upper Tenasserim has the submarginal
series of spots on the forewing larger, the constant spot of the discal series much larger and
another below it, the spot of the median series also much larger, with a short streak above and
a spot below, all paler ochraceous than in D. celinde, but not whitish ; the five last mentioned
spots are almost coalescent into a subapical fascia, and the specimen is clearly intermediate be-
tween D. necho and D. celinde ; on the underside the lower ocellus of the hindwing is obsolete,
but has a prominent white pupil ; it isa good deal larger than our largest male specimen of
D. celinde, It was taken by Captain C. T. Bingham, at Houndraw, on the 18th December.
Limborg’s specimens, which came from the same locality, were identified by Mr. Moore
as D, necho.
281. Discophora lepida, Moore.
Enispe lepida, Moore, Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. C., vol. i, p. 213, n. 435 (1857); Dzscophora
lepida, id., Lep. Ceylon, p. 36, pl. xviii, figs. 1, #ade; 1a, 16, female (1880).
HABITAT: Hills of South India, Ceylon.
EXPANSE: 6, 36to 43; 2, 4'0 inches. '
DESCRIPTION : MALE: UPPERSIDE, velvety brown, slightly purplish, darkest in the mid-
dle, paler at the base and outer margin of both wings. Forewing with an oblique band beyond
the cell of three coalescent bluish-white spots, sometimes a fourth separate below, and some
faint marginal dots near the hinder angle. Hindwing unmarked, except for the oval patch of
plush-like scales on the disc, though sometimes with a discal and submarginal series of obscure
ochreous spots. UNDERSIDE almost exactly as in D. celinde, but darker and the dark
markings less distinct. FEMALE paler brown. Forewing with a bluish-white band from the
costa beyond the cell to the third median nervule, below which are three series of three bluish-
white spots, the first marginal linear, the second submarginal lunulate, the third ose irregular.
Hindwing paler brown, with three series of fulvous spots in continuation of the series on the fore-
wing, the first reaching the anal angle, the second reaching the first median nervule, and the third
only extending to the end of the cell ; outer margin of both wings fulvous, divided by a brown
line. UNDERSIDE pale ochreous, indistinctly covered with numerous slender brown strigz ;
other markings as in the male, but less distinct.
D. depida is found in Ceylon and in the hills of South India. We have as yet only re-
ceived it from Travancore, where both sexes have been taken by Mr. H. S. Fergusson in the
Ashamboo Hills ; it is a rare butterfly everywhere. In Ceylon it has been ‘taken in forest
land near Galle in July ; very rare.” ( Hutchison.) Mr. Moore in his ‘ Lepidoptera of Ceylon’
includes this genus among the Wymphalina,
298 NYMPHALID&. MORPHIN. DISCOPHORA.
282. Discophora tullia, Cramer.
Pafilio tuitia, Cramer, Pap, Ex., vol. i, pl. Ixxxi, figs. A, B (1775), female; Morpho tullia, Godart, Enc.
Méth., vol. ix, p. 446, ns 19 (1819) ; Déscophora tullia, Moore, Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. C., vol. 5,
p. 211, N. 431, pl. xii, figs. 15, darva ; 15a, pupa (1857).
Hasitat: North-East India, Burma.
EXPANSE: 6, 33 to 38; 9, 35 to 39 inches.
DESCRIPTION : MALE: UPPERSIDE velvety fuliginous brown. /vrewing with three
nearly complete series of bluish, fulvous, or white spots, one submarginal, one near to it discal,
and one more remote median, Hindwing with the usual patch of plush-like scales, two obsolete
submarginal series of ochraceous spots. UNDERSIDE paler than in D. cedinde, but more uniform
in tone, the dark markings not so prominent. FEMALE paler brown, sometimes with a fulvous
tinge. /orewing with the three series of spots larger, white, the discal ones only irrorated with
bluish, the median and discal spots between the discoidal nervules coalesced. Hindwing with
three corresponding series of bright fulvous spots, and a series of indistinct fulvous spots
on the outer margin, UNDERSIDE as in the male, but much paler and duller in colour.
Larva brown, thickly covered with brown hairs, with a paler dorsal line, and a dark
brown spot on each side of it on each segment ; the first three segments with a yellow ring.
“Feeds on Bambusa.” (1. c.) Pura pale brown, smooth, boat-shaped, tapering to a fine point
at the head. (Described from Moore’s figures.)
D, tullia is commoner than D. celinde, and has been taken in more localities, but the
geographical range is the same within Indian limits, excepting that D. é//ia is known to occur
in the plains of Bengal as far south as Calcutta at all events, In the MALE the blue spots on the
Sorewing are generally small, sometimes partially obsolete ; all three series are usually clearly
traceable ; in some specimens the submarginal series is obsolete, in others the median series has
disappeared, with the exception of the spot between the discoidal nervules. In the Malay race
figured by Mr. Distant in his Rhopalocera Malayana all three series have disappeared, and the
upperside is unspotted, but this latter is probably the male of the next species, D. 2za/. The
FEMALE varies much in tone, and in some all three series of spots on the forewing are white as in
Cramer’s type figure without any trace of bluish irrorations. D. ¢u/lia is common in
Sikkim and in Tenasserim from September to April. In the neighbourhood of Calcutta
Mr, de Nicéville has taken it throughout the year. They rest under the shade of large
trees among the dead leaves on the ground, taking short flights when disturbed, and are easily
captured. Mr. Wood-Mason took it commonly in Cachar from May to August ; and there are
specimens in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, from Sibsagar, and Sylhet.
NYMPHALID&. MORPHIN/. ENISPE. 299
The figure shows the upperside of both male and female, and is taken from specimens
from Sibsagar in the Indian Museum, Calcutta.
283. Discophora zal, Westwood.
D. zal, Westwood, Gen, D. L., vol. ii, p. 331, n. § (1851), xo¢e; idem, id., Trans. Ent. Soe, Lond., new series,
vol. iv, p. 188, pl. xxi, figs.'5, 6 (1856), female ; id., Moore, Proc. Zool Soc. Lond,, 1878, p. 826; D.tullia,
Distant, Rhop. Malay., p, 74, pl. vii, figs. 8, male; 9, female (1882),
Habitat : Pegu, Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula.
EXPANSE: 6, 2°8 to 3°33 2, 3°55 to 410 inches,
DESCRIPTION : FEMALE: ‘‘ Forewing with the apex subfalcate. Hindwing angulated in
the middle of the outer margin and at the anal angle. UppsrsipeE fulvous. Forewing with the
costa pale, and with the outer half fuscous, bearing a triple series of spots; the inner series white,
the rest fulvous. izdwing fulvous, with a triple series of fuscous lunules and a cloudy fuscous
submarginal line. UNDERSIDE whitish-yellow, with a narrow line and spots near the base
fuscous, an obscure not very distinct median fascia, and two small ocelli placed beyond the
middle.”
** This species is remarkable for the somewhat falcate form of the forewing, and the angulat-
ed hindwing ; the white colour also of the innermost row of spots on the forewing is charac-
teristic. In this wing the ground-colour is brown, the spots being pale coloured, but in the
hindwing the spots are so much increased in size as to constitute the ground-colour of the wing,
reducing the separating dark parts to rows of obscure lunules. The oblique nervule which closes
the discoidal cell [in the forewing] is curved at its base, and marked by a dark brown spot, with
a dark dot beneath it. There is also a corresponding dark dot on the discoidal cell of the hind-
wing, whichis not closed by a disco-cellular transverse nervule. The very pale buff colour of the
underside of the wings, with the markings nearly obsolete, is also very characteristic.”
(Westwood, |. c. in Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.) Expanse of Westwood’s figure, 3°85 inches.
The above description evidently refers toa FEMALE specimen, and the male has not as
yet been discriminated. The fulvous colour of the two outer rows of spots on the forewing
renders it notably distinct from the female of D, ¢u//ia independently of other minor differences.
We have a female specimen from Rangoon which answers exactly to the description of D. zad,
except that the basal half of the upperside is fulvous brown rather than fulvous, and bears an
incomplete but prominent fourth series of spots (shewn in Westwood's figure), the median series
is pure white, and the two upper discal spots are tinted bluish-white ; all the rest are pure
fulvous : and Limborg took others in Upper Tenasserim, but among all the numerous males that
we have received from Tenasserim none are separable from D. ¢u/ia. From Mr. Distant’s
figure and description the females in the Malay Peninsula are all of the D. za/ type, but differ-
ing as in the Rangoon specimen noted above only more prominently ; the basal area is more de-
cidedly brown, and the upper three spots of the discal series are tinted with blue ; the fourth
series of spots is, however, only represented by a spot in the cell of the forewing and one be-
yond it ; and they are clearly the D. za/ of Westwood. The MALE of the Malayan race, as
described and figured by Mr. Distant, differs from D, é//ia in having the upper surface entirely
unspotted, all three series of spots being obsolete ; and the conclusion we come to is that D. zaZ
is a well defined local race of D. tudllia.
Genus 37.—ENISPE, Westwood.
Enisfe, Westwood, Gen. D. L., vol, ii, p. 292 (185c) ; idem, id., p. 330 (1851).
Bopy robust, woolly. FOREWING with three branches only to the szdcostal nervure,
the second branch being obliterated, the first anastomosing with the costal nervure.
HINDWING with the outer margin evenly convex, not angled at the tip of the third median
nervule. MALE without the discal patch of raised plush-like scales, but having the discoidal
cell and the fold below the median nervure clothed with long hairs ; otherwise not differing
from Discophora. FORELEGS in both sexes slightly longer than in Discophora, those of the
FEMALE more distinctly hairy, but not nearly so hairy asin the male. Transformations unknown,
300 NYMPHALIDE. MORPHINE, ENISPE.
The genus L£nisfe comprises as yet only two species, both of which inhabit the north-
eastern corner of India not extending to the Malay peninsula. The typical species has the
wings bright orange-red, with several series of blackish markings ; but the other species has
very much the colouring of a Discophora. Little or nothing is known of their habits, which
are probably similar to those of the closely-allied Discophoras.
Eey to the species of Enispe.
A. Forewing with the outer margin straight and the apex acute ; hindwing with the outer margin regularly
convex, and the anal angle acute.
a. Both sexes bright orange with black markings.
284. E. kuTuyMius, N.-E. India, Tenasserim.
4. Both sexes brown, with a lilac band and spots on the forewing ; female with ochreous yellow
spvts on both wings.
285. E. cycnus, N.-E, India.
284. Enispe euthymius, Doubleday.
Adolias euthymius, Doubleday, Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., vol. xvi, p. 179 (1845) 3; Znisfe euthymius
Doubleday, Hewitson, Gen. D, L., vol. ii, p. 292, pl. xl, fig. 2 (1850), wale.
HasiratT: Sikkim, Naga and Khasi Hills, Assam, Cachar, Upper Tenasserim.
EXPANSE : 3°4 to 3'9 inches.
DESCRIPTION: ‘MALE: UPPERSIDE, doth wings bright orange-red. Forewing with a
large [fuscous] spot on the disco-cellular nervules, followed by two small ill-defined ones on
[either side of] the lower discoidal nervule ; the outer margin broadly fuscous black, with
faint indications of four or five reddish lunules ; this black border dilated towards the apex,
much dentate internally, preceded by a broad zigzag [fuscous] striga, commencing near the
anterior and extending nearly to the inner margin ; the median nervules each with a round
fuscous spot before their middle [and similar spots on the discoidal neryules completing the
series]. Hindwing clothed at the base with long hairs ; a discoidal spot, two lunulated bands,
and the outer margin slightly fuscous. UNDERSIDE paler. Both wings marked at the base
with some indistinct fuscescent spots, beyond which is an undulating striga crossing the middle
of the discoidal cell of the forewing, and reaching the inner margin of the hindwing near the
middle, Beyond this is a less curved band commencing on the costa beyond the middle and
reaching nearly to the anal angle, followed by a space rather paler than the rest of the
NYMPHALID, MORPHINE. ENISPE. 301
wing. Beyond the middle are four black dots [on the hindwing], the first and fourth largest,
the latter pupilled with white [these dots are sometimes obsolete]. Faint indications of the
bands above are visible below. HEAD rufous. Antenne brown, darker towards the apex.
Palpi red. Thorax and abdomen brick-red.” (Doubleday, 1. c.) FEMALE similar to the
male, but with the fuscous marks more defined and extended. /vrewing with the reddish
marginal lunules prominent and dividing the fuscous margin as on the hindwing. indwing
with a discal series of fuscous lunules in continuation of the macular series on the forewing 5
both wings with a prominent fuscous median line, corresponding with the median band of the
underside, thus making five complete series of dusky markings on both wings in addition
to the patch at the end of the cell of the forewing. UNDERSIDE as in the male.
The markings of the male insect vary, approximating more or less from the form described
above to the markings of the female. The tone of the ground-colour also varies a good deal,
a male specimen taken by Mr. Wood-Mason on Nemotha in Cachar in September being of a
far deeper and richer orange-red than any other specimens we have seen.
E. euthymius is found in the mountains to the north and east of Bengal, extending
southward as far as Tenasserim. It isnot uncommon in Sikkim ; the Indian Museum, Calcutta,
has specimens from the Naga Hills ; it was not met with by Limborg, but Captain (G5 Vale
Bingham has taken it in the lower Thoungyeen forests in Upper Tenasserim in March and
April.
The figure shows the upper and undersides of a male speciemen from Sikkim in the
Indian Museum, Calcutta.
285. HEnispe cyenus, Westwood.
E. cycnus, Westwood, Gen. D. L., vol. ii, p. 330 (1851), #o¢e ; id., Moore, Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Lep,
E. I. C,, vol. i. p. 212, n. 434 (1857).
Hasitat: Sikkim, Upper Assam, Sylhet.
EXPANSE: 6, 3°12; 2, 3°62 to 4'00 inches.
DESCRIPTION: ‘*MALE: UPPERSIDE blackish-brown ; base and exterior margins paler.
Forewing with an oblique band from the middle of the anterior margin terminating in a
transverse series of lunular spots, and a parallel outer row of four quadrate spots, lilac-white.
Hindwing with very indistinct marginal and submarginal pale spots. UNDERSIDE with a
transverse brown dentate band from middle of costal margin to anal angle [outwardly distinct-
ly and inwardly indistinctly edged with a darker line]; the base of the wings orange-
yellow, with narrow irregular transverse markings [arranged as in &. ewthymius, but much more
prominent] ; exterior half of wings light brown [darkest inwardly], with [three] indistinct trans-
verse [lunular] lines. indzwing with a small anterior black dot and a posterior white dot.
FEMALE: UPPERSIDE: Forewing with the base obliquely dull chocolate-brown, the rest
brownish-black ; the lilac-white oblique band and spots as in male, but larger, with two inner
rows and terminal spots ochreous-yellow. Mindwing with the basal half to abdominal angle
dull chocolate-brown, with a marginal, submarginal, an inner third anda short fourth row of
ochreous-yellow spots, the spaces between blackish. UNDERSIDE yellow throughout, with a
slight greenish tinge ; transverse dentate band and markings as in male.” (A/oore, 1. c.) The
discal band and markings of the basal area are very prominent, those on the outer half
obsolescent.
£. cycnus is a rare and very interesting species ;the MALE has the colouring of a
Discophora, and it has the hairy clothing of the Azzdwing far more extended than in
E. euthymius, the long hairs covering the whole discoidal cell and as far beyond as the curve
in the third median nervule. The FEMALE also has the forewing marked as in Déscophora
and the hindwing as in L£nisfe, and on the whole most nearly resembling the same sex of
D, lepida, but in structure it is a true Znisfe. The type specimen was received from Sylhet ;
the Indian Museum, Calcutta, has a male specimen from Sibsagar in Upper Assam ; another
with no record of locality, and a female from Sikkim, We know of no other specimens in
collections in this country,
302 NYMPHALID. MORPHINZ. ZEMONA.
Genus 98—ZEMONA, Hewitson. (FRONTISPIECE.)
Aemona, Hewitson, Ex. Butt, vol. iv, pl. Zeuxidia and Aemona (1868); mona, Wood-Mason, Journ.
A. S. B., vol. xlix, pt. ii, p. 175 (1880).
‘‘ETEAD small. Antenne rather short. FOREWING acutely pointed and produced, or
sharply angulated, at the apex; its inner margin straight in both sexes, not being lobed at the
base in the male as it is in Clerome and less distinctly in Zhaumantis; the costal nervure
reaching to the end of the fifth seventh of the length of the anterior margin ; the subcostal
four-branched, the first branch given off just before the end of the cell, and, after running free
for nearly the same distance beyond that point as it originates before it, completely coalescing
with the costal, but again becoming free just before this last named nervure turns off to the
anterior margin ; the three remaining branches free. HINDWING more elongated than, and
not quite so rounded as, in C/erome; without the pencil of erectile setae which, in the males
of Zhaumantis, arises from the wing-membrane of the discoidal cell close to the
subcostal nervure, and lies obliquely across a patch of elevated and crowded scales on the
other side of this nervure, the male scent-fans, if such are really present in this genus, being
situated in a different part of the wing, vz., in the anal region, where a line of sete running
along the anterior side of the submedian nervure ends in a curled whisp which, when at rest,
lies in a slight groove or fold of the wing-membrane. In the form of the hindwing and in the
position of the male scent-fans 2mona agrees best with Xanthotenia, and in its pointed fore-
wing with Zeuxidia, Enispe, and Discophora, but it differs from these and from all the other
Indian genera of Morphine in the relations of the costal and subcostal nervures to one another,
and in other respects.” (Wood-Mason, 1. c.)
The genus £mona is confined to the north-east corner of India extending into Upper
Tenasserim. It contains three species only ; they are ‘‘ plain and delicate butterflies of a pale
fulvous colour, inconspicuously or obsoletely ocellated on the underside.” (Wood-Mason, 1. ¢.,
p- 176). 2. lena is a very distinct species ; 4. amathusiaand 4. pealii are very closely allied,
differing chiefly in the apex of the forewing, which in the former species is sharply produced ;
in the latter more rounded. Nothing is known of the habits of any of the species, and all of
them are very rare. We have not seen a female specimen of any of the species,
Koy to the species of Zimona.
A. Forewing produced and pointed at the apex, with its outer margin concave-sinuous.
a. Forewing marked with a series of five pale lanceolate blotches on the upperside.
286. A. LENA, Upper Tenasserim.
6, Forewing with no pale blotches on the upperside.
287. AL. AMATHUSIA, Northern India, Naga Hills.
B. Forewing sharply angulated at the apex, with its outer margin convex.
a. Upperside marked almost exactly as in 4. amathusia,.
288, JE, PEALII, Upper Assam.
286. Jmona lena, Atkinson.
. dena, Atkinson, Proc. Zool, Soc. Lond., 1871, p. 215, pl. xii, fig. 1, ale; id., Moore, Anderson’s
Researches, vol. i, p. 924, vol, ii, pl. 1xxxi, fig. x (1878); id., Wood-Mason, Journ. A. S. B., vol. xlix, pt. ii,
Pp. 177, n. 2 (1880).
HABITAT : Upper Tenasserim.
EXPANSE: 6, 3°25 inches,
DESCRIPTION : MALE: ‘‘UPPERSIDE : Forewing pale brownish grey, crossed by a dark
brown band, interrupted by the nervures from before the apex to near the posterior margin at
two-thirds of its length from the base ; beyond the band darker, with a slightly marked and
incomplete submarginal line, before which is aseries of five pale lanceolate blotches between
the nervules directed towards the outer margin. All the nervures tinged with yellow, and
more or less dark-bordered. Hindwing: Anterior portion from base to outer margin pale,
posterior portion bright yellow, crossed by a submarginal series of three dark-bordered white
blotches, and a fourth fainter blotch between the nervures, forming a short interrupted band
from near the apex to the second median nervule, The submedian nervure fringed from its
NYMPHALID, MORPHIN 4. AUMONA. 393
origin to near its extremity with long yellowish hairs, longest and most conspicuous towards
its extremity. UNDERSIDE: Both wings crossed by a dark ferruginous band with sharply
defined outer edge from the costa of the forewing near the apex to near the extremity of the
submedian nervure of the hindwing, and having a faintly traced submarginal line, before which
is a series of blind white-centred ocelli, The cell of the forewing crossed near its middle by a
curved ferruginous band. Aindwing crossed by a ferruginous band near the base. Anlenne
ferruginous ; fa/pi and /egs tawny yellow.” (Adkinson, 1. c.)
“Atkinson does not give the sex of the specimen described and figured by him, but, as
the two specimens in the Indian Museum obtained at the same time are males and agree per-
fectly in size and markings with his figure, he may be presumed to have described a male. Ina
specimen of the male recently received from the Upper ‘Vhoungyeen forests, British Burmah, by
Major G. F. L. Marshall, [where it was taken in April], the three white spots on the anterior
half of the hindwing are larger, forming a band divided by the veins.” (/Wood-AZason, 1. c.)
This species was also taken by Limborgin Upper Tenasserim at Moolai, 3,000 to 6,000
feet elevation.
287. Jsmona amathusia, Hewitson. (FRONTISPIECE, FIGS. 2, 2a @.)
Clerome amathusia, Hewitson, Trans Ent. Soc. Lond., third series, vol. v, p. 566 (1867); Aemona ama-
thusia, id., Ex. Butt., vol. iv, pl. Zewxidia and Aemona, figs. 3, 4 (1868), female; id., Wood-Mason, Journ.
A.S.B, vol. xlix, pt. ii, p. 176, n. x, pl. vi, figs. 2, 2a (1880), male,
HasiraT: Northern India, Naga Hills.
EXPANSE; 6, 2°9; 2, 3'2 inches.
DEsCRIPTION: ‘* FEMALE: UPPERSIDE rufous-brown, the bands of the underside seen
through. Forewing crossed beyond the middle by a band of orange-yellow : the apex dark
brown. Hindwing with some arcuate spots near the apex. UNDERSIDE rufous, tinted with
darker colour. oth wings crossed at the middle by a common rufous-brown band : both with
a band of minute rufous ocelli, some of which are pupilled with white: both with a sub-
marginal rufous band. /orewixg with a pale rufous band near the base, and a spot of the same
colour at the end of the cell. Aéndwing with a dark rufous band near the base.” (Hewiztson,
l.c.) ‘Mate: Lighter-coloured than the female. UPpERsIDE pale fulvous, the strigz or
bands of the underside showing through. Forewing darker at the base and at the tip, between
which darker parts the colour is very pale yellowish-fulvous. Mindwing of the same shade
as the base of the forewing to within a short distance of the margin, whence it is paler, and
with an indistinct submarginal series of arcuate marks extending from the apical to the anal
angle. UNDERSIDE uniform pale fulvous ; the strigze as in the female; the ocelli (one, the
second and largest, perfect, the remaining five rudimentary) of the hindwing also as in the
female, but in the forewing only the one between the first and second median nervules and
faint traces of that between the first median nervule and the submedian nervure are present ; the
thin submarginal brown line more obviously engrailed than in the female.” (Wood-Mason, |. c.)
The male specimen described above is unique in the collection of the Indian Museum,
Calcutta.
288. Zmona pealii, Wood-Mason. (FRONTISPIECE, Fics. 3, 3a ¢.)
2. pealii, Wood-Mason, Journ. A. S. B., vol. xlix, pt. ii, p. 177, n. 3, pl. vi, figs. 3, 32 (1880), male.
HABITAT: Sibsagar, Upper Assam.
EXPANSE: 28 inches.
DESCRIPTION: ‘‘MALE: Closely allied to 2. amathusia. UpprrsipE coloured and
marked in the same manner, but with the ocelli as well as the strigze of the underside showing
through. Forewing with the apex angulated, but not produced, the outer margin arched
instead of concave-sinuous, and the inner angle not so broadly rounded. Hindwing darker-
coloured and also paling towards the outer margin, but with the submarginal series of arcuate
marks smaller and less distinct, UNDERSIDE coloured and marked in much the same manner,
but with more perfectly formed and more numerous ocelli; the fo rewing having three (the
first between the submedian nervure and the first median nervule, the second the largest and
best defined) perfect ocelli and two or three rudimentary ones following them, and the hind-
40
304 NYMPHALIDE, MORPHINE. THAUMANTIS.
wing, one rudimentary (close to the submedian nervure) and six (the first in the same inter-
space with the rudimentary one, and the second the largest of all) perfect ones; each ocellus
dark brown encircled by a very fine line of the colour of the strigee and pupilled with iride-
scent silvery-white ; the thin submarginal brown line rather more deeply engrailed.” (Wood-
Mason, |. ¢c.) The FEMALE is unknown.
There are two male specimens of this species, including the type, in the Indian Museum,
Calcutta.
Genus 389.—THAUMANTIS, Hitbuer.
Thaumantis, Hiibner, Samml, Ex. Schmett. (1816-1824) ; id, Westwood, Gen. D. L., vol ii, p. 335 (1851),
in part; idem, id., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., new series, vol. iv, p. 170 (1856), Monograph.
Bopy somewhat robust, hairy. HEAD large, hairy, with a small frontal tuft. Eyes large,
prominent, naked ; fa/pi slender, compressed, nearly erect, scarcely rising above the level of
the eyes, densely clothed in front with short scaly appressed hairs, a tuft of longer hairs at the
back of the middle joint against the face, terminal joint short, slender. WuNGs large, rounded,
ample. FOREWING with the afex more or less rounded, the hinder angle much rounded ; sué-
costal nervure with four branches, the first anastomosing with the costal nervure for part of its
length, the second anastomosing with the first, the third and fourth free ; «pfer and middle
disco-cellular nervules short, the middle usually longer than the upper; the /ower disco-cellular
long, feebly concave or nearly straight. HINDWING with the costa, apex, outer margin and anal
angle all rounded ; the ¢#ird median nervule much bent and approximating closely at the bend
to the discoidal nervule. The zv¢ernal nervure long, nearly straight. FORELEGS of the MALE
slender and very slightly hairy ; of the FEMALE much longer, more slender, scaly, and somewhat
truncate at tip.
The genus 7Zaumantis contains some of the most beautiful and largest Butterflies of the
Eastern world ; in the size of its wings it is exceeded by the allied genus Stichophthalma and by
the Amathusias of the portheus group, but in brilliancy of colouring it is surpassed by neither,
Only seven species are known, all from the Indo-Malayan region. Even as restricted by the
exclusion of Stichophthalma (which some authors still unite with it) the genus presents two
distinct groups, differing both in style of colour and in structural features.
Key to the Indian species of Thaumantis.
A. Wings black, with brilliant metallic purple reflections; the forewing with the apex much rounded ;
males with a distinct tuft of erectile hairs on the hindwing along the subcostal nervure, the rest of
the base of the wing scarcely hairy.
a. The brilliant metallic purple reflections confined on the forewing to a broad curved band,
289. T. viorEs, N.-E. India.
&. The brilliant metallic purple reflections much spread inwardly, and occupying on the
forewing nearly the entire disc.
290. T. RAMDEO, N.-E. India,
T. opDANA, Singapore, Java.
T. Lucipor, Malay Peninsula, Borneo.
T. NouREDDIN, Malay Peninsula, Borneo.
B, Wings brown, with a pale yellowish or white oblique fascia on the forewing ; the apex and outer
portion of the hindwing bright fulvous. Forewing with the apex less rounded, the outer margin
straight. Males with the entire base of the hindwing clothed with long hairs, longest and
partially erectile below the subcostal nervure.
291. ‘I’. PSEUDALIRIS, Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula.
T. aviris, Malacca, Borneo.
289. Thavmantis diores, Doubleday.
T.diores, Doubleday, Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist. vol, xvi, p. 234 (1845) ; id, Westwood, Trans, Ent.
Soc. Lond., new series, vol. iv, p. 171 (1856), :
Hapirar: Sikkim, Assam, Naga Hills, Sylhet.
EXPANSE: 4'0 to 4’7 inches.
DESCRIPTION : Sexes alike. ‘“ UPPERSIDE: Goth wings fuscous black, the forewing
with a broad band-like spot, commencing near the costa beyond the middle, and extending
NYMPHALID%. MORPHIN &. THAUMANTIS. 305
towards the anal angle as far as the lowest median nervule. This spot is of a brilliant
metallic, changeable blue, much paler and less changeable externally. On the hindwing
is a large patch of the same rich blue, paler in the centre, occupying the whole disc of the
wing. UNDERSIDE, doth wings less black than above, the outer margin paler ; this pale
portion bounded internally by an undulated pale or whitish striga, becoming brown towards
its termination at the anal angle of the hindwing ; between this and the margin is another
less distinct similar striga. The forewing has besides two fuscous strigze in the discoidal cell
inclosing a paler space, and a third striga commencing on the costa beyond the cell, and extend-
ing obliquely nearly to the anal angle, slightly bordered internally with whitish. The hindwing
has a transverse fuscous striga near the base, and another commencing near the middle of the
costa, and reaching nearly to the anal angle. Just within the pale submarginal striga near the
costa isa round yellowish spot, enclosing a brown one placed towards its outer margin, and
between the first and second median nervules a round black spot sprinkled with blue atoms
anteriorly, and surrounded by a yellowish and a black iris. Anal angle with a geminate spot,
composed of black and white atoms. //ead, thorax and abdomen fuscous.” (Doubleday, 1. c.)
‘*The MALE has a patch of brown hairs capable of erection at the base of the Azndwing
on the UPPERSIDE. The apical angle of the forewing and the anal angle of the hindwing is
much more rounded than in 7: edana ; the body is also much less robust. The branches of
the subcostal nervure of the forewing in this species are of the same number and almost
identical in their arrangement with those of 7. cdana.” (Westwood, \. c.)
The metallic blue band on the forewing of this species seldom extends to below the first
median nervule ; in a single specimen in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, it extends to the inner
margin, but even in this one the inner edge of the band is parallel to the outer margin, and
scarcely extends into the cell; on the hindwing the metallic blue patch only reaches the first
median neryule and scarcely tinges the cell. It is not uncommon in Sikkim, and is confined
to the north-east corner of Bengal, not extending so far as is known into British Burma, Mr.
Wood-Mason took it on Nemotha in Cachar in September and October,
290. Thaumantis ramdeo, Moore.
T. ramdeo, Moore, Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. C., vol i, p. 215, n. 441 ; id., Westwood, Trans.
Ent Soc. Lond , new series, vol, iv, p 172 (1856).
Hasitat: Sikkim ; Assam.
EXPANSE : 4'0 to 4°75 inches,
Descriprion: ‘ Differs from Zhaumantis diores in being larger, andin having the
306 NYMPHALID. MORPHINE. THAUMANTIS.
brilliant blue patch very large, it being an inch in diameter either way, and extends over the
whole of the middle of the wings. The UNDERSIDE is paler than in 7. diores, and the wavy
line running near the exterior margins of 7. diores is nearly obsolete in Z. ramdeo; the two
ocelli on the Aindzwing are very small.” (Moore, 1. c.) FEMALE like the male, but larger, and
lacking the erectile tuft of hairs on the hindwing.
Zhaumantis ramdeo is found over the same ground as 7. diores ; the Indian Museum has
specimens from Sikkim, from Sibsagar in Assam, and from the Dafla hills. It is a very
beautiful species ; the metallic blue patch is paler with an even more brilliant metallic sheen :
on the forewing it extends to the inner margin and well into the discoidal cell, and on the
hindwing it extends well below the first median nervule and covers the entire cell to the
base.
The figure shows the upper and undersides of a male specimen from Sibsagar, Upper
Assam, in the Indian Museum, Calcutta.
7. odana,* the typical species of this section, inhabits Singapore and Java; it differs
from the Indian species in lacking the metallic blue patch on the hindwing. Two other species
of the group, 7: /ucipor and 7. noureddin, occur in the Malay Peninsula,} descriptions of them
are appended for reference. They have the anal angle less rounded and more produced
than in the Indian species.
* Morpho |Thaumantis| odana, Godart, Enc. Méth., vol. ix, p. 445, n. 16 (18:9); id., Horsfield, Cat. Lep.
E. 1. C., pl. vi, figs. 5, 5@ (1829); Thanumantis odana, Boisduval, Spec. Gén., Lép.. vol. i, pl. xii (viii B.) fig. x,
(1836). HapiratT: Singapore, Java. ExpANnSE: 4 inches. DrescripTion : “ Sexes alike in colour. UprErRsIDE, both
wings blackish-fuscous. | Forewing with a broad oblique purplish blue discal fascia, shining paler inthe middle,
and a white subapical dot. UNpersipe with discal strige and outer margin greyish or lilac-white. Windwing,
with a small costal marginal dot, and a large ocellus towards the anal angle circled with yellow above. The
underside varies considerably in the intensity of the markings, especially in specimens from Singapore, from
whence it has been sent by Mr. Wallace. The male has a patch of hairs at the base of the hindwing on the
upperside’’ (Westwood, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., new series, vol. iv, p. 170 (1856). Mr. Distant does not
include this specles in his Rhopalocera Malayana.
+t Thaumantis lucifor, Westwood, Gen. D. L., vol. ii, p. 337, n. 5 (1851), mote ; idem, id., Trans. Ent Soc.
Lond., new series, vol. iv, p. 173, n. 5, pl. xix (1856) ; id, Distant, Rhop. Malay., p. 77, pl. ix, figs. 8, male ; 9,
Jemale (1882). Hapirar : Province Wellesley, Borneo. Expanse: Jale, 3°5 to 3°7 ; Female, 3 8 inches. Dus-
cripTion : “‘ MALk, Uprersin:, doth wings pale chocolate-brown, the discs darker, and with dark and resplendent
bluish reflections, which do not extend to the costal area and wide outer margin (diminishing from the apex)
of the forewing, nor to the abdominal or outer margin of the hindwing. UnperstpE, both wings chocolate-
brown, with the outer margins broadly and distinctly paler. Forewing with three very indistinct and irregular
pale fascia crossing the cell; an oblique distinct pale fascia commencing about the costal nervure a little
beyond the apex of the cell, and terminating about the first median nervule near the pale outer margin, which
possesses a submedial and much waved darker line, on the innerside of which the colour is much suffused with
greyish ; beneath the first median nervule the colour is pale brownish. Aindwing with the basal area much
suffused with greyish, on which is a large, irregular and curved fascia, which is broadest on the costal margin
and narrowest at its termination near the submedian nervure, At the boundary of the pale outer margin the
colour is much darker, and between the first median nervule and the submedian nervure appears as a sud-
denly bent and reflexed fascia; this area contains two ocellated spots, the first and uppermost of which, situated
between the subcostal nervules, is dark with a slightly paler margin, and its inner third white; the lower is
situated between the second and first median nervules, and has its inner margin white. ‘The outer pale margin
possesses a submedial and much-waved darker line, on the innerside of which the colour is much suffused with
greyish, and between the first median nervule and the submedian nervure is an oblong black spot with an outer
white continuation. Zoedy and /egs more or less concolorous with the wings. The male possesess two basal
patches of pale (described as black by Professor Westwood in the typical specimen, so probably variable in
hue) hairs near the costal base of the upperside of the hindwing, which probably denote scent-secretory organs.
Femate larger, and with the wings on the upperside slightly paler than in the male, with similar blue reflections
as in that sex, but which do not extend beyond the basal halves of both wings. Forewing with the blue reflec-
tion outwardly bounded by a more or less distinct pale oblique but broken fascia, commencing above the first
discoidal nervule and terminating near the first median nervule ; two small subapical ochraceous spots on each
side of the fifth subcostal nervule, followed by a much-waved and sinuated submarginal ochraceous fascia,
commencing near the first discoidal nervule and terminating near the outer angle. Aindwing with a much-
waved aud sinuated fuscous submarginal fascia, commencing near the apex of the first subcostal nervule and
terminating near the anal angle; between the subcostal nervules this fascia is outwardly bordered by a pale
ochraceous marginal spot. UNbDERSIDE somewhat paler and brighter than in the male, excepting the dark
shadings, which are as intense as in that sex. Hindwing crossed by a narrow undulating dark fascia, com-
mencing near the costa, crossing near the apex of the cell, and terminating at the first median nervule (this
is faintly discernible in the male) ; the submedial waved fasciz to the pale outer margins of both wings are
also very distinct.” (Distant, 1. c.)
Thaumantis noureddin, Westwood, Gen. D L., vol. ii, p. 337, n. 6 (1851), mote ; idem, id., Trans. Ent. Soc.
Lond., new series, vol. iv, p. 175, n. 6, pl. xx (1856) ; id., Distant, Rhop. Malay., p. 78, pl. vii, fig- 3, made ;
pl. ix, fig. 7, female (1882). Hanitar : Province Wellesley, Malacca, Borneo. Expansr: Male, 3:7; Female,
3°7 to 3°9 inches. Description : ‘* MALE: UpprrsipE, doth wings dark fuscous-brown ; the outer margins
broadly paler. Hovewing with the pale outer margin much waved inwardly, and there denoted by a row of more or
less distinct whitish spots placed upon the nervules ; the costal area and basal portion of the cell also somewhat
paler. Hindwing has the paler outer portion much less well defined, broadest at the anal angle, and terminating
NYMPHALID&, MORPHINE. THAUMANTIS. 307
The apices of the forewing in the females of both species are also somewhat truncated, not
rounded, as in 7: diores and ramdeo ; the male of 7: lucifor has the apex of the forewing
acute. 7° ducifor, male, has the upperside almost entirely suffused with blue; in the female
this colour is confined to the basal areas of both wings, but it has a deeply dentate submarginal
line, ochreous in the forewing, fuscous in the hindwing. In 7. mnoureddin the blue colour
is obsolete on the upperside in the male, but present at the base of both wings in the female,
which latter has a submarginal and discal series of five ochreous spots, the inner series bent
inwards anteriorly.
291. Thaumantis pseudaliris, Butler.
T. pseudailiris, Butler, Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond., Zoology, vol. xiii, p. 115 (1876); id., Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond.,
Zoology, second series, vol. i, p. 538, pl Ixviii, fig. 1 (1876), male; Thaumantis aliris, Westwood, Trans. Ent.
Soc. Lond., new series, vol. iv, p. 176 (1856), #ale; Thaumantis pseudaliris, Distant, Rhop. Malay., pe 79, pl.
vill, fig. 3 (1882), azade ; id., Butler, Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., fifth series, vol. x, p. 372 (1882).
HasitaT: Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula.
EXPANSE: 6, 441047; ¥, 4°5 to 54 inches.
DESCRIPTION : MALE: UPPERSIDE, forewing velvety blackish-brown, the outer margin
slightly paler, the base suffused with dull ferruginous ; a pale ochreous transverse fascia from the
costa just beyond the cell to the first median nervule and continued to near the hinder angle by
a coalescent spot of the same colour below the first median nervuie ; two white spots near the
apex. Hindwing velvety blackish-brown, the base suffused with dull ferruginous ; the apex and
the anal third from discoidal nervule toabdominal margin bright orange fulvous. UNDERSIDE,
forewing with the basal area greyish ochreous, densely clothed with short hairs, a chestnut line
across the cell, within which is a large chestnut spot and a smaller one above it on the costa, the
pale fascia of the upperside but whiter and continuous, the space between it and the basal area
chestnut shading into deep brownish-black near the hinder angle, and into greyish-ochraceous
along the inner margin; beyond the fascia the outer margin is broadly ferruginous, inwardly
sharply defined by a fuscous line; the triangular space left between this border, the costa, and the
pale transverse fascia also ferruginous, irrorated with dusky, darkest near the fascia, palest out-
wardly and suffused with white at the extremity. Hindwing with the basal area greyish-ochra-
ceous as in the forewing, extending almost to the anal angle, and bearing a large chestnut spot
near the costa, a small one just below it, one near the base of the cell and a few indistinct ones
below ; defined outwardly by a rich chestnut band broadest at the costa, narrowing toa point
at the anal angle ; the inner edge even, the outer highly irregular, greatly constricted just below
the discoidal nervule, where and above which it is decreasingly bordered with whitish ; outer
half pale ferruginous bearing an indistinct dusky submarginal lunular line and two large reddish
ocelli ringed narrowly with black and pale ochreous, the upper one between the subcostal
nervules irrorated with a few white atoms in the centre, the lower one between the first and
second median nervules bearing a black patch at its inner end, beyond which is a whitish linear
mark and numerous whitish dots ; between these two ocelli are three white dots, placed one in
each interspace ; an elongated black spot on the margin between the first median nervule and
on the abdominal margin. UNDpeERsIDB, dot wings pale castaneous ; crossed by an almost straight submarginal
dark castaneous fascia, bordered outwardly with greyish.. Morvewzng with a pale waved fascia crossing the cell
hear its centre ; a narrow oblique greyish fascia beyond the cell, commencing near the costal nervure, and
terminating at the third median nervule, beyond which it is continued and indicated by a narrow dark line only ;
between these pale fasciz the colour is somewhat darker, and is thus continued in a waved and narrower form
on the hindwing, where it terminates in a faint and indistinct manner about the middle of the abdominal margin,
Hindwing with two ocellated spots on the innerside of the subma-ginal fascia; these spots are inwardly
margined with white, and are situated one between the subcostal nervules, and one between the second and
first median nervules ; the apical angle witha fuscous spot, bordered on each side with greyish The male
is provided with two tufts of long dark hairs near the base of the upperside of the hindwing, covering the discs
of two distinct pseudo scent-glands or pouches. FxMALE larger than the male Urpgrsipk, d0¢4 wings with distinct
basal resplendent bluish reflections, /orewing with a discal, curved, and outwardly convex series of five
ochraceous spots placed between the nervules, commencing above the first discoidal nervule, ‘and terminating
near the first median nervule, and a straight submarginal series of five ochraceous spots also placed between
the nervules, A/zudwing with a waved fuscous marginal fascia. Unpxsrsip« slightly paler than in the male,
the oblique greyish fascia beyond the cell of the forewing much more distinct, broader, and continuous, the
straight submarginal fascia to doth wings outwardly much more widely bordered with greyish ; ocellated spots
larger, and anal angle less produced than in the male The males of this species vary in the amount of
pret ee specimens the submarginal series of pale spots on the upperside are scarcely visible,”
(Distant, loc
308 NYMPHALID. MORPHINE. STICHOPHTHALMA.
the submedian nervure. FEMALE identical in colour and markings with the male, but much
larger, and the base of the hindwing much less hairy on the upperside,
The above description is from specimens in Major Marshall’s collection, which were taken
by Captain C. T. Bingham in Upper Tenasserim. ‘They differ from the figure of the male in
Mr. Distant’s Rhopalocera Malayana, which was taken from the specimen in the British Mu-
seum. On the UPPERSIDE Mr. Distant’s figure shows the wings tinted with ferruginous through-
out the dark portion instead of only at the base ; the pale fascia of the forewing is narrower,
much attenuated outwardly, coming to a point at the first median nervule and not nearly reach-
ing the outer margin ; whereas in our Tenasserim specimens it touches nearly one-third of the
length of the first median nervule. On the Aindwing in Mr. Distant’s figure the anal fulvous
patch extends broadly up to the base of the wing, whereas in our specimens it stops short be-
yond the extremity of the abdomen, where it shades into the dark brown ferruginous-tinted
basal area. On the UNDERSIDE the differences are less striking, the triangular costal patch on
the forewing is outwardly much suffused with violet in Mr, Distant’s figure, and on the /znd-
wing the basal area is much paler, the upper ocellus is yellow, and the lower is densely irrorated
with violet-white. Further, Mr. Distant remarks that the ‘‘ male has two large basal tufts of hair
on the upperside of the hindwing, the smaller near the costa, the larger at the base of the cell.”
In the Yenasserim specimens there is no trace of the smaller tuft near the costa, but the male
has in addition to the large tuft in the cell the whole basal area below the subcostal nervure very
hairy, and large lateral tufts of hair on the abdomen as in Amathusia phidippus, but curved
upwards not downwards, It seems very probable that the Tenasserim species is distinct, but
without comparing them with specimens from Malacca it is impossible to say.
Captain C. T. Bingham has taken this rare and beautiful butterfly in the Thoungyeen forests
and in the Donat range in October and in April ; it was not met with by Limborg who collect-
ed over the same ground from December to April.
Westwood’s original description of 7: a/iris* from Borneo, and Butler’s original description
of 7. pseudalirist are appended for reference.
Genus 40.-STICHOPHTHALMA, Felder.
Stichophthalma,t Velder, Wien. Ent. Monatsch., vol. vi, p. 27 (1862); Thaumantis, Westwood, Gen. D.
L., vol, ii, p. 335 (1851), 22 fart ; id., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., new series, vol. iv, p. 170 (1856), zz art.
‘© Differs from Zhaumantis, Hibuer, in the following points: Heap smaller ; anxtenne
shorter ; fa/pi much longer, differing in the sexes. FOREWING with the sadcostal nervure
* Thaumantis aliris, Westwood, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond , new series, vol. iv, p. 176, pl. xvii (1856), female.
Hasitat: Borneo. Expanse: Female, 6°25 inches. Description: *‘ Uppersip8, forewing fuscous, the base
more ferruginous, an oblique median fascia, and two subapical spots, white. Hzudzing fuscous, the outer half
more or less fulvous. UNvERSIDE, oth wings grey at the base, with brown irregular spots ; a broad oblique
irregular brown fascia. /orewng with the oblique white fascia of tne upperside, joining a pale line parallel with
the outer margin. Hindwing with two large equal ocelli beyond the middle, and the apex broadly fulvous.”
(Westwood, \. c.) Westwood’s figure of the female of this species differs from our female specimen of 7. Asexda-
iris from the Donat range, on the upperside being entirely dark brown, not tinted at the base with ferruginous ;
the white band on the forewing is much wider and of nearly equal width throughout, and almost reaches the
inner margin, where it is tinted with lilac. On the underside the white band is developed into a large triangular
patch, broken at the costa beyond its middle by a patch of brown, covered with numerous darker striz. On the
hindwing the ocelli are many times larger than in our specimen, and the markings throuvhout are darker and bolder,
+ Thaumantis pseudaliris, Butler, Trans. Linn Soc Lond., Zoology, second series, vol. i, p- 538, n. 2, pl.
Ixviii, fig. 1 (1876), wale; 7. alivis, Westwood, ‘Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., new _ series, vol. iv, p. 176, n. 7 (1856)>
giale. Hawitat: Malacca. ExpansE: 4°6 to 5’oinches. Derscriprion: ‘This species differs from Hes male
of 7. aliris, from Borneo, in having the band of the forewing above half the width, not notched, and yellower
in tint; the basal area of do¢h wings ferruginous. UNpersipr, the area beyond the band is not striated, and is
of the same rusty red colour as the broad outer border ; the latter is also paler at the edge, and is cut much
shorter by the obliquity of the transverse band ; the basal spots are rusty red instead of red-brown and black;
the irregular band of the Aéxdwing is paler and much more constricted in the middle, the external and discal
areas are altogether paler and more uniform in tint; the ocelli are considerably smaller and paler, the spots
between the ocelli and the yellow submarginal spots are obsolete. As Professor Westwood figures the Bornean
female, I am obliged to rename the Malacca male.” (Bu/ler, |. c.)
“The MALE is considerably smaller [than 7. adivis, female, from Borneo], with the oblique fascia of the
UPPERSIDE of the forewing about half the width of that of the female, and with two white spots near the tip, which
is considerably suffused with ferruginous at the base; such is also the colour of the baseof the Aimdwing, which
is gradually shaded off to a rich fulvous colour ; there is, however, a broad dark longitudinal patch extending to
the outer margin of the wing, occupying the space between the second and third branches of the subcostal ner-
vure. On the UNDERSIDE the markings agree in the two sexes, except that the oblique bar of the forewing is even
rather narrower than on the upperside, and the great ocelli are also. much less conspicuous than in the female.
ices of both fore and hindwing is occupied with a broad irregular chocolate-ferruginous bar.” (/Vest¢-
wood, \ c.)
“pe: re 4
Erixoc, Series ; opVarpre, ocellus,
NYMPHALID-E, MORPHINE, STICHOPHTHALMA. 309
having four branches [including the terminal portion], all the branches free ; the «sper dis-
coidal nervule more remote from the subcostal than from the lower discoidal nervule ; the
lower disco-cellular nervule highly convex in the middle. HinpwiNG with the upper trunk
of the nervules more deflexed ; the ¢hird median nervule not at all bent ; the inxéernal nervure
lower, shorter, and more bent.” (Feder, 1. c.)
This genus contains the largest and handsomest butterflies of the subfamily ; indeed
S. camadeva and S, /ouwisa are amongst the most splendid of the butterflies occurring in India.
Only five species are known, of which three are included in the Indian list, but the authority
for one of them, S. xourmahal, is doubtful ; the other two are found one in China, S. howgua,
and the other in Cambodia, S. camdodia. They all have in a more or less defined degree a
curiously arranged series of spots on the outer margin of the forewing, consisting of a
triangular or diamond shaped submarginal series, the outer corner of each produced and
coalescing with a marginal series of concave lunules. The secondary sexual characters of the
male insect consist only of a small erectile tuft of hairs onthe hindwing near the base of the
subcostal nervure ; in colour and pattern the sexes are similar so far as is known,
Key to the Indian species of Stichophthalma.
A. Upperside, basal area of both wings rich brown, outer area of forewing purplish-white.
292. S. CAMADEVA, N.-E. India.
B. Upperside, basal area of both wings pale bright fulvous ; outer area of forewing nearly pure white.
293. S. Louisa, Upper Tenasserim.
C. Upperside, basal area of both wings rich chestnut brown; outer area of forewing fulvous, the extreme
apex fuscous. eae
294. S. NOURMAHAL, Sikkim (?) Borneo.
292. Stichophthalma camadeva, Westwood.
Morpho (Thaumantis) camadeva, Westwood, Cab. Or. Ent., p.9, pl. iv (1848) ; Thaumantis camadeva, id.,
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., new series, vol. iv, p. 177, n. 8 (1856) ; id., Doubleday, Hewitson, Gen. D. L., vol. ii,
P- 337; pl. lv, fig. 2 (1851).
HasitaT: Eastern Himalayas, Assam, Cachar, Sylhet.
EXPANSE: 5'I to 6°3 inches.
DESCRIPTION: ‘‘UPPERSIDE: J/orewing white, tinged with a delicate purplish leaden
colour, the base of a rich brown ; with a row of lozenge-shaped spots, and another of brown
continuous lunules near the outer margin. /%nxdwing brown, the base of a richer colour ; con-
siderably beyond the middle is a row of large leaden-white lunules, and a smaller row close to
the margin of the wing. UNDERSIDE: The basal portion of doth wings is of a delicate buff
with a slight greenish tinge, and the apical portion fulvous ; a broad irregular fulvous fascia
runs across both wings before the middle, edged on each side by a black line, and beyond the
middle, each wing has a row of five red ocelli, with black irides, beyond which are two pale
brown continuous fascize. The three or four round brown spots on the upperside preceding the
rows of lozenge-shaped marks near the extremity of the forewing occupy the place of the
ocelli of the underside ; and the broad row of white lunules on the hindwing is the continua-
tion of the pale space between the lozenge-shaped spots and row of lunules of the forewing ;
since, ina strong light, the dark ground-colour of the hindwing also exhibits a row of still
darker-coloured lozenge-shaped spots, preceding the pale lunules. On the underside of the
forewing the broad fascia is dilated on the anterior half of the wing, so as to include half of
the discoidal cell and the like distance beyond it, inclosing a black lunule which marks the
nervule which closes the cell; the ocelli are preceded by a longitudinal darker cloud ; the
larger ocelli bear a slender white central lunule, and the red pupil is separated from the black
iris by a fulvous ring; the anal angle is marked witha black spot, outwardly edged with
white. The upperside of the body is brown, but the underside, with the palpi, legs, and
anal area of the hindwing, are fulvous.” (Westwood, |. c. in Cab. Or. Ent.)
‘* The general appearance of the two sexes is nearly identical; the male has a tuft of hairs
at the base of the hindwing, on the upperside,” (/Vestwood, 1, c, in Trans, Ent, Soc, Lond.)
310 NYMPHALID.
~
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MORPHINE.
STICHOPHTHALMA.
STICOPHTHALMA CAMADEVA, Moore.
NYMPHALID&. MORPHIN Zz. STICHOPHTHALMA, 311
Mr. Wood-Mason met with this species in profusion in May in the forests around Silcuri,
Cachar ; other specimens were taken in July. Mr. A. O. Hume found it commonly in the
forests of Eastern Munipur in the spring, and Mr. Otto Moller has taken numerous specimens
in the neighbourhood of Darjiling in June.
The figure on the opposite page shows the upper and undersides of a female specimen from
Sikkim in the Indian Museum, Calcutta.
293. Stichophthalma louisa, W.-M.
Thaumantis louisa, Wood-Mason, Proc. A. S. B., p. 163 (1877) ; id., Journ. A. S. B., vol. xlvii, pt. ii, p. 175,
pl. xii (1878), »zaZe; id., Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 8273 id., Marshall, Journ. A. S. B., vol. li,
pt. ii, p. go, n. 5 (1882), female.
HABITAT: Upper Tenasserim,
EXPANSE: 6, 5°25; ¥, 5’8 inches.
DESCRIPTION: ‘‘ MALE: UPPERSIDE whitish. Horewizg with the basal half, and Aindwing
with the basal two-thirds deep and pure fulvous; each wing, as in .S. howgua, with a sub-
marginal lunular fascia with spear-shaped spots coalescing, deep violaceous-fuscous ; the
lunules and spots of the hindwing much larger. UNDERSIDE luteous-fulvous. Forewing
with the median part only whitish, scarcely tinted with luteous; with four sinuate lines, two
basal deep brown, two others submarginal, obsolete, and only near the anal angle brown
coloured. Forewing with five ocelli all obsolete ; hindwing with two, rufous, with whitish pupil
and slender black iris, and three intermediate obsolete.” (Wood-Mason, 1. c. in Journ.
A. S.B.). ‘‘ FEMALE differs from the figure of the male in the following particulars: UPpPer-
SIDE with the fulvous ground-colour on the Aindwing extending completely up to, and
embracing the heads of, the hastate border spots, the ground-colour of the outer portion of
both wings being not white but pure French grey, the only traces of pure white being on the
Jerewing, atthe middle of the costal margin and outside the median transverse line and
decreasing from its costal end. The dusky tipping at the apex also extends below the sub-
costal nervure. UNDERSIDE with the fulvous portions not luteous, but strongly suffused with
grey, and altogether of a far colder tone ; the hastate border spots of the upperside pale, but
perfectly distinct and complete. Hzndwing with the outer submarginal lunular line obsolete,
the inner one slender and incomplete, whereas in the figure of the male both these lunular
lines are complete and prominent. It of course lacks the tuft of erectile hairs on the hindwing
which is present in the male.” (JZarshaill, 1. c.)
‘* This fine and distinct species belongs to the same division of the genus as S. camadeva,
S. nourmahal, S. cambodia, and S. howgua,* to the last of which it is most nearly related,
but from which it differs in having the upperside of the wings white and fulvous, instead of
fulyous throughout, and in having five spots, the red rings of the ocelli, on the underside of the
forewing, and only two well-developed ocelli on the hindwing, instead of three and five ocelli
respectively.” (Wood-Mason, 1. c. in Journ. A. S. B.)
The type specimen was taken at Taoo, 3,000 to 6,000 feet altitude, by Limborg in the cold
weather. Capt. C. T. Bingham took the female above described between March and May
in the Lower Thoungyeen forests, and Mr. Butler records it (Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist.,
fifth series, vol. x, p. 372, 1882) from the Thoungyeen valley, from specimens also collected
by Capt. Bingham.
* Thaumantis howgua, Westwood, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., newseries, vol. i, p. 174 (1851) ; idem, id., vol. iv, p.
178, n. Q, pl. xviii, figs 2, 2@ (1856); Stichophthalma howgua, Felder, Wien Ent. Monatsch., vol. vi, p. 28, n. 23
(1862). Hapsirat: Shanghai, China. Expanse: 5 inches. DESCRIPTION: MALE and FEMALE: UPPERSIDE, doth
wings fulvous, with a submarginal series of much curved black lunules, and inwardly with black spear-shaped
spots coalescing with them, which are larger on the hindwing. UnpersipeE, doth wings luteous fulvous, paler
than above, crossed by two oblique, irregularly sinuate black lines, the inner one crossing both cells but not reach-
ing the abdominal margin of the hindwing, the outer one beyond the middle of the forewing about the middle of
the hindwing recurved just before the anal angle of the hindwing, below whichis an irrorated fuscous and grey
spot. The two black lines are very wide at the costa of the forewing, decreasing irregularly towards the anal
angle of the hindwing, the space between them darker than the rest of the ground. A discal series of five ocelli
on both wings, red with whitish pupil and slender black iris, the first and fourth on the forewing and the fourth
on the hindwing not quite perfect. Within the series of ocelli the ground is somewhat darker, becoming paler
before reaching the outer fuscous lines A submarginal somewhat lunulate fuscous line. (Described from West-
wood’s figure).
41
312 NYMPHALID. MORPHIN. CLEROME.
294. Stichophthalma nourmahal, Westwood.
Thaumantis nourmahal, Westwood, Gen. D. L., vol. ii, p. 337, n. 8 (1851), #oze idem, id., Trans. Ent,
Soc. Lond , new series, vol. iv, p. 178, pl. xviii. figs. x, 1@ (1856) ; id., Moore, Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Lep.
E.I1.C., vol. i, p. 215, n. 442 (1857).
Hapirat : India ( Westwood); Sikkim (Moore) ; Sikkim ? ? (Kirby) ; Borneo.
EXPANSE: 8, 3°75 3 9, 4°25 ( Westwood) ; 4°8 Sikkim (?) specimen in Indian Museum,
Calcutta.
DESCRIPTION: ‘‘ FEMALE: UpPERSIDE chestnut-fuscous. Forewing with a very broad
oblique fulvous fascia beyond the middle, extending to the outer margin and anal angle, a
common submarginal series of fuscous V-shaped marks, and another lunular of the same
colour; a whitish subapical dot on the forewing. UNDERSIDE brownish fulvous, with two
narrow oblique almost straight greenish silvery bands, the first passing through the middle of
the discoidal cell, the second almost from the middle of the costa to the anal angle, each
margined inwardly with a black line ; the outer margin broadly paler, in which on the fore-
wing are two ferruginous-fulvous ocelli, on the hindwing three, each marked in the middle
with a whitish lunular dot ; two black submarginal lines very flexuous and dentate, and a black
spot at the anal angle slightly irrorated with lilascent.”
‘** The description published by me in the Genera of Diurnal Lepidoptera, was made from
a female at that time unique in the collection of W. W. Saunders, Esq., F.R.S. The East
India Company has, however, subsequently received both sexes from India. The MALE differs
from the female, as Iam informed by Mr. F. Moore, merely in wanting the white subapical
spot near the extremity of the forewing.”
“On the upperside the wings are of a rich chestnut brown colour, the forewing having
a very broad oblique fulvous fascia, extending from the costa to the outer margin and anal
angle; the tip of the wing being dark brown, with a small white subapical spot in the female.
There is also a series of submarginal brown V-shaped marks, and another of brown lunules
in both wings, [and the hindwing is outwardly bordered with fulvous in continuation of the
fascia of the forewing]. Underside, the colour is paler, with a broad oblique subcentral
fascia, edged with a slender black slightly. irregular line on each side, the one nearest the base
being internally, and the outer one externally edged with a line of pale silvery greyish green
scales. The discoidal cell in the forewing is closed by black veins, but in the hindwing the
outer black striga forms its termination. The forewing has also five ocelli [the first, third and
fourth obsolete, replaced by pale spots], and the hindwing three, in the alternate spaces between
the nervules, the intervening spaces being marked by paler dots, indicating obsolete ocelli.
Near the apex of both wings are two slender dentated black lines, ending at the anal angle [of
the hindwing] in a black dot, slightly suffused with lilac scales.” (Westwood, 1, c. in Trans.
Ent. Soc. Lond.)
There is a single female specimen in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, obtained from the old
East India Company’s Museum, which is marked ‘‘ Darjeeling,” and which is the only speci-
men we have seen. In spite of the authorities given above for its occurrence in India, we very
much doubt the fact ; of late years, at any rateas far as we know, no specimens have been
obtained within our limits.
Genus 41._CLEROME, Westwood.
Clerome, Westwood, Gen. D. L., vol ii, p. 333 (1851); idem, id., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., new series, vol.
iv, p. 182 (1856), Monograph ; Faunis, Hiibner, Verz. Bek. Schmett., p. 55 (1816).
‘*Bopy moderately robust ; wings large, plainly coloured, witha row of small spots
between the middle and the outer margin on the underside. ead rather broad. Antenne
long (two-thirds the length of the forewing), nearly straight, composed of rather long joints,
terminated by a long, but very slender, scarcely distinct club formed of short joints. Palpi
compressed, ascending obliquely to about the height of two-thirds of the eye, porrected in
front nearly to the length of the head, not convergent, scaly ; middle joint clothed behind
with hairs applied to the face. Zorax oval, very hairy, Addomen rather small and slender,
NYMPHALID, MORPHIN 4, CLEROME. 313
FOREWING large, oval-triangular, Costa very much arched ; apex rounded ; outer margin
about two-thirds of the length of the costa, entire, slightly convex ; inner angle rounded ;
inner margin rather longer than the outer, slightly dilated at the base in the male. Costal
nervure extending to about two-thirds of the length of the costa; szécostal nervure with its
first branch arising at about two-sevenths of the length of the wing ; second branch arising
at about three-fifths of the length of the wing; third and fourth arising at
short distances beyond the second; all these branches free, the fourth extending
to the tip of the wing; upper disco-cellular nervule very short, arising nearly at one-
third of the length of the wing ; mddle disco-cellular equally short, nearly transverse ; /ower
disco-cellular very long and curved, somewhat like the letter m, the extremity reaching nearly
to the middle of the wing, where it joins the third branch of the median nervure at a short
distance beyond its base, terminating the closed discoidal cell nearly in a point. HINDWING
broadly ovate; costa scarcely curved ; outer margin rounded ; anal angle rounded. The
disc above, near the extremity of the thorax, is furnished with a tuft of fine hairs in the male,
Precostal nervure short, curved towards the body ; costa/ nervure extending to about two-thirds
of the length of the costa ; swécostal nervure with its branches arising quite close to the base
of the wing, the outer branch extending to the outer angle ; discoidad cell very narrow and
open ; median nervure with its branches wide apart. FORELEGS of the MALE very small and
brush-like, very woolly; of the FEMALE longer than those of the male, slender, scaly ;
tarsus not half the length of the tibia; articulations indistinct, except when denuded of scales ;
obliquely truncate at the tip ;-armed with very small spines. Four HINDLEGS long, strong,
scarcely spined beneath ; tibial spurs minute.” (Westwood, 1. c. in Gen. D. L.)
Clerome is a genus of plain-looking Butterflies, the upperside fulvous, marked only
in some species with darker or lighter shades of the ground-colour towards the margins,
but spotted and sometimes ocellated on the underside, and marked with fuscous lines. About
fourteen species are at present known, inhabiting N.-E. India, Burma, the Malay peninsula
and islands, and extending to China.
Eey to the Indian species of Clerome.
A. Male and female, upperside fulvous. Underside with three fuscous strigz, and a series of ochreous
spots across both wings.
a. Male and female alike. Of moderate size (under three inches).
295. C. ARCESILAUS, Sikkim, Sylhet, Burma, Malay Peninsula, Java.
&. Male, upperside, forewing uniform fulvous ; female with a discal paler band. Of large size
(3°5 inches and above).
296. C. assamMaA, Assam, Khasi Hills.
Except in size there is little difference between the males of the two Indian species,
but as that difference is considerable, it will at once be found sufficient to separate them,
The females are very distinct.
295. Clerome arcesilaus, Fabricius.
Papilio arcesilaus, Fabricius, Mant. Ins., vol. ii, p 28, n. 305 (1787) ; id., Donovan, Ins. India, pl. xxx,
fig. 2 (1800) ; Clerome arcesilaus, Doubleday, Hewitson, Gen. D. L., vol. ii, p. 334, n. i, pl. liv*, fig. 5 (1851),
female ; id., Westwood, Trans Ent. Soc. Lond., new series, vol. iv, p. 183 (1856); Maunzs canens, Hiibner,
Samml. Ex. Schmett. (1816-24) 3 Morpho leonteus, Zinken, Nova Acta Acad. Nat. Cur., vol. xv, p. 170
pl. xvi, figs. 14, 15 (1831).
HasitaT: Sikkim, Sylhet, Upper Tenasserim, Siam, Malacca, Singapore, Java.
EXPANSE : 2°1 to 2°75 ( Westwood) ; 2°7 to 2’9 inches.
DESCRIPTION: ** Wings entire. UPPERSIDE fuscous-ochraceous, unmarked. UNDER-
SIDE fuscous or brownish-fuscous ; doth wings crossed by three obscure strigz (the first
sometimes subobsolete), and a series of yellowish dots.”
‘The uniform colour of the upperside of both wings, united to the minute and uniform
size of the row of pale dots on the underside, will suffice to distinguish this species from
C. eumeus [from China]. Specimens sent from Malacca by Mr, Wallace (about 2°5 inches in
expanse) differ in the richer red-brown colour of the upperside, and in having the outer dark
strigee obsolete [on the underside] of the forewing. A specimen from Singapore, in the British
314 NYMPHALID. MORPHINE. CLEROME.
Museum, about 275 inches in expanse, does not differ from Javanese individuals in the same
collection ; whilst specimens from India and Sylhet, in the same collection, and of the same size,
have the upperside richer and redder fulvous than the Java specimens, and on the underside
the middle striga is more distinct, and much more angulated, and the series of white dots
small.” (Westwood, |. c.)
Mr. Distant does not give C. arcestlaus in his ‘* Rhopalocera Malayana,”’ but there is a
female specimen in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, acquired from the old India Museum, London,
from Singapore, and Westwood mentions (ane) a specimen in the British Museum from the same
locality. We have specimens from Sikkim from the collection of the late L. Mandelli; from
the Donat range in Upper Tenasserim taken by Captain C, Bingham in January, and others
taken by him in the Thoungyeen forests in March and December. All these specimens are
males and are very constant. Our female specimen from Singapore differs from the male
in being a very little larger, and the inner margin of the forewing straight, and no tuft of
hair on the upperside of the hindwing ; it differs in tone of colouration from Indian examples
as mentioned by Westwood. The Javan specimen in the India Museum is identical with Indian
ones on the underside, but on the upperside the forewing especially is a darker fulvous.
Limborg also met with this species above Ahsown in Upper Tenasserim in the cold weather.
An allied species has been recorded from Malacca.* It differs from C. arcesilaus in being
smaller, the upperside ferruginous rather than fulvous, and with an ocellus on the hindwing.
The underside is also ferruginous, the fifth lower spot on the forewing is developed into an
ocellus, as also are the first and fifth on the hindwing.
296. Clerome assama, Westwood.
C. assama, Westwood, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., new series, vol. iv, p. 184 (1856).
* Clerome gracilis, Butler, Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., third series, vol xx, p. 401, pl. viii, fig. 7 (1867),
male; id., Distant, Rhop. Malay., p. 81, pl. viii, fig. 1 (1882), »za/e. Hapirar: Malacca, Singapore, Borneo.
Expanse: Male, 2°3 inches. Dxscription: “ Mace: Urppgrsipe, Goth wings brownish ochraceous. Hind-
wing with a somewhat faint discal ocellated spot, situated between the second and first median nervules.
UNDkR81DE somewhat paler, and crossed by two waved narrow fuscons fascie ; the first passing through the
middle of both cells, and the second commencing about the costal margin of the forewing, passing beyond the
cellular apices and terminating near the middle of the abdominal margin of the hindwing ; a submarginal and
strongly sinuated narrow fuscous fascia to both wings. Between the middle and submarginal fascia are placed
the following spots: on the forewing a series of four small whitish spots placed between the nervules, the first
above the upper discoidal nervule, and the fourth beneath the first median nervule, followed between the second
and first median nervules by an ocellated spot, black, with a pale centre and ochraceous and black margins.
Hindwing with an ocellated spot between the subcostal nervules, followed by three whitish spots between the
nervules, and an ocellated spot between the second and first median nervules ody and égs more or less
concolorous with the wings. I have not seen the female of this species. It is one of the smallest species
of the genus, and appears to be seldom found by collectors.’”’ (Distant, |. c.)
NYMPHALID&. MORPHINE. CLEROME. 315
HABITAT: India, Assam, Khasi Hills.
EXPANSE: 4'0 (Westwood); 3, 3'43 9, 4'0 inches,
DESCRIPTION: MALE: UPPERSIDE uniform fulvous. UNDERSIDE darker fulvous,
crossed by three fuscous lines, the first subbasal, the second beyond the middle of the wings,
the third submarginal, very sinuous. Between the two outer lines in the forewing is a series of
six small ochreous rounded spots from the costa to the first median interspace, the penultimate
one the largest ; on the Aimdwing there are six similar spots, the first much the largest. FEMALE
larger. UPPERSIDE, both wings a deeper fulvous, especially at the apex of the forewing,
which is crossed by a broad curved lighter fulvous band, broadest at the costa, obsolete at
the hinder angle; this band is outwardly somewhat distinctly defined by the darker ground-
colour, inwardly it is diffused, UNDERSIDE marked as in the male, but all the strigee and
the spots better defined, the latter being much larger.
This species is perhaps only a geographical variety of the C. eumeus, Drury, from
China. It is larger, and has ‘‘the broad, oblique, fulvous fascia of the forewing [on the
upperside of the female] but ill-defined, and gradually shaded off to the darker ground-colour
of the wing. The three strigze of the underside are distinct, the outer one more angulated ;
the white spots are of unequal size ; the fifth in the forewing, and the first in the hindwing,
being the largest.” (Westwood, 1. c.) These remarks evidently refer to the female, which is
the sex of C. ewmeus figured by Drury. The MALEapparently has not previously been described,
unless the following remarks of Westwood (l.c.) refer to a male specimen: in no case does he
state the sex of the specimens of this species described by him: ‘‘A specimen from Northern
India, measuring 3°5 inches in expanse, has the wings on the upperside of an uniform fulvous
brown colour, whilst on the underside they are similar to the above described individuals
from Northern India.”
The Indian Museum, Calcutta, has a male from the Khasi hills taken by Colonel
Godwin-Austen, and another without history, but probably taken at the same time; and
two females from the same locality, one of which is figured above, and shows the upper
and undersides,
Another species, formerly included in the genus Clerome, occurs in the Malay Peninsula.
It is a very remarkable butterfly, the wings are semi-transparent, upperside pale fuscous,
hindwing with the abdominal half below the cell bright yellow, and the underside with two
conspicuous lunulate discal fuscous strige, and other fuscous markings at the base of the
wings. It has been placed under a separate subgeneric title, MELANOCYMA,* and forms the
type and only species of the subgenus. =
* Subgenus MELANOcyMa, Westwood.
Melanocyma, Westwood, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., new series, vol. iv., p. 186 (1856).
““In the ‘Genera of Diurnal Lepidoptera’ I arranged this singular insect in the genus Thaumantis,
The arrangement of the branches of the nervures of the forewing is, however, unlike that of any of the species
of that genus, agreeing in the circumstance of the second branch of the subcostal nervure of the forewing
arising far beyond the extremity of the discoidal cell, as well as in the shortness of the wings, with Clerome,
in which latter respect also it differs from Drusid/a. The fact, however, of its being entirely destitute of ocelli is
perhaps of sufficient importance to warrant its subgeneric separation, in which case it may receive the name of
Melanocyma. The second branch of the subcostal nervure of the forewing arises at about three-fourths
of the length of the wing from the base opposite to the junction of the costal nervure with the costa, and the
fourth branch opposite to the junction of the extremity of the first branch with the costa. The lower disco-
cellular nervule closing the discoidal cell is singularly angulated, and the costal nervure of the hindwing also
extends to the middle of the costal margin. Another peculiarity of the species consists of the slight clothing
of the wings, which enables the black undulated markings of the underside to be partially seen from above.
The specimen which I have examined is a female.” (Westwood, 1. c.)
MELANOCYMA FAUNULA, Westwood.
Thaumantis faunula, Westwood, Gen. D. L., vol. ii, pl. liv, fig. 1 (1851), female ; Clerome faunula, idem,
id., p. 334, uote ; Clerome (Melanocyma) faunula, Westwood, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., new series, vol. iv, p. 186,
pl. xxi, fig. 2 (1856), female ; Clerome faunula, Distant, Rhop. Malay., p. 81, pl. vili, fig. 2 (1882), /emade.
Habitat: Malacca, Mount Ophir, Singapore, Cambodia. Expansg : Femade, 3°99 inches. D&sCRIPTION :
“FEMALE: UPpPERSIDE, doth wings, pale fuscous. Aindwing with the abdominal half beneath the cell, and
to about the second median nervule bright shining yellow. Movewing with the upper disco-cellular nervule
very darkly infuscated, and with the following dark markings: a transverse streak across the cell near the
apex, preceded by a rounded spot, beneath which are two other spots situated between the base of the first
median nervule and the submedian nervure ; two discal, transverse, strongly waved and sinuated fasciz, the
first crossing the wing a little beyond the apex of the cell, and the second being somewhat submarginal ; and
a very faint, waved, narrow, marginal fascia, which is obsolete towards the apex, AWindwing with the follow-
316 NYMPHALID. MORPHINE. CLEROME.
ing dark markings: an oblique fascia near the base terminating about the internal nervure ; two very
strongly waved and sinuated discal fascia, which become united at the lower subcostal nervule, the inner
one then crossing the wing at the apex of the cell, and terminating near the middle of the submedian nervure,
the outer one somewhat submarginal, and much less strongly waved and sinuated after passing the first
median nervule, till it terminates at the submedian nervure ; and a waved marginal fascia becoming obsolete
towards the anal angle. UNpDeRSIDE pale greyish, marked as above, but with the yellow colouraticn of the
hindwing richer aad darker, and with all the fascie and spots very dark fuscous ; costal area of the forewing
pale fuscous. Body and éegs more or less concolorous with the wings. Thisis not only a beautiful but also
an aberrant species, it being quite destitute of ocellated spots—a character which Professor Westwood was
reasonably of opinion should warrant its subgeneric separation, The wings are also semi-diaphanous, thus
allowing the fasciz beneath to be visible above.” (D¢stant, 1. c.)
SUBFAMILY V.—ACRJ5INZS, Bates.
Acreing, Bates, Journ. Ent., vol. ii, p. 176 (1864); Acrwide, Doubleday, Gen. D. L,, vol. i, p. 137
(1848).
‘* HEAD rather small, scaly, but little if at all hairy. yes oval or rounded, prominent.
falpi divergent, ascending, rising considerably above the forehead; basal joint short, hairy ;
second joint elongate, mostly much swollen, hairy. the hairs often very thinly scattered ; third
joint very short, especially in those species which have the second joint most swollen.
Antenne scarcely more than half the whole length of the body, rather abruptly clavate; the
club compact, obtuse at the apex, the joints composing it not more distinct than those of the
other portion of the antennae. 7orax oval, generally rather elongate ; the prothorax very
distinct. Addomen elongate, clavate, much arched; the last segment in the female often
furnished with a corneous appendage. FOREWING opaque, or partially or wholly diaphanous,
subtriangular, elongate ; the apex more or less rounded ; the costa but little arched ; outer
margin seldom more than half the length of the costa, sometimes nearly straight, except
towards the apex, sometimes rounded ; inner margin nearly straight. Cos¢a/ nervure ex-
tending considerably beyond the middle of the costa; smdcostal nervure invariably _five-
branched [if the termination of the subcostal nervure is counted as a branch, if not, it is only
four-branched] ; its first branch thrown off at or near to the end of the cell ; the second
always considerably beyond the cell; discoidal cell seldom more than half the
length of the wing; wffer disco-cellular nervule very short, or entirely wanting;
internal nervure wanting. HINDWING obovate; the costa nearly straight; the outer
margin much rounded; the inner margin about equal in length to the outer, slightly
embracing the base of the abdomen. Discoidal cell always closed, narrow, sometimes very
short, rarely half the length of the wing; dzscotdal mnervule sometimes appearing to be a
third subcostal nervule ; sometimes united to the subcostal nervure, or to its second branch
by a distinct upper disco-cellular ; Jower disco-cellular always united to the third median ner-
vule, often very close to its origin. FORELEGS of the MALE with the femur mostly longer
than the tibice ; tibiae nearly cylindric, smooth or very slightly spiny, longer than the tarsus ;
tarsus cylindrical or slightly fusiform, sometimes one-jointed, sometimes showing indications of
four or five joints. Of the FEMALE with the tarsus four or five-jointed ; each joint, except the fifth
when present, armed at the apex with a short pair of spines, sometimes covered by a bunch
of stiff hairs arising from the base of the following joints: first joint generally about as long
as the rest combined; the second, third and fourth progressively shorter, generally very
obliquely truncate at the apex ; fifth, when present, always very minute, barely distinguishable.
MIDDLE and HINDLEGS rather short, with the tibize and femora about equal in length ; tarsi
rather shorter; tibiz spiny, especially towards the apex, nearly cylindrical ; tarsi spiny, the
spines much longest at the sides ; the first joint more than equal to the two following com-
bined, nearly cylindric ; second and third rather flattened, elongate ovate ; the second slightly
longer than the third ; fourth joint shorter than the third ; fifth rather longer than the second ;
claws without paronychia or pulvilli, broad at the base, where there is a large lobe, then
suddenly narrowed, tapering to avery acute point, often much bent, especially the outer claw
in the males, which is much shorter than the inner in many species.”
‘*LaRVA cylindric, spiny. PUPA suspended, slender, angulate.” (Doudleday, 1, c.)
The head-quarters of this subfamily is in Africa, but numerous species have been described
from the New World, a few from Australia, and only two species from India, one of which
occurs again in Java, Where they occur these two species are numerous in individuals, though
318 NYMPHALID. ACRAINE. PAREBA.
in the North-West Himalayas one species, 4. vesta, is decidedly local. Their flight is slow and
sailing, they frequently settle, often at the end of a branch, stick, leaf or other conspicuous
position, and appear to be quite unmolested by birds. Mr. de Nicéville has experimented with
the carnivorous J/antis on many of the Butterflies believed to be offensive to birds, and he
has found A. vio/@ is the only Butterfly which all the species of Mantis he has experimented
with refuse to eat. The abdominal plate or pouch with which the females of both the
Indian species are provided, is also found in the genus Parnassius, a genus of the subfamily
Papilionine.
The Acreine are distinguished by their elongate wings, the hindwing being free from the
abdomen along its inner margin and not channelled to enclose it. They are closely related
to the Heliconine of America. The subfamily originally contained but a single genus, Acrea,
which Doubleday in the Genera of Diurnal Lepidoptera divided into six well-marked sections,
and these, so far as the Indian species go, appear to be worthy of generic separation. The
general characters of the genus Acrea are those of the subfamily ; the special characters of the
sections represented in India are given in the following key.
Besides the six sections of Acrea only one other genus of the subfamily has been
recognized (A/ena, Boisduval), which contains a single species (A. amazoula) from South
Africa.
Neither of the Indian species have any sexual tufts or patches on the wings of the
male insect.
Key to the Indian Genera of ACR.ZAINZE.
A. Palpi very small, compressed, not rising to the level of the top of the eyes. Antenne with a
gradually formed club. Hindwing with the first subcostal nervule given off from the subcostal
nervure some distance beyond the cell.
XLII.—Parzpa.
B. Palpi long, porrected forwards, rising to the level of the top of the eyes. Antennz with an abruptly
clavate flattened club. Hindwing with the first subcostal nervule given off from the subcostal
nervure before the end of the cell.
XLIITI.—TEvcHinia,
Genus 42.—PAREBA, Doubleday.
Acrea, section v, Pareba, Doubleday, Gen. D. L., vol. i, p. 142 (1848).
**PaLpr small, the second joint but little swollen, scaly and hairy. First subcostal
nervule of the forewing thrown off at [just before] the end of the cell. Discoidal nervure of
the hindwing thrown off from the subcostal nervure considerably before it divides.” (Doubleday,
Lis)
This genus contains but a single species, which occurs all along the Himalayas, and from
Assam to Burma, and again in Java. As far as we know, it is only to be found in or very
near to hills.
297. Pareba vesta, Fabricius.
Papilio vesta, Fabricius, Mant. Ins., vol. ii, p. 14, n. 130 (1787) ; id., Donovan, Insects China, pl. xxx, fig. 1
(1799) ; Acrea vesta, Godart, Enc. Méth., vol. ix, p. 233, n. 9 (1819); id., Horsfield, Cat. Lep. Bl. Caplan
fig. 21, Zarva (1829); Papilio terpsichore, Cramer, Pap. Ex., vol. iv, pl. ccxeviii, figs. A—C (1780) ; Telchinza
issoria, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett., p. 27, n. 220 (1816) ; Acr@a anomala, Kollar in Hiigel’s Kaschmir, vol.
iv, pt. ii, p. 425, pl. iii, figs. 314 (1848).
HapiTaT: Himalayas, Assam, Upper Burma, Java.
EXPANSE: 2°0 to 3'5 inches.
DESCRIPTION: MALE and FEMALE: UPppERSIDE, Jofh wings fulvous, with the veins
black, and more or less broadly bordered with black irrorations. Forewing with the costa
and outer margin black, the latter bearing a marginal series of eight fulvous oblong spots, one
in each interspace, except the last, which has two. A hook-shaped black mark in the cell, the
disco-cellulars broadly defined with black, beyond which is a black streak from the costa to
the second median nervule, angulated inwards at the third median nervule; a black mark
near the base of the first median interspace, and another in continuation below the first median
NYMPHALID/E, ACRAIN 48. TELCHINIA. 319
nervule. Hindwing with a series of four blackish spots, one in each interspace outside the
cell from the first median nervule ; a marginal highly dentate line leaving a series of yellow
spots on the margin, one in each interspace, this line more or less coalescing with a submar=
ginal series of diffused spots, the space between them being richer ochreous. UNDERSIDE,
paler. Forewing marked as above, but the space between the angulated discal streak and a
submarginal ochreous band whitish ; the margin ochreous, bearing a highly dentate blackish
line, obsolete at the apex. Hindwing with two submarginal black lines, the outer lunulate,
the points of each lunule resting on the margin at the ends of the nervules, and the inner
irregular, the space between them rich ochreous. Between the inner black line and the
end of the cell is a broad band of whitish extending from the costa to the abdominal
margin. Collar and costal base of the forewing rich ochreous, body black, marked
with two series of round whitish spots. The markings of the female are usually darker
than in the male.
A. vesta is a very variable species ; in some specimens the black markings coalesce every-
where leaving only spots of ochreous on the forewing, which on that wing vary in tone from
deep ochreous to pale whitish buff; in others again the black markings are confined to a
narrow band on the costa of the forewing, and on the outer margin of both wings bearing
a complete series of large ochreous spots ; the disco-cellulars of the forewing are broadly black,
and all the rest of the nervures of both wings are narrowly pencilled black. Between these two
extremes every gradation is found. The size of the insect too varies greatly.
‘*LarvA feeds on the willow-leaved nettle (Bohemeria salicifolia). Imago, July to Sep-
tember. Eggs deposited in September, and hatch in about twenty days. Length of young
larva three to four lines, entirely black. When about three weeks old they moult and then
hibernate, re-appearing in the following April. They moult again early in May, when they
assume the red head. The larve generally feed on the upper branches of the plant, are
gregarious, and drop to the ground when disturbed, Third moult early in June, about the
middle of which month they suspend themselves by the tail near the bottom of the stems of
the bushes, and there change to the pupa state. The imago appears in about fifteen days,
in the first or second week in July. A few come out in August and September, but not in
sufficient numbers to constitute a succession of broods. The imago is seldom found far from
the food-plant, which grows near running water.’ (A. Graham Young, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1882, p. 243).
A. vesta is found, locally, throughout the Himalayas from the Chenab to Sikkim and
extending through the Khasi hills to Upper Burma. Major C. H. T. Marshall has taken it in
Chumba in May and June. Mr. A. Graham Young records the following note of its occurrence
in Kulu -—
“It is a very local insect, but, where occurring, abundant. It is to be found in wet
ravines at from 3,000 to 4,000 feet elevation in Kulu. It is not a rapid flier and is easily cap-
tured ; when at rest it may be taken with the fingers. It is very constant in its appearance,
frequenting the same localities year after year. ‘The imago does not hibernate.” (Note by Jér.
A. Graham Young, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882, p. 243.)
Freiherrn v. Hiigel took it at Mussoorie; Mr. E. T. Atkinson records it from the
submontane tracts of Kumaon. In Sikkim Mr. de Nicéville met with it in profusion at
from 2,000 to 7,000 feet elevation in October, the larve covering the weeds all along the
cart-road between Chunabati and Darjiling ; in Simla he only met with it in a limited area of
about 200 yards in the bed of a stream ; and the Indian Museum has specimens from Bhutan,
Sibsagar, the Dafla and Khasi hills, and from Upper Burma.
Genus 43._TELCHINIA, Hiibner.
Telchinia, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett., p. 27 (1816) ; id., Moore, Lep. Cey., p. 65 (1881) ; dcv@a, section iv,
Telchinia, Doubleday, Gen. D. L., vol. i, p. 141 (1848).
**FOREWING narrow, triangular; costa slightly arched towards the end, apex scarcely
rounded ; exterior margin oblique, slightly convex ; inner marginshort. Costa/ nervure extend:
ing to two-thirds of the margin; first subcostal nervule emitted at a short distance before the
42
320 NYMPHALID. ACRAIN 2. TELCHINIA.
end of the cell ; second, third and fourth at about equal distances apart beyond the end of the
cell ; discoidal cell long ; disco-cellulars very oblique, wffer bent near the subcostal nervure,
concave below, J/ower straight ; discotdal nervules from the angle and end of the upper disco-
cellular ; second median nervule emitted at a short distance before the end of the cell, jst
at one-half the length of the cell; swdmedian nervure slightly recurved. HINDWING small,
short, broadly ovate; costa straight, outer margin convex; costa/ nervure extending to the
apex, frecostal nervure slightly bent outward at its end ; first subcostal nervule emitted at four-
fifths from the base ; discoidal cell long ; disco-cellulars very oblique, the wffer concave, the
lower straight, discoidal nervule from their middle ; second median nervule emitted at a short
distance before the end of the cell ; third median nervule from more than one-half the length
of the cell; sadmedian and internal nervures slightly recurved. Bopy slendér, abdomen long,
last segment of the female furnished with a corneous appendage; fa/fi ascending, stout,
finely pilose, second joint projecting slightly beyond the head, third joint very short; /egs
slender; anterior tarsi of the male clothed with short spiny scales, fore tarsi of the female
armed with a pair of spines on each joint ; aztenn@ abruptly clavate.” (Moore, 1. c.)
This genus is represented by but a single species in India, which seems chiefly confined
to the plains, seldom ascending into the mountains. It occurs in the moister tracts of
eastern continental, and throughout peninsular India and in Ceylon, where it has been taken
up to 4,000 feet elevation. There are numerous species of this group in Africa and Madagascar.
298. Telchinia viola, Fabricius.
Papilio viola, Fabricius, Syst. Ent., p. 460, n. 74 (1775) ; Acrea viole, Horsfield, Cat. Lep. E. I. C., pl. viii,
figs. 2, darva; 2 a, pupa (1829) ; Telchinia viole, Moore, Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. C., vol. i, p. 135,
n. 272, pl. v, figs. 1, davva; 1a, pupa (1857) ; idem, id., Lep. Cey., p. 66, pl. xxxiii, figs. 1, wale; 1a, female ;
15, larva and pupa (1881); Papilio cephea, Cramer, Pap. Ex., vol. iv, pl. ccxcviii, figs. D, E (1780) ;
Telchinia cephea, Hibner, Verz. bek. Schmett., p. 27, n. 213 (1816).
HapsitTaT: India, Ceylon.
EXPANSE : 1°8 to 2°5 inches.
DESCRIPTION : ‘‘ MALE: UPPERSIDE, doth wings ochreous-red. Forewing with a small
black spot and an oblique streak within the cell, a large disco-cellular streak, an upper
discal oblique series of four small spots, a single spot below these, and another between
the median and submedian nervures; costal margin black speckled, exterior margin and up
the veins for a short distance, black. Aindwing with a small black spot at the end of the
cell, another on the costal border, and a black marginal band traversed by a series of pale
yellow spots. FEMALE paler, with the markings and marginal band broader, the Aindwing
also having two black spots in the cell, two on the disco-cellular nervule, and a curved
discal series beyond. UNDERSIDE: MALE glossy red; black spots and marginal border
of the forewing as on the upperside, the latter bordered inwardly with yellowish-white.
Hlindwing with a basal cluster of five black-ringed white spots, two costal black spots, three
discoidal and a discal outer series of smaller spots; the marginal band with larger yellowish-
white spots and inner border. FEMALE duller coloured. Hindwing pale yellowish-ochreous,
marked as above, also with a basal cluster of ochreous-white black-ringed spots, and the
marginal band with larger spots,”
NYMPHALID#. ACRAEINZ., TELCHINIA. 321
‘«‘ Larva pale purple-brown ; the segments armed with six rows of lengthened branched
spines. Feeds on Cucurbitacee, PUPA reddish-white, streaked with black ; the abdominal
streaks spotted with red.” (AZoore, 1. c. in Lep. Cey.)
This species is less variable than /, vesfa, but in some specimens many of the black
spots are obsolete. Mr. de Nicéville has taken it commonly in Calcutta throughout the year.
It is not uncommon in Sikkim, and Mr. E. T. Atkinson records it from the submontane
districts of Kumaon ; which is probably its westerly limit in the north. It is found in the
moister parts of the Peninsula on both coasts ; we have specimens from Malwan on the west
coast, and from Rajamundry on the East ; and there are specimens in the Indian Museum,
Calcutta, from Badrachallum, Madras City, Bangalore and ‘Trevandrum. **Found generally
in Ceylon inthe plains and up to about 4,000 feet throughout the year.” (Mackwood).
«*Common at Kandy.” ( Wade).
The figure shows the upper and undersides of a male specimen from Calcutta, in the
Indian Museum, Calcutta.
INDEX TO VOL.
[Specific names are printed in small type (actzea) ; specific synonyms and varieties in
italics (adamsoni) ; generic names in small capitals (AcRaA) ; generic synonyms in small
capital italics (4Z.woNA); subfamily and family names in large capitals (ACRAZIN A) ;
and subfamily and family synonyms in large capital italics (ACRA/D.]
ACRAA, 318, 319.
ACRAAIDAE, 317.
ACRAINAL, 13, 17, 19, 317.
actzea, 185, 186,
adamsoni, 62.
ADOLIAS, 8, 9, 21, 300, pl. ii.
adolphei, 123.
zegeria, 178.
@oyplius, 50.
zegyptus, 59, 66.
zelianus, pl. i.
fimona, Frontispiece, 261,
283, 302.
AEMONA, 302.
afra, 243.
agamarschana, 24, 27-29,
agamemnon, pl. i.
agave, 189, 190.
aglea, 35, 38-41, 174, pl. vi.
agleoides, 34, 35, 40, 41.
ALANA, 318.
alberta, 143, 147.
alcathoé, 66, 80, 85-87, go,
92, pl. ix.
alcidice, 69.
alcippe, 51.
alcippus, 49, 51, 52, 265, 267.
alcyone, 189.
aliris, 304, 307, 308.
alopia, 60.
amardza, 207, 210,
amasina, 186.
AMATHUSIA, 17, 19, 281,
282, 285, 288, 304, 308.
amathusia, Frontispiece, 302,
303.
amazoula, 318.
AMBLYPODIA, Q, pl. ii.
AMECERA, 96, 176-178, 183,
213, pl. xv.
AMECHANIA, 97, 99.
amethystus, 286, 288.
amythaon, 285, 289-293.
ANADEBIS, 96, 97, 99, pl. xiv.
analoga, 193, 194.
anaxias, 105-107, pl. xvi.
anaxioides, 105-107.
andamanensis, 80, 84,
andersoni, 163, 168.
angularis, 236, 237, pl. xvi.
annada, 244-247, pl. xv.
anomala, 318.
anthe, 183, 192-194,
anthelea, 187.
ANTIRRHGA, 261,
anysis, 139, 140.
APATURA, 21,
arcadia, 140.
arcensia, 250.
arcesilaus, 313, 314.
archeea, 261,
arcuala, 149.
arele, 149, 150,
arethusa, 185, 186.
argentina, 237.
ARGYNNIS, 13.
ariaspa, 220, 224.
aristides, 295.
aristolochiee, pl. i.
ARTEMISIA, 202,
ASCLEPIAS, 47, 51.
asela, 57, 79-82, 90.
aspasia, 35, 37.
aspastus, 37>
assama, 313, 314.
asterie, 13, pl. i.
asterope, 220, 223-227.
aswa, 251-256,
ATHYMA, 8, 9, 21, pl. ii.
atkinsonia, 163, 1604, 166, 170.
AULOCERA, 90, 97, 170, 194,
195, 239, pl. xvi.
autonoé, 186.
avanta, 214, 218-220,
avatara, 196, 197.
AVES, 169.
baladeva, 163, 164, 167.
baldiva, 178, 183, 188, 205.
baldus, 210.
BAMBUSA, 298.
banksia, 257-259.
basilissa, 74.
bela, 251, 254-256, 258.
belia, 23, 26, 31.
beroé, 149, 150, 187.
bhadra, 170-172.
bhairava, 138-140.
bhima, 4, 170, 172, pl. xi.
BIA, 281.
BIBLIS, 264, 266, 273.
binghami, 4.
binotata, go, 93.
BLANAIDA, 169.
blasius, 114-116, 118, pl. xvi.
bebert, 193.
BOHGMERIA, 319.
bolanica, 213, 221, 231, 232.
|e
brahminus, 195, 197-200, 239.
BRASSOLIN&, 19, 281,282.
bremeri, 63, 76, 78.
briseis, 191-193.
bryce, 185, 186.
busiris, 284, 285.
BYBLIA, 263, 264.
cadelli, 24, 28, 29, pl. iv.
cadesia, 183, 190, 191.
CADUGA, 31.
cadusia, 205, 207.
CALLEREBIA, 97, 213, 230,
231, 240, 241, 243, 249,
pl. xv.
CALLIPL@A, 58, 67, 71, 73.
callithoé, 93, 277.
CALOTROPIS, 51.
CALYSISME, 104,
126, 127.
camadeva, 309-311.
camaralzeman, 58, 76, 77.
cambodia, 309, 311.
camorta, 58, 77, 80, 82, 85,
86, 272.
canens, 313.
cashapa, 244, 247.
cashmirensis, 177, 178.
casiphone, 274, 275.
castelnaui, 58, 71, 72.
CATOPSILIA, 13.
caucasica, 187, 193.
caudata, 265-267, 270, 271,
270.
caumas, 140, 141.
CEDRELA, 43.
CEDRUS, 200.
celinde, 294-298.
cephea, 320.
cepheus, 114, 118,
ceylanica, 35, 36, 39, 40, 82.
ceylonica, 39.
ceylonica, 221, 227, 228.
chandica, 143, 148, 149.
charaka, 109, 110.
CHARAXES, 9, 21.
cheena, 201, 205, 206.
chenu, 228.
chenui, 221, 227-229,
CHIONOBAS, 238.
chirona, 55.
CHITTIRA, 31, 41, 42, 44.
chloé, 59, 66.
chrysippe, 50.
114, 123,
324
chrysippus, 22, 49-54, 265,
266, 269, pl. vii.
cinerea, 112.
circe, 194.
CISSUS, 55.
clare, 4.
claudia, 71, 74.
cleona, 35-37.
CLEROME, 17, 261, 263, 281,
283, 284, 302, 312, 315.
clotho, 191,
Coccos, 290.
ee ITES, ii, 96, 97, 99, 100,
137, 264, pl. xill.
cononympha, 208, 210, 211.
comara, 203.
consimilis, 91.
constantia, 258, 259.
cora, 81.
cordula, 186.
core, 22, 57-59, Oe 74, 75>
79-83, 85, 90, pl. i
coreoides, 58, ao sane
coreta, 66, 80, 81.
corticaria, 220, 223.
corus, 81.
cottonis, 265, 266, 268, 276.
crameri, 78, pl. viii.
crassa, 59, 62-64, 92.
CrastIa, 57, 58, 76, 79, pl.
Viii.
crishna, 134-136, pl. xiv.
crisilda, 235, pl. xv.
crocea, 35, 37, pl. v.
CRYPTOLEPIS, 40.
CUCURBITACEA, 321.
CULAPA, 104, 126, pl. xvi.
cupreipennis, 58, 70-78.
curasavica, 51.
cycnus, 300, 301.
CYLEEO; 135; 250:
CYLLOGENES, i, 97, 250, 260,
pl. xiii.
CyYRESTIS, 21.
daksha, 244, 248.
DALAPA, IIo.
damaris, 174, pl. xiii.
DANAIDA, 31.
DANAIDZ:, 21.
DANAINE, 13, 17, 19,
22, 54, 174.
DAnais, 7, 035 145 2U-235/30,
31, 97, 98, 174, 264-267,
269, 271, 274, pl, v-vii.
DANAUS, 21, 31.
daos, 30, pl. v.
daretis, 141, 144, 151.
DASVYOMMA, mes
davendra, ii, 201,
pl. xv.
DEBIS, 99, 136.
deione, 80, 86-90,
deliades, 162,
DELIAS, 276, 278.
deodara, 200.
descombesi, 278,
diademoides, 98, pl. xiy.
2%,
203-205,
INDEX.
diardi, 30.
diffusa, 183, 186.
digna, 183, 189.
dinarbas, 144, 155.
diniche, 132.
diocletia, 71.
diocletianus, 59, 60, 71.
diores, 304-307.
DIPTERA, 132.
dirphia, 163, 168.
DIsCOPHORA, 19, 281, 283,
293, 294, 299-302,
discrepans, 267, 268.
distans, 143, 145, 147-149.
dolopes, 143, 146, 147.
dorippus, 49, 52.
doris, 111.
doubledaii, 286-288.
doubledayt, 86, 87.
drusia, 114, 116, 117, 119.
DRUSILLA, 264, 281, 315.
dryas, 194.
drypetis, 141,142,144,150-152.
dura, 4, 163, 165.
duryodana, 251, 256-258.
dusara, 271, 272.
DycTIs, 264, 266, 271, 275,
pl. xvii.
dynsate, 139, 142.
dyrta, 144, 152, 153, pl. x.
dysdora, 207.
elegans, 237.
elisa, ii, 71, 72, pl. viii.
ELYMNIAS, 9, eo 19, 22, 95,
250, 264, 276, pl. i, xvii.
ELYMNIINA, 263.
ELYMNIINA:, iis 1%
19, 20, 261, 263, 282.
embolina, 150.
enervata, 193, 194.
ENISPE, 19, 283, 297, 299,
17;
302.
ENOPE, 109-171.
EPHEDRA, 202.
ephyre, 43.
epiminthia, ii, 100-102, pl. xiii.
EPINEPHELE, 96, 176, 179,
Zola:
EPINEPHILE, ii, 201, pl. xv.
IREBIA, o 205 O75 edoi7s outs
238, 239, 243, pl. xv.
ERGOLIS, 17, 19, 263, 264.
erichsonii, 59, 62-64.
ERITES, 97, 235, pl. xvi.
ERYCININA:, 20.
esaka, 276, 278, 279.
esperi, 79, 82, 83.
ETHOPE, 99:
eudora, 30.
eudora, 202, 204.
EUMENIS, 184, 187.
eumeus, 313, 315.
eunice, 67-69.
EUPHORBIUM, 51.
EUPLEA, li, 13, 14, 21-23,
31, 57, 79, 95» 97; 98, 264,
272, 274, 276-278, pl, vil-ix.
EUPLG@INA, 21.
EUPTYCHIA, 235.
euptychioides, 102.
europa, 137, 143, 147,149,157.
EURYTELA, 17, 19, 263.
EURYTELIDA, 19, 263.
euthymius, 300, 301.
eversmanni, 178.
exprompta, 14, 32-34, 82.
falcipennis, 236, 237.
FAUNIS, 312, 313.
faunula, 315.
Servida, 133
Ficus, 75.
francisca, 107.
fraterna, 265, 266, 268, 269.
Jrauenfeldi, 83.
frauenfeldii, 79, 82, 83.
Jumata, 44.
fusca, 132.
fuscum, 132.
galathea, 191, 194.
gamaliba, 113.
GARERIS, 103, 107, 108, I10.
garuda, 21, pl. ii.
gautama, 45, 46.
genutia, 7, 22, 49, 52-56, 265,
271.
genutius, 52.
gerardiana, 200.
geyeri, 189, 190.
gigantea, 51.
glaucippe, 9, pl. ii.
gloriola, 37.
GNOPHODES, 259.
gnophodes, 251, 259.
goalpara, 163, 165, 166.
godartii, 58, 80, $4, $5, 92.
gokala, 251, 255, 256.
goolmurga, 208, 211, 212.
gopa, 107.
goschkevitschii, 173.
gotama, 109, I10.
gracilis, 314.
GRAMINACE/E, 202.
GRAMINE, 257.
grammica, 34-36, 40, 41, 82.
grantii, 59, 65
grotei, 58, 90-92.
gyllenhalii, 79.
hadeni, 24, 25, 28, 29, pl. iv.
hamata, 48.
hamulcar, 111.
hanifa, 193, 194.
HANIPHA, 139, 141.
HEBOMOIA, Q, pl. il.
hegesippe, 55.
hegesippus, 49, 55, 56.
heidenreichii, 192.
HELICONINA:, 19, 318.
heri, 128.
hermione, 189, 194.
herta, 195.
Aesione, YAI-113.
HESPERIDA:, 9, 10, 13,
18, 20.
HESPERIIDA, 213.
HEstIA, 21-23, 30, 31; pl. iil,
lV.
HETEROCERA, 7.
HETERONYMPHA, 170.
hewitsoni, 277.
hewitsonii, 243.
hilda, 134, 136,
himachala, 99, pl. xiv.
HIPlv, 97, 250, 258, 259.
HIPPARCHIA, 9, 96, 97, 176,
178, 179, 182, 195, 201, 239,
pl. xvi.
hippodice, 185.
hispulla, 200.
hopei, 90, 92-94, 278, pl. ix.
howqua, 309, 311.
hiibneri, 189, 226, pl. xvil.
huebneri, 183, 189-191, 221,
226-231.
humilis, 102.
hyagriva, iii, 220, 226, 233,
pl. xvii.
hybrida, 244-247.
HYPANIS, 19, 263.
HYVPHTHIMA, 213.
HYPocisTa, 249.
HYPOLIMNAS, 22.
hyrania, 140, 144, 154-156.
ida, 207.
IDEA, 23, 30.
idea, 24, 26.
IDEOPSIS, 23, 30, pl. v.
illustris, 59, 63, 64, 66.
incerta, 98.
INDALASA, 126.
indecora, 214, 217-219, 225,
221)
indica, 278.
tndistans, 114, 120-122.
inica, 214, 218, 220, 225, 227.
inguinata, 73.
INSECTA, 7.
intermedia, 244, 247.
interposita, 201, 204, 200,
IPTHIMA, 213.
irawada, 59-02.
IsAMIA, 58, 60, 66.
zsama, 154-156.
IsMENE, 9Q, pl. ii.
ismene, 2, 251, 253, 250-258,
202, pewlepxily
issoria, 318,
jaffra, pl. i.
jalaurida, 163, 164, 166, 167,
. X.
‘hadi 120, 128.
janira, 205, 207.
jasonia, 23, 24, 27-29, pl. iii.
JUNonra, 2, 13, pl. i.
junonia, 131, 132, pl. xvi.
Justina, 114, 116, 117, 119.
juventa, 32, 34,
Tux, 200,
INDEX.
KABANDA, 104, 127, 128.
kalinda, 240-242.
KALLIMA, 2, 21, 281, 282,
285, 289.
kalmuka, 242, 243.
kansa, 143-145.
kaufmanni, 194.
khasiana, 127, 170, 172.
kirghisa, 207.
klugii, 59, 64-66.
lachesis, 191.
leestrygonum, il.
laestrygonum, Frontispiece.
lais, 274, 275.
lalassis, 114, 115.
LAMPIDES, pl. i.
langi, 128, 130.
lankana, 91.
lara, 216.
laroides, 216.
LASIOMMATA, 169, 175-178,
182.
latiaris, 138, 140, 154.
layardi, 79, $2, 83. [pl. i.
leda, 2, 13, 251-255, 258-260.
ledereri, 73-
lehana, 183, 188, pl. xvi.
LEMONIIDA, 18, 21.
lena, 302.
leonteus, 313.
leopardus, 47.
lepcha, 128, 130, 131.
lepida, 294, 295, 297, 301.
LEPIDOPTERA, 7.
LEPTOCIRCUS, 13.
LETHE, 13, 96, 97, 99, IOI,
134, 136, 164, 109, 250, Pl.
xa
leucocyma, 265, 273, 274, 276-
278, pl. xvil.
leucogonys, 59, 67, 69.
leucothoé, 9, 21, pl. il.
LIBYTHAINA, 13, 18, 20.
LIBYTHEA, 9, 21.
ligea, 243.
limborgii, 58, 80, 86, $7, 89.
limniace, 45, 47-
limniace, 45-48, 274.
LINNAS, 60.
linteata, 24, 26.
lisandra, 219.
LOESA, 104, 132, 133.
lotis, 56.
louisa, 4, 309, 3II.
lowii, 71, 134.
lubentina, 9, 21, pl. ii.
lucipor, 304, 300, 307.
lunaris, 136.
lurida, 114, 115.
lutescens, 273, 276.
lutescens, 36.
luxerii, 287, 288, 292.
LYCANIDA, 8, 9, 13, 18,
20, 213.
lycaon, 203-207.
lynceus, 22, 24-28.
lysandra, 223, 230, 231.
325
MAcRoPLa@A, 58, 71, pl. viii.
macropthalmus, 184.
mera, 178, 180.
meeroides, 179, 181, 182.
mzrula, 179, 180,
magnifica, 94.
maianeas, 108.
maitrya, 157, 160, 161, 167,
oll Be
maiza, 208, 211, 212, pl. xv.
malabarica, 24, 26, 27.
malayica, 76, 79.
malelas, 27 3.
malsara, 125, 128-130,
malsarida, 127.
mandane, 203, 204.
mandata, III, 113.
mandosa, III, 113.
mani, 240, 242, pl. xv,
MANIOLA, 239.
MANTIS, 318.
maracandica, 242.
margarita, 14, 58-60, 62, 78,
89, 92.
margarite, 134, 136.
margiles, 132.
MARMORATA, 252.
MARMOREA, 149.
marshalli, 4, 262.
marshallii, 214, 217, 227.
MARTANDA, 128,
masoni, 4, 59, 62, 64,
138, 157, 159, 286, 288.
mazares, 74.
medura, 236, 237.
medus, III-£13.
megeera, 178.
megamede, 128,
mehida, 269, 270.
mekara, 140, 143, 145, 148,
149, pl. xi.
MELANARGIA, IQI, 194, 195.
melancholica, 243.
melane, 43.
melaneus, 42, 43, pl. v.
melanippe, 55.
melanippus, 49, 53, 56.
MELANIEIS) dil. 25) Opel s 20.
95, 97; 250, 259, 260, 262,
264, 295, pl. i, xii.
MELANOCYMA, 315.
melanoleuca, 35, 38.
melissa, 32, 45, 40.
memnon, 2, II.
menava, 179-182.
menetho, 295.
menetriesii, 80, 86, 87, 89.
merope, 170.
mestra, 124.
methora, 214-216, 218, 227,
microsticta, 90, 93, 94.
midtama, 74.
midamis, 60.
midamus, 60, 71, 74-76, 79,
265, 273, 274, pl. viii.
mimus, 204, 205, 271, 273.
minerva, 138, 140, 149,
mineus, 114-121, 127.
92,
326
MITOCERUS, 288.
muasicles, 126, pl. xvi.
modesta, 76-78.
montana, go, Qf.
moorei, 125, 126, 170, 173,
175, 176, pl. xv.
MORPHIDA:, 281.
MORPHINA., 281.
MORPHINA!, II-13, 17;
19, 20, 134, 261, 263, 264,
281, 302.
Morpno, 1, 281, 282.
motschulskii, 214, 215, 224,
229.
motschulskiji, 214.
motschulskyt, 214.
mulciber, 76.
MUTABILIS, 60.
MYCALESIS, 4. 13, 96, 97, 99,
100, 102, 137, 234, 203, pl.
Xvi.
muycena, 256.
MypbosaAMA, 132.
MyriIna, pl. i.
nada, 139, 246.
nala, 110.
narasingha, 220, 225-227.
nareda, 214, 215, 220-224,
pl. xvii.
narica, 20I, 203-205.
naricina, 204, 205.
NARMADA, 58, 90, QI.
naubidensis, 210.
nautilus, 114, 120,
necho, 294-297.
NECTARIA, 23, 24, 27.
neeloheriensis, 153.
neelgherriensis, 144, 153.
neiloherriensis, 153.
NEMEOBIINA, 13, 18, 20.
NEONYMPHA, 234.
NEOPE, 4, 96, 137, 164, 169,
176, pl. xi.
NEopPuS, 169.
NeEoRINA, 96, 97, 99, 133,
174, pl. xiv.
neoza, 204, 208-210.
NERIUM, 81, 82.
nesippus, 49, 55, 56.
newara, 215, 220, 222, 223.
newboldi, 214, 216.
nicetas, 157, 161, 164.
nicobarica, 14, 32, 34, 82.
nicotia, 128, 129.
nigrescens, 267, 268.
nikzea, 213, 221, 226, 232, 233.
nilgiriensis, 42, 43, pl. vi.
nipalensis, 49, 54.
nirmala, 244-248.
NISSANGA, 96, 104, 131, 132.
norma, 224.
nothis, 100-102.
noureddin, 304, 306, 307.
nourmahal, 309, 311, 312.
novare, 59, 67, 68.
nox, 13.
nucifera, 290.
INDEX.
NYMPHALIDA, 9, 17-19,
21, 281.
NYMPHALIN/A, 13, 17, 19,
263, 264, 281, 282, 285, 297.
obnubila, 264, 265, 272.
ochsenheimeri, 79.
oculata, 109, IIo.
oculus, 4, 123, 124, pl. xvi.
odana, 304-306.
odorum, 81.
cedipodea, 9.
edipodia, pl. ii.
CENEIS, 97, 238, pl. xv.
oleander, 82.
onatas, 123.
ordinata, 214, 218-220, 227,
232, pl. xvii.
OREAS, 149, 252.
ORINOMA, 96, 97, 99, 134,
D7 Ory leselye
orixa, 243-246,
ORNITHOPTERA, I, 13.
oroatis, 133.
orseis, IIO.
ORSOTRIAINA, 96, 104, IIO,
III.
ostrea, 109.
olrea, 109, 120.
PACHAMA, 104, 124, 125.
padma, 194-198, 200.
pallescens, 206, 207.
PALMACEA, 268.
pandocus, 214, 215, 220, 223,
panthera, 271, 272.
PAPILIO, Frontispiece, ii, 2,
“ily 8), Ue jolls wh Ve
PAPILIONIDA, 9, 10, 12,
18.
PAPILIONINA, 13, 18, 20,
22, 261, 318.
PARANTICA, 31, 35, 39.
PARANTIRRHGA, 4, 95, 97,
250, 261.
PARANTIRRHOEA, 261.
PARARGE, 96, 97, 176-178.
PAREBA, 318.
parisatis, 183, 184, 203, pl. xvi.
parmeno, 259.
PARNASSIUS, 9, 13, 318.
parthica, 185, 186.
patna, 271, 276, 277.
patnia, 131, 132.
peali, 266, 276.
peclii, Frontispiece, 302, 303.
pelopea, 187, 193.
penanga, 264, 265, 269-271.
PENTHIMA, 4.
perdicias, 107.
persephone, 192, 193.
perseus, II4, 120-123, 130.
PERSICARIA, 167.
persimilis, 32, 34,
pheedra, 194.
pheenareta, 71.
phedima, 259.
phidippus, 285, 288-292, 308,
philene, 49, 54, 55.
philomela, 35-37, 214-219, 226,
227, 234.
philemelus, 210.
phebus, 72.
PIERIDA, 278.
PIERIN/, 9, 13, 18, 20-22,
174.
PIERIS, 276.
pimpla, 183, 185, 186.
PINUS, 200.
pinwilli, 80, 89.
pinwillit, 89.
plexippus, 49, 52-55.
poeyt, 88.
polyctor, 13.
polydecta, 114, 119, 120.
polytes, 2, 9, pl. ii.
porthaon, 293.
portheus, 288, 289, 291-293,
dO4s
pronoe, 243.
proserpina, 194.
prothoé, 72, 73.
protogenia, 266.
pseudaliris, 304, 307, 308.
psyche, 191.
pulaha, 170, 171, pl. xi.
pulchella, 208-210, pl. xv.
pulchra, 208-210,
pumilus, 238, 239, pl. xv.
purana, 143, 146.
RADENA, 30-33, 45.
radza, 105, 100.
RaGabia, 95-97, 213, 234,
pl. xv.
ramdeo, 304-307.
ravenne, 253.
regeli, 190.
rhadamanthus, 59, 60, 69-71,
pl. vii.
rhadamia, 69.
RHAPHICERA, 96, 97, 175,
1705, 252.) Dleseve
RHOPALOCERA, 7, 17,213.
robinsoni, 221, 227, 229, 230.
rogenhoferi, 59-62, 65.
rohria, 137, 138, 144, 155-159.
roxane, 201-203.
rudis, 128, 130, 131.
runeka, I1I-113, pl. xvi.
SACCHARUM, 253.
SADARGA, 103, 108, 109, I10.
saitis, 249, pl. xvii.
sakra, 215, 221, 232-234, pl.
XVI.
SALATURA, 7, 31, 48, 50, 52,
271,
salicifolia, 319.
SALPINX, 14, 57-59, 71, pl.
Vil.
SAMANTA, 125,
128.
samba, 114-116.
samio, 143, 145-149.
sanatana, 107, 108.
104, 124,
sangaica, 128.
saraswati, 195-197, 200,
SATOA, 108,
satricus, 175, 176.
satyavati, 144, 154,
SATVRIDA, 95,
SATYRINA, 2, 9, 13, 17,
19, 21, 95, 263, 282.
SATYRUS, 141, 176, 182, 201,
235.
Saiieri, 265, 273-275.
scanda, 101, 138, 139, 243-
247.
schakra, 178-182, pl. xv.
scherzeri, 80, 82, 85, 86.
scudderi, 79.
scylax, 249, 250, pl. xvii,
scylla, 195, 198-200,
semele, 9, 184, 186, 187, 189.
septentrionis, 45, 46, 48, pl.
vi
sepulchralis, 77,
serbonis, 144, 155.
serrata, 43.
shallada, 240, 241, pl. xv.
shandura, 183, 191-193.
stamensis, 84.
sibo, 243.
sideria, 157, 159, 160.
sidonis, 142, 157, 159-161.
sihala, 139, 141.
similis, 14, 32-34, 38, 48.
simulatrix, 58, 76.
singala, 214, 219, 221, 226,
230, 237,
singhala, 271, 276, 277.
sinhala, 58, 59, 66, pl. vii.
sinorix, 142-145, 164.
Sila, 42, 99.
splendens, 60, 65, 277.
STICHOPHTHALMA, 283, 304,
308.
STICTOPL@A, 58, 89, 90, 278,
Dl ix:
suaveolens, 124, 125.
subdita, 57, 79-82.
subfasciata, 114, 120, 122,
sudra, I10, 126,
INDEX.
sumatrana, 270,
superba, 58-62, 64, 65, 276,
277.
superbus, 60,
sura, 163-165, 169.
suradeva, i, 260, pl. xiii.
SURALAYA, IIo,
surkha, 133.
Suyudana, 251, 253-255.
swaha, 195-198, 200.
tabella, 221, 234.
tabitha, 120.
TANARIS, 264.
tambra, 251, 255.
TANSIMA, 157-159.
taprobana, 31, 42, 44.
TEINOPALPUS, 13, 18,
TELCHINIA, 318, 319.
TELINGA, 104, 123.
telmessia, 207.
terpsichore, 318.
THAUMANTIS, I, 4, 21, 283,
302, 304, 308, 315.
thelephassa, 183, 187, 188,
THEOPE, 99.
thodsa, 69.
thora, 214, 221, 231,
THYCA, 278,
thycana, 278.
timandra, 265, 260, 274-276,
timoleon, 9, pl. ii.
tinctoria, 265, 267.
TIRUMALA, 31, 45, 47-49.
todara, 144, 151.
TREPSICHROIS, 57, 58, 69,
74, 76, pl. viii. ‘
tristis, 251, 253, 254, pl. xii.
tullia, 295, 298, 299.
turanica, 242.
tyndarus, 243.
tytia, 31, 42, 43.
undularis, 13, 264-272, 277,
pl. i, xvii.
vamana, 258.
VANESSA, 21.
varaha, 253, 255, 256.
vasudeva, 276, 278, pl. xvii.
verma, 138, 157-159, pl. x.
vermiculata, 57, 63, 79-81.
vesta, 318, 319, 321.
vestigiata, 59, 67-69.
vicinus, 102,
vindhya, 143, 145-147.
viola, 318, 320.
VIRAPA, 103, 104, 107, 109.
virbius, 194.
visala, 114, 120-123, pl, xvi.
visrava, 157, 161, 162.
Vitrina, 38,
vulgaris, 14, 32, 33, 48.
wagneri, 204,
wallacet, 286,
werang, 198.
weranga, 195, 198-200, pl. xvi.
westwoodii, 289, 291-293.
XANTHOTANIA, 19, 281-284,
302,
yama, 163, 164, 169, 170, pl.
xX
YPHTHIMA, 212, 213.
YPTHIMA, ili, 21, 95-97, 201,
212, 234, 235, pl. xvii,
ypthimoides, 221, 230.
zal, 295, 298, 299.
zaleucus, 13.
ZETHERA, 95-99, pl. xiv.
ZEUXIDIA, 4, 17, 19, 281, 282,
285, 292, 302.
ZIBOETES, 248.
ZIPZETIS, 248, 249. 6
ZIPAETIS, 248, pl. xvii.
ZIPG@TES, 97, 248.
zitenius, iii, 251, 258, 259,
pl. xii.
ZOPHOESSA, 4, 96, 97, 130,
137, 162, 163, 70, pl. x.
zopyrus, 120.
Note.—Part I, containing the title page, dedication, list of illustrations of Vol. I, glossary of technical
terms, preface, introduction, and pp. 21—94, with Frontispiece and Plates I—IX, was published in August, 1882,
Part II, containing pp. 95—327, with Plates X—XVI, was published in August, 1883.
END OF VOL, f.
Se ee eee
Printed by the Calcutta Central Press Co., Ld., 5, Council House Street.
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PLATE 1,
MELaNITIS ISMENE
PaFILIC ARISTOLOCHIR.
OUTLINE FIGURES.
a, costal nervure. b, subcostal nervure. b,b,b,b ,» 6, subcostal nervules. ¢ ,¢, discoidal nervules. d, median
nervure. d,d,d,mediannervules e, submedian nervure. f, internal nervure. &, discocellular nervules. bh, discoidal
cell. j, praecostal nervure k, antenne. 1, labial palpi. m, eye. n, thorax. o, forelegs (minute in Melunitis). p, midlegs.
q. hindlegs. A, base of wings. B, apex of forewing. C hinder angle of forewing and apex of hindwing. D, anal angle
of hindwing. A. B, costal margin of forewing, or, costa. B, C, outer margin of forewing. A. C, inner margin of forewing,
or, costa of hindwing. C, D, outer margin of hindwing. D, A, inner margin of hindwing, or, abdominal margin.
ELYMNIAS UNDULARIS.
MELANITIS LEDA LAMPIDES ZLIANUS. PAPILIO AGAMEMNON.
DISSECTIONS. a, palpi denuded of scales. b, palpi. c, antennw. a, proboscis. e, foreleg of male. f, foreleg of
fernmale. @, eye. 1, coxa. 2, fermur. 3, tibia. 4, tarsus. 5, umgues, or, claws (highly magnified).
ay |
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Son
@.
ATHYMA LEUCOTHOE
AMBLYPODIA TIMOLEON HEBOMOIA GLAUCIPPE
FAPILIO POLYTES
ISMENE C@DIPODIA
TYPICAL CATERPILLARS.
ATHYMA LEUCOTHOE ADOLIAS LUBENTINA AMBLYPODIA TIMOLEON
HEesoMorIa GLAUCIPPE
PAPILIO POLYTES ISMENE @DIPODIA
TYPICAL CHRYSALISES
a
i :
wi Of S
Bigs 2 HEesTIA CADELLI. W.-M.& de N
rig. He DEN W-M.& deN
PLATE V.
Ipropsis paos, Boisduval
Fig. 4.
DaNAIS MELANEUS, Cramer.
Danais cRocEA, Butler
Fig. 6.
PLATE VI.
Fig. 7 DANAIS AGLEA, Cramer
Fig. 8 DANAIS SEPTENTRIONIS, Butler
g. 9 DaNals NILOIRIENSIS, Moore fo!
7
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Fig. 12
DaNAIS CHRYSIPPUS, Linnzeus
Eurrga (Sap
INX) SINHALA, Moore
PLATE VIIT.
ro f°)
Fig. 13 Evrne@a (TREPSICHROIS) mipamus, Linnseus
Fig. 14 Bopriea (Macropria@a) evisa, Butler
Oy
Fig. 15 Evrre®a (Crastra) cRsaweErr, Lucas Po
PLATE IX
Fig. 16 EuPriaa core, Cramer.
LEA ALCAT s, Godart
BA (STICTOPLGA) HOPEI, Felder
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at it a aa 3 at =
Pa od 7 d 7
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F
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3 TRISTIS, Felder. 3
Fig. 27 MELANT!
Fig. 28 MELANITIS ISMENE, Cramer. ee
PLATE XIII.
PLATE XIV.
Fig. 33 ZETHERA DIADEMOIDES, Moore A
Fig 34. NEORINA ORISHNA, Westwood. m4
Fig. 35. ANADEBIS HIMacHsLa, Moore g
Fig. 37.
Fig. 38. RHAPHICERA MOOREI, Butler.
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VOL. I.—Part 11—SATYRINA, ELYMNIINA, MORPHINE, ACRAINA. )
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